林产废弃物高温水蒸气气化制取清洁燃气

基于下吸式固定床气化炉,自建了生物质蒸汽气化实验平台,使用松木屑预处理后的成型颗粒进行富氢气化实验,研究分析了不同温度下的燃气组分、产氢率、燃气产率、燃气热值和冷煤气效率等指标.结果表明:高温水蒸气能有效促进水蒸气重整反应正向进行;随着温度的升高(700℃升高至900℃),H_2体积分数增大了50%,产氢率升高了2.5倍,燃气产率升高了近70%,冷煤气效率提高了37%;参与气化反应的高温水蒸气拥有较高的比焓,能够有效促进水蒸气重整反应向生成H_2的方向进行;气化温度的升高可以促进反应向正向进行,提高气体产物产量;以松木屑为例的林产废弃物高温水蒸气气化产气优良,在实验过程中稳定燃烧,理论上可应用于工业生产.     

生物质回转窑水蒸气气化制富氢气体试验研究

为充分回收高温炉渣颗粒的余热,设计了回转窑热解反应装置。为验证此装置的可行性,对生物质气化制氢进行了试验研究,并对影响气化性能的主要因素,如气化温度(650~950℃)和水蒸气/生物质当量比S/B(0~3.0)进行了研究。结果表明:温度是影响生物质气化反应的主要因素,高温可以降低焦油和焦炭产率,提高气体产量,增加燃气中氢气含量;水蒸气的加入,有利于焦油和低分子碳氢化合物的气化重整以及焦炭的反应,降低焦油产量,提高气体产量,增加燃气中氢气含量,但是过量的水蒸气会导致反应器内温度下降,不利于反应进行。当S/B为2.20时,气化燃气中氢气含量达到最大值53.6%。     

反应温度对木屑炭水蒸气气化产物的影响

以木屑炭为原料,在固定床反应器中进行了水蒸气气化试验。试验在水蒸气流量为0.854 g/min,温度为800～1 000℃条件下,反应15 min。主要考查气化反应温度对碳转化率、合成气产率、燃气热值及燃气组成的影响。研究结果表明,在高温条件下木屑炭与水蒸气具有很高的反应活性,燃气产率为0.9～3 L/g;在气化温度为1 000℃时,碳转化率最高达到80%;燃气热值为8.9～9.4 MJ/m3,合成气(H2+CO)比例为68%～79%,H2/CO为4.02～6.32。     

生物质催化热解气化热重分析研究

采用热重分析与气相色谱分析(TG-GC)相结合的方法,开展了以麦秸为主要研究对象的生物质催化热解气化实验研究,探讨了以NiO和CaO为催化剂,水蒸气气氛下的麦秸挥发分析出特性、半焦的气化特性、气化反应动力学特性以及催化剂对麦秸气化产物的影响.实验结果表明麦秸水蒸气气氛下的反应活性明显提高,气化反应过程中热解阶段视为一级反应,半焦气化视为缩核反应.非催化条件下麦秸的半焦气化在800℃以上才进行,添加NiO与CaO均促进了麦秸与水蒸气的气化反应,提高了气化过程的碳转化率和反应速率,但二者对半焦气化的促进机理以及气体产物的催化选择性有明显差异.添加NiO时H2产率最大,达到34mol/kg麦秸,且使气化反应温度明显降低.添加CaO不仅促进了H2和CO的生成,而且CH4产率也明显提高,表明CaO更有利于大分子碳氢化合物的裂解.     

中药渣水蒸气气化制备合成气研究

以中药渣为原料进行水蒸气气化实验,研究气化温度、水蒸气与生物质质量之比(S/B)对产气流量、气体产率、产气组分、碳转化率、燃气热值以及气化效率的影响。研究结果表明:气化温度的升高能够促进气化反应的进行,提高产气品质和气化效率;一定量的气化剂水蒸气可提高气化效率,但是过量的水蒸气会影响气化效果;气化温度为800℃,S/B为1.0时,气化效果最佳,气化效率高达72.91%;中药渣具备良好的水蒸气气化特性。研究结果可为中药渣资源利用提供理论参考。     

分段式热解工艺2种高温模式下牛粪热解与气化产物特性

为确定牛粪连续分段式热解高温段热解模式和中高温段分界温度点,利用煤气分析仪、压汞仪和扫描电镜分析研究在管式气氛炉内中温段干馏、高温段干馏热解和水蒸气气化2种模式(在不同温度点通入水蒸气)下,牛粪热解与气化产物产率变化以及生物炭孔隙结构特征的演变。结果表明:随着温度的升高,在2种模式下均出现固相产率下降、气相产率升高、气相热值增大的趋势;与干馏相比,水蒸气气化模式可明显改善生物燃气安全利用性能;水蒸气气化模式下固相产物总孔隙度明显大于干馏模式,平均孔径差异不明显,除700℃外,其他温度条件下干馏模式固体比表面积明显高于水蒸气气化模式;在800℃及以下温度时,固相产物保持明显的骨架及纹理结构,其SiO_2基本处于无定形态,宏观上也表现出良好的散粒体特性,在900℃时,水蒸气气化模式下的固相产物出现明显的熔融结晶状态,炭中存在严重的团聚渣块现象,渣块坚硬且密实,干馏模式下产物未出现熔融结渣状况,但出现结构变形。     

钙钛矿型LaFeO_(3)载氧体生物质化学链气化热力学分析及实验研究北大核心CSCD

文章针对基于LaFeO_(3)载氧体的木屑生物质化学链气化特性,开展了热力学过程模拟与分析,并搭建了固定床实验装置,研究了载氧体添加量(O/B)、气化温度和水蒸气量对合成气品质的影响。热力学分析结果表明:相比传统Fe_(2)O_(3)载氧体,LaFeO_(3)不易与合成气进一步反应,更适合生物质的化学链气化过程,且气化温度升高有利于提升合成气产率,增大LaFeO_(3)添加量也会促进合成气生成,而过多的Fe_(2)O_(3)则会进一步氧化合成气导致产气率下降;添加水蒸气可明显提高合成气中H2占比。实验结果表明,提高反应温度和载氧体添加量能够提高合成气品质,但过量水蒸气反而不利于合成气的转化。在O/B为0.6、气化温度为900℃、水蒸气流量为0.3mL/min的最佳工况下,基于LaFeO_(3)的木屑化学链气化过程的转化效率达到97.09%。研究成果可为生物质固废的能源化利用与推广提供科学依据。     

生物质微米燃料(BMF)空气-水蒸气气化实验研究

利用自行研制的旋风气化炉,以生物质微米燃料的不完全燃烧热为气化热源,进行了微米燃料空气-水蒸气气化实验。研究了ER(0.22～0.37)、S/B(0.15～0.59)和燃料粒径对气化温度及气化结果的影响。在实验工况下,气化温度、产气率、燃气低位热值、碳转化率、水蒸气分解率、气化效率分别在586～845℃、1.42～2.21Nm~3/kg、3806～4921kJ/m~3、54.44%～85.45%、37.98%～70.72%和36.35%～56.55%范围内变化。实验结果表明:利用旋风气化炉进行微米燃料空气-水蒸气气化是可行的;ER=0.31、S/B=0.37、较小的粒径能获得较好的气化效果,特别是能获得最高的H_2含量。     

污泥热解残渣水蒸气气化制取富氢燃气

采用固定床反应器,进行了污泥热解残渣水蒸气气化制取富氢燃气的研究。考察了反应温度、固相停留时间、水蒸气流量及催化剂对气化效果及气体产物组成的影响。结果表明:随着反应温度的升高,气体产率由0.096 7 m3/kg逐渐增加到0.460 0 m3/kg,燃气中H2含量由17.87%逐渐增加到52.44%;在最佳固相停留时间为15min时,气体产率达到0.540 m3/kg;最佳水蒸气流量为1.19 g/min,此时产气量达到最大值0.61 m3/kg,H2含量为64.7%;添加催化剂有利于气体中H2含量的提高。     

煤焦水蒸气催化气化动力学分析

利用固定床反应器研究了K、Ca、Ni和Fe金属对600～900℃内煤焦水蒸气气化的催化效果,分析了适用于原煤焦、脱灰煤焦和添加K、Ca、Ni和Fe金属后的煤焦水蒸气气化动力学模型。     

The production of hydrogen-rich gas by wet sludge gasification using waste heat of blast-furnace slag: Mass and energy balance analysis

Sludge gasification for the production of hydrogen-rich gas is a promising technology. In this paper, a pilot study on the hydrogen-rich gas production by sludge gasification using waste heat of blast furnace slag was carried out, and the mass and energy balance of gasification process using waste heat from blast furnace slag were evaluated. The results show that the higher the gasification temperature, the higher the hydrogen content in the gas. When the gasification temperature reaches 880 °C, the hydrogen content in the gas reaches the maximum,35.3%. The technology of sludge gasification combined with waste heat recovery of high furnace slag is feasible. Its efficiency of heat recovery can reach up to 64.35%, and the gasification efficiency and energy consumption ratio can reach to 42.30% and 3.67, respectively.     

固体废物富氧气化产气特性与灰色关联分析

在小型上吸式固定气化炉上对典型固体废弃物进行富氧气化实验，依据多个实验分析了实验物料、气化温度和氧气流量变化时对气化产气特性的影响。研究表明，物料含可燃质高时，产气品位也好；随着气化温度的升高，产气中可燃气含量增加，物料的反应活性增大；氧气流量增加后，物料的反应活性增大，产气热值有最大值。为了探讨影响产气特性的各因素作用程度大小，使用灰色关联知识分析发现，相对来说物料性质和气化温度是比较重要的影响因素。     

生物质化学链气化联合燃气轮机发电系统模拟

使用Aspen Plus软件对以Fe_2O_3为载氧体的生物质化学链气化系统进行模拟,分析温度、压力、载氧体与生物质摩尔比、水蒸气与生物质摩尔比等因素对合成气制备的影响;对不同生物质的气化条件进行优化;将气化制得的合成气通入M701F燃气轮机中发电,考察系统的发电效率。结果表明:常压下,不同生物质气化的优化温度均在740℃左右,此时制备的合成气冷煤气效率较高;提高反应压力有利于系统热量自平衡,但合成气的冷煤气效率降低;载氧体与生物质摩尔比的优化值与生物质中氧碳摩尔比呈负相关,且达到优化值时,气化环境中氧碳摩尔比在1.25左右;水蒸气通入气化系统后冷煤气效率可提高15.00%～20.00%,主要原因为H_2的产量显著增加,通入水蒸气后的气化环境的氧碳比在1.4左右时,制备合成气的冷煤气效率较高;系统的发电效率在30.00%～37.00%,高于生物质发电效率。     

An experimental study on air gasification of biomass micron fuel (BMF) in a cyclone gasifier

Biomass micron fuel (BMF) produced from feedstock (energy crops, agricultural wastes, forestry residues and so on) through an efficient crushing process is a kind of powdery biomass fuel with particle size of less than 250 μm. Based on the properties of BMF, a cyclone gasifier concept has been considered in our laboratory for biomass gasification. The concept combines and integrates partial oxidation, fast pyrolysis, gasification, and tar cracking, as well as a shift reaction, with the purpose of producing a high quality of gas. In this paper, characteristics of BMF air gasification were studied in the gasifier. Without outer heat energy input, the whole process is supplied with energy produced by partial combustion of BMF in the gasifier using a hypostoichiometric amount of air. The effects of equivalence ratio (ER) and biomass particle size on gasification temperature, gas composition, gas yield, low-heating value (LHV), carbon conversion and gasification efficiency were studied. The results showed that higher ER led to higher gasification temperature and contributed to high H₂-content, but too high ER lowered fuel gas content and degraded fuel gas quality. A smaller particle was more favorable for higher gas yield, LHV, carbon conversion and gasification efficiency. And the BMF air gasification in the cyclone gasifier with the energy self-sufficiency is reliable.     

生物质水蒸气气化利用过程数学模型的建立

分析了甘蔗渣的水蒸气气化过程,基于气化过程的物料平衡和化学平衡关系,建立了一种生物质气化过程的数学模型。用该模型模拟计算甘蔗渣在水蒸气氛围下气化后的气体成分,计算结果与试验数据基本相符,尤其在温度950℃之后,计算值和测量值更接近。以甘蔗渣和木薯渣为例,研究该气化模型的特性。甘蔗渣和木薯渣水蒸气气化的最佳水蒸气/燃料值(S/B)分别为0.3和0.2。气化气组分和气化效果随温度和S/B变化的结果表明:提高温度有利于气化反应的进行,提高S/B,可以增加气体产率,气体热值有所降低。     

High temperature steam-only gasification of woody biomass

We have studied a high temperature steam gasification process to generate hydrogen-rich fuel gas from woody biomass. In this study, the performance of the gasification system which employs only high temperature steam exceeding 1200 K as the gasifying agent was evaluated in a 1.2 ton/day-scale demonstration plant. A numerical analysis was also carried out to analyze the experimental results. Both the steam temperature and the molar ratio of steam to carbon (S/C ratio) affected the reaction temperature which strongly affects the gasified gas composition. The H₂ fraction in the produced gas was 35–55 vol.% at the outlet of the gasifier. Under the experimental conditions, S/C ratio had a significant effect on the gas composition through the dominant reaction, water–gas shift reaction. The tar concentration in the produced gas from the high temperature steam gasification process was higher than that from the oxygen-blown gasification processes. The highest cold gas efficiency was 60.4%. However, the gross cold gas efficiency was 35%, which considers the heat supplied by high temperature steam. The ideal cold gas efficiency of the whole system with heat recovery processes was 71%.     

高温空气燃烧技术的开发应用、技术优势及其展望

高温空气燃烧技术和高温空气气化技术是当前世界节能与环保领域中的两大新技术,二者均采用高于燃料着火点温度的高温空气作氧化剂或气化剂。介绍了利用蓄热式高温烟气余热回收装置和专门的高温空气发生器产生高温空气的方法,前者主要用于高温空气燃烧技术,后者主要用于高温空气气化技术。概括了高温空气燃烧技术和高温空气气化技术的应用状况,总结了其技术优势,并指出高温空气燃烧技术和高温空气气化技术符合中国国情,具有巨大的开发潜力和广阔的市场前景。     

Integrated adsorption steam gasification for enhanced hydrogen production from palm waste at bench scale plant

The generation of hydrogen-enriched synthesis gas from catalytic steam gasification of biomass with in-situ CO₂ capture utilizing CaO has a high perspective as clean energy fuels. The present study focused on the process modeling of catalytic steam gasification of biomass using palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as biomass for hydrogen generation through experimental work. Experiment work has been carried out using a fluidized bed gasifier on a bench-scale plant. The established model integrates the kinetics of EFB catalytic steam gasification reactions, in-situ capturing of CO₂, mass and energy balance calculations. Chemical reaction constants have been calculated via the parameters fitting optimization approach. The influence of operating parameters, mainly temperature, steam to biomass, and sorbent to biomass ratio, was investigated for the hydrogen purity and yield through the experimental study and developed model. The results predicted approximately 75 vol% of the hydrogen purity in the product gas composition. The maximum H₂ yield produced from the gasifier was 127 gH₂/kg of EFB via experimental setup. The increase in both steam to biomass ratio and temperature enhanced the production of hydrogen gas. Comparing the results with already published literature showed that the current system enables to produce a high amount of hydrogen from EFB.     

Pyrolysis–gasification of post-consumer municipal solid plastic waste for hydrogen production

Post-consumer plastic waste derived from municipal solid waste was investigated using a two-stage, catalytic steam pyrolysis–gasification process for the production of hydrogen. The three important process parameters of catalyst:plastic ratio, gasification temperature and water injection rate were investigated. Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used to analyse the reacted catalysts. The results showed that there was little influence of catalyst:plastic ratio between the range 0.5 and 2.0 (g/g) on the mass balance and gas composition for the pyrolysis–gasification of waste plastics; this might be due to the effective catalytic activity of the Ni–Mg–Al catalyst. However, increasing the gasification temperature and the water injection rate resulted in an increase of total gas yield and hydrogen production. The coke formation on the catalyst was reduced with increasing use of catalyst; however, a maximum coke formation (9.6 wt.%) was obtained at the gasification temperature of 700 °C when the influence of gasification temperature was investigated. The maximum coke formation was obtained at the water injection rate of 4.74 g h⁻¹, and a more reactive form of coke seemed to be formed on the catalyst with an increase of the water injection rate, according to the TPO experiments.     

Experimental study on coal multi-generation in dual fluidized beds

An atmospheric test system of dual fluidized beds for coal multi-generation was built.One bubbling fluidized bedis for gasification and a circulating fluidized bed for combustion.The two beds are combined with two valves:one valve to send high temperature ash from combustion bed to the gasification bed and another valve to sendchar and ash from gasification bed to combustion bed.Experiments on Shenhua coal multi-generation were madeat temperatures from 1112 K to 1191 K in the dual fluidized beds.The temperatures of the combustor are stableand the char combustion efficiency is about 98%.Increasing air/coal ratio to the fluidized bed leads to theincrease of temperature and gasification efficiency.The maximum gasification efficiency is 36.7% and thecalorific value of fuel gas is 10.7 MJ/Nm3.The tar yield in this work is 1.5%,much lower than that of pyrolysis.Carbon conversion efficiency to fuel gas and flue gas is about 90%.