Al—Li合金缺口疲劳短裂纹行为的研究

研究了不同时效状态的Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金短裂纹的扩展规律，缺口曲率半径对短裂纹扩展规律的影响，在相同的时效温度下，裂纹扩展速率ｄａ／ｄＮ随时效时间增加而加快，钝缺口萌生裂纹的ｄａ／ｄＮ在缺口应力场内变化不大，然后随着应力强度因子的增加而逐渐变大，而锐缺口萌生裂纹的ｄａ／ｄＮ在裂纹萌生后很快下降到最小值，然后又逐渐回升。     

TA5钛合金的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值与疲劳裂纹扩展速率的关系

研究了大规格ＴＡ５钛合金热轧环村的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔＫ＿（ｔｈ）与疲劳裂纹扩展速率加ｄａ／ｄＮ之间的关系。结果表明，Δｋ＿（ｔｈ）值可由近门槛区的ｄａ／ｄＮ表达式直接按定义ｄａ／ｄＮ值算，而无需进行繁琐的试验测定。这一结果同样适用于β区加热热轧ＴＡ５钛合金板材。     

多冲疲劳裂纹萌生期的测定和应力场强度因子KI的计算

冲击疲劳裂纹长度ａ和冲击周次Ｎ的关系可表示为：Ｎ＝ＮＡ－Ｃ’（Ｗ－ａ）＾ｎ１。由此式可精确计算出裂纹萌生寿命Ｎｏ和裂纹扩展速度ｄａ／ｄＮ。     

2(1/4)Cr-1Mo钢的短裂纹低周疲劳扩展特性

对在空气中２（１／４）Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ钢的短裂纹低周疲劳扩展特性进行研究发现，短裂纹的扩展行为与长裂纹有着相似的三个阶段，并有三个方程分别与之对应。经方程ｄａ／ｄＮ＝ｃ（ΔＪ）ｎ计算得到，临界裂纹扩展门槛值ΔＪｔｈ５６４×１０－６ＭＮ／ｍ。ＳＥＭ断口分析表明，三个阶段的短裂纹扩展特性各不相同。     

缺口状态对SiC／LY12复合材料短纹疲劳行为的影响

研究峰值时效状态下ＳｉＣ／ＬＹ１２复合材料及ＬＹ１２铝合金不同缺口状态下的敌裂纹扩展行为，结果表明：在尖缺口及钝缺口状态下，短裂纹扩展的均表现为“马鞍”型特征；尖缺口下，ＳｉＣ不利于材料疲劳性能，钝缺口下，ＳｉＣ有利于材料疲劳性能，用闭合效应和缺口根部塑性区大小解释了缺口状态对短裂纹扩展的影响。     

断口定量分析在评估构件疲劳寿命中的应用

通过断口疲劳条带反推寿命的理论基础,采用断口定量分析方法,在断口上测量裂纹长度α与裂纹扩展速率ｄａ／ｄＮ,运用Ｐａｒｉｓ公式推导出裂纹扩展速率曲线方程,计算出疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。此方法已应用于涡轮盘疲劳断口和３０ＣｒＮｉＭｏＡ试验断口。     

TB6钛合金疲劳小裂纹扩展行为

为了研究TB6钛合金自然萌生小裂纹的扩展行为,针对单边缺口拉伸试样开展室温下不同应力比(R=0.1,0.5)的小裂纹扩展实验,采用复型法观测了小裂纹的萌生与扩展情况。结果表明:同一应力比下,随着应力等级的降低,小裂纹的萌生寿命由占全寿命的60%增加到80%,但应力等级对TB6钛合金小裂纹扩展速率没有明显影响。裂纹早期扩展速率受微观组织的影响大,TB6钛合金扩展速率转变临界值是200μm,一旦裂纹长度达到200μm,裂纹扩展速率将不受取向不同的晶界或晶粒影响而迅速提升。TB6钛合金疲劳小裂纹起源于试样缺口根部,所有试样的裂纹大部分为角裂纹,疲劳小裂纹萌生寿命占全寿命的绝大部分。     

陶瓷基复合材料在循环压应力条件下的疲劳研究

本文对ＳｉＣ颗粒及部分稳定ＺｒＯ２复合增强Ａｌ２Ｏ３基陶瓷材料在循环压载荷作用下的疲劳特性进行了研究。带有缺口的试样在循环压应力的作用下，缺口根部将产生一条垂直于压应力轴的疲劳裂纹。压应力在缺口根部产生的局部不可逆损伤在卸载过程中会形成较大的残余拉应力，这使得裂纹形核并逐渐长大。而随着裂纹的长大，闭合效应逐渐增加，最终导致裂纹扩展完全停止。试样缺口长度和疲劳试验参数对裂纹的扩展速度和最终长度有较大     

13SiMNiCrMov钢切口疲劳裂纹萌生门槛值

本文研究在１３ＳｉＭｎＮｉＣｒＭｏＶ结构钢中用尖裂纹的应力强度因子来反映三点弯曲缺口试样的疲劳裂纹萌生规律。当Ｒ＝０．１ｆ＝１００Ｈｚ，试样尺寸Ｂ＊Ｗ＊Ｌ＝１２．５＊２５＊１１７ｍｍ时，缺口名义应力幅的门槛值为△σｔｈ＝３３１５ρ＾０．３５２ＭＰａ，０．５ｍｍ≤ρ≤５ｍｍ，△Ｋｔｈ＝２５０ρ０．３５２ＭＰａｍ门槛值与ρ有关。同时得到缺口裂纹萌生的循环次数Ｎｉ与名义应力幅△σ，缺口曲率半径ρ的定量关     

SiCw／Al—12Ti复合材料裂纹扩展的SEM原位观察

利用带缺口三点弯曲试样，原位观察了SiC品须含量不同的Al－12Ti基复合材料的裂纹扩展过程结果表明，随SiCw增加，裂纹由优先治Al3Ti颗粒／Al界面萌生与扩展转变成在Al3Tip内部和靠近SiCw端部的SiCw／Al界面萌生与扩展SiCw／Al-12Ti的强化机制以SiCw的桥接、拔出和诱导裂纹偏转强化为主，同时，SiCw与Al3Tip起到较好的互补强化作用     

Behavior of short fatigue cracks initiated from a notch in 8090 Al-Li alloy

The rates of growth of short fatigue cracks initiated from a notch are much greater than the rates of growth of long fatigue cracks for the same values of K. A decrease in the strength of materials caused by aging affects the behavior of long cracks. The geometric form of the notch strongly affects the behavior of short cracks. The growth rate of a short crack initiated from a sharp notch decreases and attains a minimum value at a length of 0.45 mm, which is far beyond the region of its influence. However, short cracks initiated from blunt notches exhibit slower growth in the region of stress concentration than outside this region. Strain fields induced by deformation of the tip of the notch are not the only factor inhibiting the propagation of short cracks from notches. To explain the behavior of a short crack initiated at a notch, one must take into account some other factors, in particular, crack closure.Published in Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 39–44, January – February, 1995.     

Experimental investigation on low cycle fatigue and fracture behaviour of a notched Ni‐based superalloy at elevated temperature

In order to investigate the effects of stress concentration on low cycle fatigue properties and fracture behaviour of a nickel‐based powder metallurgy superalloy, FGH97, at elevated temperature, the low cycle fatigue tests have been conducted with semi‐circular and semi‐elliptical single‐edge notched plate specimens at 550 and 700 °C. The results show that the fatigue life of the notched specimen decreases with the increase of stress concentration factor and the fatigue crack initiation life evidently decreases because of the defect located in the stress concentration zone. Moreover, the plastic deformation induced by notch stress concentration affects the initial crack occurrence zone. The angle α of the crack occurrence zone is within ±10° of notch bisector for semi‐circular notched specimens and ±20° for semi‐elliptical notched specimens. The crack propagation rate decreases to a minimum at a certain length, D, and then increases with the growth of the crack. The crack propagation rate of the semi‐elliptical notched specimen decelerates at a faster rate than that of the semi‐circular notched specimen because of the increase of the notch plasticity gradient. The crack length, D, is affected by both the applied load and the notch plasticity gradient. In addition, the fracture mechanism is shown to transition from transgranular to intergranular as temperature increases from 550 to 700 °C, which would accelerate crack propagation and reduce the fatigue life.     

Fatigue life prediction of notched members based on local strain and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics concepts

Fatigue life predictions for notched members are made using local strain and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics concepts. Crack growth from notches is characterized by J-integral estimates made for short and long cracks. The local notch strain field is determined by notch geometry, applied stress level and material properties. Crack initiation is defined as a crack of the same size as the local notch strain field. Crack initiation life is obtained from smooth specimens as the life to initiate a crack equal to the size of cracks in the notched member. Notch plasticity effects are included in analyzing the crack propagation phase. Crack propagation life is determined by integrating the equation that relates crack growth rate to ΔJ from the initiated to final crack size. Total fatigue life estimates are made by combining crack initiation and crack propagation phases. These agree within a factor of 1.5 with measured lives for the two notch geometries.     

Evaluation of fibre bridging stress of short fatigue cracks in SCS-6/Ti-15-3 composite

Single‐edge notched specimens of a unidirectional SiC long fibre reinforced titanium alloy, were fatigued under four point bending. The propagation behaviour of short fatigue cracks from a notch was observed on the basis of the effects of fibre bridging. The branched fatigue cracks were initiated from the notch root. The fatigue cracks propagated only in the matrix and without fibre breakage. The crack propagation rate decreased with crack extension due to the crack bridging by reinforced fibres. After fatigue testing the loading and residual stresses in the reinforced fibres were measured for the arrested cracks by the X‐ray diffraction method. The longitudinal stresses in the reinforced fibres were measured using high spatial resolution synchrotron radiation. A stress map around the fatigue cracks was then successfully constructed. The longitudinal stress decreased linearly with increasing distance from a location adjacent to the wake of the matrix crack. This region of decreasing stress corresponded to the debonding area between the fibre and the matrix. The interfacial frictional stress between the matrix and the fibre could be determined from the fibre stresses. The bridging stress on the crack wake was also measured as a function of a distance from a notch root. The threshold stress intensity factor range, corrected on the basis of the shielding stress, was similar to the propagation behaviour of the monolithic matrix. Hence the main factor influencing the shielding effect in composites is fibre bridging.     

Effect of notch geometry on short fatigue crack growth in 8090 Al–Li alloy

The short-crack propagation behaviour of 8090 Al–Li alloy under different ageing conditions has been investigated. The effect of notch geometry on short fatigue crack growth was also studied. The results show that the geometrical configuration of the notch significantly affects the growth behaviour of the short crack, the growth rates of notched short cracks being much higher than those of long cracks at the same stress intensity factor range ΔK level. The orientations of the specimens had a stronger effect on the growth rate of long cracks than on that of short cracks. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Short crack growth and fatigue life in austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel

The kinetics of short crack growth has been studied in austenitic‐ferritic 2205 duplex stainless steel. Smooth cylindrical specimens and specimens with shallow notch were subjected to constant plastic strain amplitude loading. The crack growth was studied in notched specimens. The notch area has been mechanically and electrolytically polished to facilitate the observation of crack initiation and growth. The initiated cracks were observed in an SEM (scanning electron microscope). The crack growth was studied using long distance QUESTAR optical microscope equipped with high‐resolution camera. In constant plastic strain amplitude loading the microcracks were initiated and their growth kinetics has been studied. The characteristic features of the crack growth at different plastic strain amplitudes were recorded. Two approaches to analyse the crack growth rates were adopted. The comparison of the prediction of the fatigue life using the plastic‐strain‐dependent crack growth rate was compared with Manson–Coffin law and the relation between parameters of this law and parameters of the short crack growth law were established.     

Crack initiation in cyclic compression and its applications

The characteristics and applications of crack initiation under far-field cyclic compressive loads are examined in notched specimens of a lower strength steel. The fatigue cracks, initiated at the notch root due to residual tensile stresses, grow at a progressively decreasing velocity before arresting completely. Simple correlations are explored between the total fatigue crack growth distance and the size of an effective damage zone estimated from the initial crack growth rate. Some important applications of crack initiation in cyclic compression in both long and short fatigue crack problems are demonstrated. Experimental results are presented to show that crack initiation in cyclic compression offers some interesting possibilities for obtaining accelerated estimates of slow fatigue crack growth rates, while minimizing some of the inherent uncertainties arising from the artifacts of conventional test techniques. Possible applications of this method are also discussed with respect to the study of physically-short flaws and of the evaluation of the progressive development closure during fatigue.     

PROPAGATION AND NON-PROPAGATION OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS AT A SHARP NOTCH

Abstract— Sharply notched specimens of a structural low-carbon steel were fatigued under several ratios of the maximum to minimum loads. The growth behavior of a short fatigue crack near the notch tip was analyzed based on crack closure measurements. A fatigue crack first decelerates with increasing crack length, and then accelerates or becomes non-propagating depending on the applied stress. A similar deceleration is seen when the rate is correlated to the stress intensity range. The effective stress intensity range is a unique parameter in correlating the growth rate of a short crack for all the stress levels examined, and the relation is identical to that obtained for a long crack. By considering the increase in crack closure with crack length, a quantitative method is proposed for predicting the non-propagating crack length and the fatigue limit of notched specimens as a function of the applied stress and the notch geometry.     

Fatigue crack growth from sharp notches

Notch-like stress raisers occur widely in engineering components. They are preferred sites for crack initiation when the components are subjected to cyclic loadings. Thus the growth of cracks initiated from notches is very relevant to design against fatigue failures. Schematic models proposed to explain the departure of notch crack growth from linear elastic fracture mechanics predictions are briefly reviewed. Different methods of measuring crack closure are compared. It is found that the commonly employed notch-mouth clip-gauge method is not sensitive enough to detect the closure of short cracks in regions of notch plasticity. Various mechanics parameters have been claimed to be able to bring the notch crack and long crack growth rate data to a single base. In the present work on double-edge notched AISI 316 stainless steel specimens, it is found that none of them is able to correlate satisfactory all the experimental data.