生物膜污水处理技术和生物膜载体

生物膜废水处理技术是将微生物固定在载体上形成生物膜使废水中的污染物进行降解的技术，所以载体的正确选择对提高废水处理的效果非常重要。有机合成填料等当前主要应用的生物膜载体在生物相容性、稳定性、力学性能、处理效果及再生等多方面或某一方面暴露出很多不足，制约了生物膜法水处理技术的发展，因此研制、选定更优异的生物膜载体材料已成为发展生物膜法水处理最重要的问题一。     

微生物膜载体BioMTM处理化工污水试验研究

介绍了微生物膜载体BioMTM的技术特性,通过试验,研究微生物膜载体BioMTM技术处理化工污水的可行性。     

移动床生物膜反应器挂膜影响因素研究进展

介绍了移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)生物膜形成附着的过程,并分析了载体填充率、C/N、水力停留时间、水力剪切力、温度和酸碱度等因素对挂膜的影响。提出MBBR今后发展的方向是生物膜微观系统的研究及载体的改性应用:针对调节悬浮载体本身性质的手段不再限于简单的酸碱刻蚀与覆盖阳离子等表面改性和接枝,而是在填料制备过程中更多地采用共混技术来提高填料的生物强度;MBBR与其他工艺的耦合联用;微观表面形态、微生物群落的更替及各项生物行为的变化,以及生物膜相关动力学等。     

污水处理中三种生物膜载体挂膜效率的比较分析

通过悬挂式自然供氧工艺,分别采用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚酰胺6和聚丙烯腈3种纤维材质的绳式生物膜载体对COD为(400±5)mg/L的果糖废水进行处理,比较了3种生物膜载体的挂膜效率.结果表明,聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维材质生物膜载体挂膜效率＞聚酰胺6纤维材质生物膜载体挂膜效率＞聚丙烯腈纤维材质生物膜载体挂膜效率.在温度为20～25℃条件下,运行10.42h后,聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维材质生物膜载体下端5m处出现1.0mm厚度的生物膜.     

生物膜中同步硝化反硝化的研究进展

生物脱氮技术是一种经济、有效的方法,而生物膜同步硝化反硝化与传统生物脱氮技术相比具有很大的优势,发展潜力很大。结合国内外的研究现状,对生物膜SND现象的原理进行了分析,并探讨了影响生物膜中SND脱氮效率的影响因子,包括溶解氧、pH、碳氮比、ORP和微生物等因素;同时,针对不同生物膜载体选择对SND效果影响的最新研究,以及可降解生物膜载体的研究效果和优势进行了总结。最后,提出生物膜SND目前在应用中存在的有机碳源和溶解氧的问题,并指出了其进一步研究的目标和方向。     

生物膜数学模型研究进展

介绍了目前常见的几种生物膜数学模型。一维连续生物膜模型重点关注生物膜稳态生长动力学,扩展的混合种群生物膜模型可用于预测生物膜反应器中基质的去除,生物膜厚度、生物膜和液相中基质浓度以及微生物种群随时间的变化,个体种群模型适合探讨微生物生态学和演化问题,但在模拟生物膜反应器性能方面存在缺陷。     

生物膜颗粒流态化与有机质降解行为

生物膜颗粒的流态化行为与有机质降解行为对提升生物流化床反应器的高效性和稳定性具有重要作用。探讨了好氧三相流化床反应器的颗粒流型、颗粒混合、颗粒团聚、生物膜颗粒化、生物膜颗粒对有机质的吸附氧化以及生物膜颗粒的传质-反应等行为特征,提出了通过合理选用载体、合理设置反应器内构件以及采用细胞固定化技术等强化生物膜颗粒行为的措施。     

生物膜反应器中添加载体的研究进展

概述了生物膜反应器中有关添加载体的研究进展,及载体的性质对厌氧发酵过程中微生物吸附的影响,通过选择产甲烷古菌亲和力高的载体材料来提高产气效果。     

应用多孔轻质无机载体的紊动床生物膜反应器

开发了一种多孔轻质无机载体并将其应用于紊动床生物膜反应器，探讨应用该载体的紊动床生物膜反应器及生物膜特性。结果表明：当填充率为3o{6时，紊动床生物膜反应器完成启动仅需要18d；采用该载体形成的生物膜厚度较小（〉500μm）；当反应器微生物浓度为2．022—3．226gVS／L时，反应器对有机场的去除能力最高可达11．685kgCOD／m^3．d。     

不同营养配比下生物膜特性的试验研究

为了考察不同C、N、P营养配比下生物膜生长情况,以生物膜量、生物膜好氧呼吸率、生物膜多聚糖含量,生物膜沉降性能和生物膜舍磷量等为生物膜特性指标,利用弹性立体填料作为生物膜载体进行试验研究,试验结果表明,当C:N:P为200:10:2时,生物膜特性较好,生物膜与载体表面有良好的附着性,不易脱落,不会引起堵塞,生物膜较薄,溶解氧和营养物质能够充分到达生物膜深处,对COD、总氮、总磷的去除率较好;在C:N:P=200:5:2时,生物膜整体状态也较好,但是生物膜总量过高,可以通过提高气水比,对生物膜总量进行控制,降低操作成本;其它营养配比下生物膜状况较差,对污染物的去除率较低.     

塑料在污水处理悬浮载体生物膜工艺中的应用

介绍了塑料在污水处理悬浮载体生物膜工艺(MBBR)中作为悬浮填料的应用情况，讨论了悬浮填料对塑料的要求，悬浮填料制品的形状及其对污水处理效果的影响，并对目前塑料悬浮填料所存在的问题和发展动向进行了探讨。     

Three-Dimensional Stratification of Bacterial Biofilm Populations in a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor for Nitritation-Anammox

Moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) are increasingly used for nitrogen removal with nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes in wastewater treatment. Carriers provide protected surfaces where ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria form complex biofilms. However, the knowledge about the organization of microbial communities in MBBR biofilms is sparse. We used new cryosectioning and imaging methods for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to study the structure of biofilms retrieved from carriers in a nitritation-anammox MBBR. The dimensions of the carrier compartments and the biofilm cryosections after FISH showed good correlation, indicating little disturbance of biofilm samples by the treatment. FISH showed that Nitrosomonas europaea/eutropha-related cells dominated the AOB and Candidatus Brocadia fulgida-related cells dominated the anammox guild. New carriers were initially colonized by AOB, followed by anammox bacteria proliferating in the deeper biofilm layers, probably in anaerobic microhabitats created by AOB activity. Mature biofilms showed a pronounced three-dimensional stratification where AOB dominated closer to the biofilm-water interface, whereas anammox were dominant deeper into the carrier space and towards the walls. Our results suggest that current mathematical models may be oversimplifying these three-dimensional systems and unless the multidimensionality of these systems is considered, models may result in suboptimal design of MBBR carriers.     

改性稻壳为碳源和生物膜载体的反硝化脱氮研究

为探索稻壳作为载体和碳源的脱氮性能以及对水处理工艺的适应性,以质量分数6%的NaOH处理的改性稻壳为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体,对模拟养殖排放水进行了脱氮处理研究。结果表明,改性稻壳的性能优于蔗糖及淀粉,可实现NO3--N和高含量NO2--N的有效去除。其作为缺氧反应器载体时,挂膜容易、有机碳释放稳定,反应器启动后可高效去除NO3--N。在硝化-反硝化系统中,对NH4+-N去除率达90%以上,且无NO2--N、NO3--N和有机物残留,说明此改性稻壳具备较好的供碳能力和微生物吸附能力,适于作为反硝化碳源及载体。     

可降解填料的应用和发展状况

针对失效填料易产生二次污染的问题,可降解填料应运而生,其在饮用水脱硝,或一次性污染处理的情形如废弃矿山污染处理等场合得到了广泛应用,拥有良好的产业化发展前景。本文综述了近年来对可降解填料载体的发展情况,预测了其研究发展趋势。     

循环移动载体生物膜反应器水力特性探讨

通过实验证明循环移动载体生物膜反应器(CMCBR)的流态特性接近完全混合,利用能量方程对反应器的水力性能进行分析,得出影响反应器水力性能的主要因素有供气量、提升区与回落区的面积比、阻力系数和有效水深。在不同气量和填充比条件下对充氧性能加以比较,并对充氧性能的变化机理进行了探讨。     

低污泥产率SBR-三相流化床生物膜污水处理工艺研究

采用立体多孔高分子材料载体,SBR-三相流化床生物膜法处理人工合成污水。结果表明：在曝气4h,停曝搅拌1．5h,静沉0．5h,闲置0．5h的工艺条件下,系统的平均污泥产率系数为0．089gMLSS／gCOD,COD、氨氮、总氮的去除率分别为90％、95％、70％以上;对磷的去除率在28％左右。试验还采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对载体内外的菌群分布进行了分析。     

不同填料在序批式生物膜反应器中的应用研究

填料是序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)的重要组件,作为微生物在反应器中的载体,影响着生物的生长繁殖以及脱离进程,填料的性能还直接制约着处理效果.本文详述7种不同填料的特点和它们的运行效果,阐述了填料在SBBR工艺中的应用实例,讨论了适用于污废水处理的填料形态,为进一步开发出新型的性能更为良好的生物处理填料提供了研究基础.     

High Nitrification Rate at Low pH in a Fluidized Bed Reactor with either Chalk or Sintered Glass as the Biofilm Carrier

A nitrification process using a fluidized bed reactor with chalk (solid calcium carbonate) as the biomass carrier and the only buffer agent was studied. The pH established in the reactor varied between 4.5 to 5.5, with lower pH obtained at higher nitrification rates. In spite of the low pH, high rate nitrification was observed with the nitrification kinetic parameters in the chalk reactor similar to those of biological reactors operating at pH > 7. Results from microsensor measurements refuted the possibility that favorable pH micro-conditions prevailed on the chalk particles and contributed to high reactor performance. In addition, identification of the major bacterial species in the low pH chalk reactors revealed well-known nitrifying bacteria. Based on these results, the performance of a fluidized bed reactor with porous sintered glass particles as the carrier for the biofilm (instead of chalk particles) was tested at similar low pH for comparison purposes. In contrast to the common knowledge of the nitrifers high sensitivity to low pH, the results from the non-chalk biofilm reactor showed that well-known nitrifying bacteria have the ability to nitrify at a high rate at low pH in a biofilm reactor using an inert (sintered glass) carrier.     

生物流化床处理造纸中段废水生物膜性质的研究

采用生物流化床处理造纸中段废水。试验中观测到,生物膜的生长过程是由局部扩散到整个载体表面,生物膜中起骨架作用的是累枝虫和丝状物。中段废水中含有有机氯化物对生物膜活性有一定抑制作用,但当中段废水的比例增加到80%时,生物膜的比耗氧速率(SOUR)仍在80mg犤O犦·L/(g犤MLSS犦·h)以上。实验还得出最佳生物膜厚度为45μm。     

Archaeal Diversity in Biofilm Technologies Applied to Treat Urban and Industrial Wastewater: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Biological wastewater treatment (WWT) frequently relies on biofilms for the removal of anthropogenic contaminants. The use of inert carrier materials to support biofilm development is often required, although under certain operating conditions microorganisms yield structures called granules, dense aggregates of self-immobilized cells with the characteristics of biofilms maintained in suspension. Molecular techniques have been successfully applied in recent years to identify the prokaryotic communities inhabiting biofilms in WWT plants. Although methanogenic Archaea are widely acknowledged as key players for the degradation of organic matter in anaerobic bioreactors, other biotechnological functions fulfilled by Archaea are less explored, and research on their significance and potential for WWT is largely needed. In addition, the occurrence of biofilms in WWT plants can sometimes be a source of operational problems. This is the case for membrane bioreactors (MBR), an advanced technology that combines conventional biological treatment with membrane filtration, which is strongly limited by biofouling, defined as the undesirable accumulation of microbial biofilms and other materials on membrane surfaces. The prevalence and spatial distribution of archaeal communities in biofilm-based WWT as well as their role in biofouling are reviewed here, in order to illustrate the significance of this prokaryotic cellular lineage in engineered environments devoted to WWT.