城市道路与桥梁建设新技术研究

随着城市化进程的日益发展,城市建设日趋完善,人们生活水平不断提高,城市人口密度不断增大,交通拥堵问题越来越严重,这便使城市道路与桥梁建设成为了一打热点议题,为了方便城市道路与桥梁布局,发挥道路、桥梁使用价值,降低城市道路与桥梁建设的不必要成本,GIS技术成为了城市道路与桥梁建的新思路,为城市化进程进一步完善提供了便利条件。     

北京城市道路网格化管理的做法与思考

城市道路网格化管理是落实精细化管理的一个重要措施,是不断提高城市道路管理水平的需要,是为民服务的重要体现。因此,从贯彻城市道路绣花式管理要求出发,依托路网多维数据,应用现代GIS信息技术,按照城市道路管理规范,建立了城市道路单元网格专题数据。同时,借助信息化管理系统,将单元网格专题数据与巡查养护业务数据相关联,为城市道路状况评定、养护资金编制、提升城市道路精细化管理水平、提高城市道路的运行效能提供了客观依据。     

基于GIS的城市道路桥梁信息管理系统

在地理信息管理系统的基础上,简要介绍了国内外城市道路桥梁管理信息系统建设和使用现状,并提出应结合北京市市政工程(包括道路和桥梁)建设、养护和维修的实际情况,结合目前先进的基于地理信息系统(GIS)的信息管理模式,建立可实际用于北京市城市道路桥梁日常管理和辅助决策的信息管理系统,推动市政道路桥梁管理的制度化、规范化、信息化和科学化。     

基于云计算的国土巡查管理系统的设计与实现

本文针对传统国土巡查存在的问题,提出了利用云计算技术和GPS、GIS、RS技术建设的国土巡查管理系统,详细介绍基于云计算的国土巡查管理系统的架构、功能和优势。     

基于移动GIS的自来水管线动态巡查系统的设计与实现

针对自来水管线管理的现状,提出了基于移动GIS技术的自来水管线动态巡查系统的概念,介绍了系统的总体架构,主要功能模块及关键技术,并重点介绍了移动GIS技术在管线动态巡查与监测上的重要应用。     

探究市政道路桥梁的现场施工技术应用

本文从以下两个方面探讨城市道路桥梁施工过程中的施工技术应用问题:一是城市道路桥梁施工主要特点,包括质量控制难度较大、施工人员素质较低、材料管理制度不健全等问题;二是城市道路桥梁施工的主要施工技术,根据城市道路桥梁施工特点和技术问题,提出有针对性的技术控制措施,提高桥梁工程施工质量。     

BIM+GIS技术在城市道路建设中的应用研究

对BIM,GIS的概念以及BIM与GIS技术结合的特点进行了综述,并对BIM+GIS技术在城市道路建设中的优势进行分析,得出其在城市道路建设中具有可视化、信息共享、全生命周期管理、施工模拟等优势,具有一定的现实意义。     

基于移动GIS的辅助规划巡查系统的设计与实现

在城市建设或用地规划等规划业务中,业务人员常常需要到实地巡查。利用GIS技术将基础地形数据、影像和规划专题数据以地图的形式直观的呈现给业务人员,并提供相应的查询、分析和记录等功能来帮助业务人员。同时结合移动平台的便携性特点,设计和实现基于移动GIS的辅助规划巡查系统,更方便、快捷的辅助规划巡查业务。     

地理信息系统在工程设计中的应用

通过地理信息系统功能及其在城市道路路线设计中应用的介绍，说明GIS将给城市道路设计引进新的工具，由CAD技术提高到GIS是计算机在城市道路设计上应用的一个飞跃。     

上海市道路规划信息管理系统的设计

城市道路规划业务必须依据大量空间信息的支持。地理信息系统(GIS)技术是当前空间数据最佳的表现手段。介绍了基于GIS的上海市道路规划信息管理系统的总体框架、关键技术和主要功能。具体说明了系统所具有的基于GIS技术的信息服务。     

Research on seasonal indoor thermal environment and residents' control behavior of cooling and heating systems in Korea

Indoor thermal environments and residents' control behavior of cooling and heating systems were investigated in Seoul, Korea and compared with the results of previous studies. Twenty-four houses in summer, six houses in autumn and 36 houses in winter were used in this study. The measurement of temperature, humidity and air conditioner usage behavior was carried out. The clo-value, thermal comfort, sensation and basic data of the houses were also investigated. The indoor thermal environment in the summer had a high temperature and a high humidity ratio compare to standard comfort zone. Most of the indoor thermal environments at the time of starting the air conditioner in the summer were out of the comfort zone. Some of the data recorded while the air conditioner was stopped were in the comfort zone, but in many cases the temperature was relatively higher than comfort zone. Most indoor climate distributions in the winter were in the comfort zone and the indoor climate in autumn coincided well with the criteria of the comfort zone. Compared with results of previous studies in these 25 years, indoor ambient average temperature in winter has increased and the comfort temperature has increased in the heating period and decreased in the cooling period. This result indicates that the development of an HVAC system has created an expectation of comfort for residents and has shifted their thermal comfort zone warmer in winter and cooler in summer.     

The ecological peculiarities of the testate amoebae population in the Middle Ob flood plain

The biodiversity and distribution of testate amoebae in the Middle Ob flood plain soils have been studied. The biodiversity of Testacea in the soils consists of 83 species and varieties from 12 families. The population of Testacea in flood plain habitats is rich in water forms, especially in the flood plain part of the catena, because of annual floods. The study showed that the density of Testacea in the forest plots is approximately 10 times higher than in the meadow ones. The species diversity of Testacea in the meadows of the flood plain includes 40 species and varieties. It was found that there is an enrichment of the fauna of Testacea in the flood plain meadows with water forms and a decrease in the population of Testacea in the soil according to the depth. The decrease in the diversity and number down the soil profile is related to the decrease in the amount of the oxygen available and general induration of soil. On the whole, the population composition of Testacea in the soils of the pine forest consists of typical representatives of humus substrates with low values of pH, small stock of humus and mineral nutrition. The soils of mature pine forests are rich in Testacea; they have a similar complex of morphological types, mainly because of the moss cover and forest litter thickness.     

PCB and chlorinated pesticide concentrations in swine and bovine adipose tissue in Sweden 1991-1997: spatial and temporal trends

Results from the Swedish control programme regarding organochlorines in food were used to determine time trends of organochlorine concentrations in adipose tissues from swine (4-8 months old) and bovines (non-dairy, 12-36 months) slaughtered between 1991 and 1997. Moreover, possible regional differences in concentrations were studied, as well as differences in concentrations depending on sex and age of the slaughtered animals. Multiple linear regression indicated that the concentrations of PCB, p,p'-DDE, HCB and alpha-HCH decreased by 4-17% per year, suggesting that the decline in organochlorine concentrations in the Swedish environment and biota reported during the 1970s-1990s also has occurred in meat-producing animals during the 1990s. The concentrations of PCB, DDE and HCB in bovines and PCB and DDE in swine were 1.4-3.8-fold higher in the southern parts of Sweden than in the northern parts of the country, indicating a regional difference in exposure of the animals. The organochlorine concentrations were higher in bovines than in swine, and declined faster in swine than in bovines. Moreover, the concentrations of CB 153 and p,p'-DDE were similar in bovines, but in swine the average concentrations of the two compounds differed two-fold. Apart from possible species differences in metabolism of organochlorines, this may be due to differences in the age at slaughter between swine and bovines, and differences in husbandry of the animals. In the latter case, swine are generally kept inside during their whole life span, whereas bovines are kept outside grazing during the summer period. Finally, a sex-dependent difference in concentrations was indicated in swine, but not in bovines. Our study shows that a lot of information can be 'extracted' from control program results.     

大都市专门化街区研究

文章将大都市专门化街区分为以商业服务业、文化产业、信息产业等为主的专门化街区类型，并按空间特征差异将大都市专门化街区归纳为细胞、环节、风扇3种典型结构，认为大都市专门化街区的产业集聚特征表现为同行业的中小企业密集和相互竞争，及产业按照一种高度弹性的模式集聚和发展。产业集聚动力机制包括自我“演替”机制、外来“侵入”机制。提出我国大都市专门化街区的发展与演变主要表现在景观变化、结构变化、功能变化3个方面。     

规划中的知识及其研究进展

基于文献就规划中的知识研究及其进展进行了综述.从Rydin关于规划中知识的研究切入,系统回顾了10年前Alexander与Rydin关于规划中知识的类型、规划师在知识生产中角色的争论;并从规划中知识的来源和类型、规划师与规划中的知识、现实规划中的知识和规划师三方面,揭示了规划理论后现代转向的背景下规划中知识的最新研究进展.最后,概括了近年来规划中的知识研究的趋势和重点,并提出未来研究的方向.规划中知识研究一直是规划理论的研究热点,加强规划中知识的研究有助于加深对规划、规划过程和规划师行为的理解.     

潜规划作用下的行政中心规划设计——“亲和力”与“权力美学”交织中的求解

近十年的行政中心规划设计与建设呈现出较强的权力美学倾向,使得建筑师与规划师在工作中常是激情与困惑并存.本文通过四川省的五个市区的行政中心规划设计案例,解析选址与规划的深层思想,回顾建筑设计上关于空间、形制、美学表征的求解历程,探讨通过"谦逊"介入环境,传承地区建筑精神,注重节能生态技术,以及形式创新的方式实现行政服务的亲民性.     

氡在破碎花岗岩巷道及围岩中的运移机制解析

依托某破碎花岗岩巷道工程,以多孔介质中气体的渗流理论为基础,综合考虑影响氡在破碎花岗岩山体及巷道中运移和析出的多种因素,构建了氡的数值计算模型,给出了山体和通风巷道中的氡浓度计算公式,模拟并比较了自然状态和微正压通风状态下山体中氡浓度分布的变化情况,并对微正压通风状态下巷道中氡浓度的变化情况进行模拟和验证。研究结果表明:扩散作用和渗流作用是巷道围岩中氡运移的主要机制;微正压通风条件下巷道中氡的运移主要受通风作用、围岩的射气作用和氡的衰变作用共同影响;微正压通风能够改变围岩中氡的渗流方向,是巷道降氡的有效手段。     

Heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth of Micractinium pusillum Fresenius in the presence of acetate and glucose: effect of light and acetate gradient concentration

The main objective of this study was to determine the importance of secondary mechanism of organic carbon utilization (mixotrophic and heterotrophic modes) in addition to CO2 fixation (photoautotrophic mode) in the green alga, Micractinium pusillum Fresenius (chlorophyta), isolated from a waste stabilization pond. The growth was studied in the presence of acetate and glucose. The incorporation rate of 14C- acetate was measured in the light and in the dark at different concentrations. Finally, in order to underline the role of photosynthesis and respiration processes in the acetate assimilation, the effect of two specific metabolic inhibitors, a specific inhibitor of photosystem II (DCMU) and an uncoupler respiratory (DNP), has been studied. The obtained results showed that M. pusillum grows in the presence of organic substrates, i.e., glucose and acetate, in the light (mixotrophic growth) as well as in the dark (Heterotrophic growth). The growth was much more important in the light than in the dark and more in the presence of glucose than of acetate. In the light, the presence of acetate led to a variation of growth parameters mumax, iotaopt, and beta. The effect of acetate gradient on the growth of the microalga was severe as soon as its concentration in the medium was higher. The acetate uptake followed a Michaelis-Menten kinetic in the light as well as in the dark. The capacity of assimilation was slightly higher in the dark. The utilization of DNP and DCMU indicates that acetate incorporation is an active process depending on both anabolic (photosynthesis) and catabolic (respiration) metabolisms, corroborating the model of the Michaelis-Menten kinetic.     

Transfer and behaviour of 137Cs in two Finnish lakes and their catchments

The long-term behaviour of 137Cs was studied in two freshwater ecosystems in southern Finland in an area most loaded by the Chernobyl fallout in 1986. Samples were taken from water, sediments, aquatic plants and fish in the lakes and from soil, mushrooms and seed plants in the catchments. The activity concentrations of 137Cs in fish have remained at a relatively high level and decreased much more slowly in these two lakes than in other lakes studied by us. One reason for the continuously high concentrations in fish is evidently the prolonged stay of caesium at a relatively high level in the water of these lakes, which is associated with a slow sedimentation rate. The hydrographical properties of the lakes, i.e. the oligotrophic character associated with a deficiency of potassium in water and a low pH are other reasons for the effective uptake and long retention time of 137Cs in fish. The effect of humic substances on the uptake and delay of caesium in fish could not be proved clearly in this study. The swampy soil type of the catchment associated with a more oligotrophic status and lower pH of the water in Lake Siikaj?rvi explain at least partly the difference in activity concentrations and transfer of 137Cs between the two lakes studied. This refers to the higher transfer from the catchment to the lake and the higher uptake of 137Cs by fish and other biota in Lake Siikaj?rvi than in Lake Vehkaj?rvi. Perch and pike were more efficient accumulators of caesium than the best indicators among the aquatic plants. In the terrestrial environment, caesium was most effectively accumulated by mushrooms.     

The effects of changing water flow velocity on the formation of biofilms and water quality in pilot distribution system consisting of copper or polyethylene pipes

We studied the effects of flow velocity on the formation of biofilms and the concentration of bacteria in water in copper and plastic (polyethylene, PE) pipes. The formation of biofilms increased with the flow velocity of water. The increase in microbial numbers and contents of ATP was clearer in the PE pipes than in the copper pipes. This was also seen as increased consumption of microbial nutrients in the pipeline system. This indicates that the mass transfer of nutrients is in major role in the growth of biofilms. However, the increased biomass of biofilms did not affect microbial numbers in the water. Rapid changes in water flow rate resuspended biofilms and sediments which increased the concentrations of bacteria and copper in water. The disturbance caused by the changing water flow was also seen as an increase in the particle counts and water turbidity recorded with online instrumentation.