Quantifying the Contributions of Climate Change and Human Activities to Drought Extremes,Using an Improved Evaluation Framework

Water Resources Management - An increasing amount of studies have emphasized that more frequent and extensive extreme events have occurred around the world. The effects of climate change and...     

A Multi-Model Nonstationary Rainfall-Runoff Modeling Framework: Analysis and Toolbox

Water Resources Management - We present a framework and toolbox for multi-model (one at a time) nonstationary modeling of rainfall-runoff (RR) transformation. The designed time-varying nature of...     

An Integrated Approach for Partitioning the Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface Runoff

Climate change and human activities have been identified as the two main reasons for the change in runoff. To better understand the factors causing runoff change, this paper develops an integrated approach which combined the elasticity coefficient approach (including a non-parametric model and six Budyko framework based models) and the hydrological modelling approach (using SIMHYD models) for partitioning the impacts of climate change and human activities on surface runoff. The Guanzhong River Basin(GRB), which is the sub-basin of the Wei River basin in China is chosen as the study area. In this study, trends in runoff, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) from 1958 to 2008 are analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test and change-points in the annual runoff from 1958 to 2008 are sought using the Fu formula, Mann-Kendall test and double mass curve. The calibrated and validated rainfall-runoff model SIMHYD is used to simulate the runoff in the GRB during 1958–2008. Seven different methods are used to calculate the elasticity coefficient and then the elasticity coefficient methods are used to evaluate the contribution of climate change and human activities. Combining all these results, the contribution of climate change and human activities to runoff change is 34.1?~?47.3 and 52.7?~?65.9 %, respectively. The study provides scientific foundation for understanding the causes of water resources decrease and significant information for water resources management under the influence of climate change and human activities.     

人类活动影响下大清河流域降雨径流关系特征分析

以大清河流域北支山区作为研究对象,分析了该流域1980年前后降雨径流关系的动态变化特点。研究结果表明,该流域降雨径流关系并非线性关系。而且1980年以后由于人类活动影响的加剧,该流域降雨径流关系发生了一定的变化,通过对天然状态下与环境变化下该流域降雨径流关系分析,两个时段的降雨径流相关关系很好,但数量上变化较大,随着年降水量的增大,径流量变化率减小。降雨径流关系的这种变化,除受下垫面因素影响外,还与流域内水资源开发利用程度有关。研究和分析降雨径流关系的变化,对水资源开发利用以及水资源评价有重要作用。     

Improved Wavelet Modeling Framework for Hydrologic Time Series Forecasting

The combination of wavelet analysis with black-box models presently is a prevalent approach to conduct hydrologic time series forecasting, but the results are impacted by wavelet decomposition of series, and uncertainty cannot be evaluated. In this paper, the method for discrete wavelet decomposition of series was developed, and an improved wavelet modeling framework, WMF for short, was proposed for hydrologic time series forecasting. It is to first separate different deterministic components and remove noise in original series by discrete wavelet decomposition; then, forecast the former and quantitatively describe noise’s random characters; at last, add them up and obtain the final forecasting result. Forecasting of deterministic components is to obtain deterministic forecasting results, and noise analysis is to estimate uncertainty. Results of four hydrologic cases indicate the better performance of the proposed WMF compared with those black-box models without series decomposition. Because of having reliable hydrologic basis, showing high effectiveness in accuracy, eligible rate and forecasting period, and being capable of uncertainty evaluation, the proposed WMF can improve the results of hydrologic time series forecasting.     

泾惠渠地下水对气候变化和人类活动的响应

基于泾惠渠灌区的水循环现状,分析了近20 a来灌区水资源利用和循环的变化,并运用主成分分析法对影响灌区地下水位动态变化的气候因素和人类活动因素进行了研究。结果表明:气候变化和人类活动共同影响着地下水系统,致使灌区水循环体系发生了明显改变。地下水开采量过大、渠系引灌水量减少、干支渠衬砌率提高等人类活动因素对地下水系统影响起主导作用,而气候因素起次要作用。目前灌区地下水位持续下降的趋势未得到有效控制。     

气候变化和人类活动对黑河水资源的影响

随着全球变暖和人类活动强度的增强,水资源正经历着巨大的改变,定量分析气候变化和人类活动对水资源的影响就显的尤为重要。选择西部干旱区内陆河黑河的中游为研究区,分别运用主观、客观赋权法和组合赋权法分析气候变化和人类活动中各因素对黑河水资源影响的权重。组合权重评价结果表明:人类活动是研究区水资源变化的主要原因,其累计权重达66.63%,大于气候变化影响权重33.37%;人类活动因素中人口占主导作用,权重为17.67%;气候变化因素中年降水量是主要因素,权重为24.83%。     

Flooding Control and Hydro-Energy Assessment for Urban Stormwater Drainage Systems under Climate Change: Framework Development and Case Study

Flooding issue and energy shortage have become the common concerns impeding the urban development under climate change scenarios. Exploiting potential hydro-energy from urban stormwater drainage system (USDS) has multiple beneficial perspectives for controlling flooding, relieving energy shortage and mitigating the greenhouse gases emission, which has not yet been systematically investigated in previous works. In this paper, a systematical analysis framework is developed to design the flooding risk control measures and to assess the feasibility and capacity of the hydro-energy development in USDS. The GCMs and HBV models, integrated within the SWMM computation platform, are adopted to simulate the hydrological and hydraulic processes during rainfall events, with the results used to manage the flooding situation and evaluate the energy generation capacity under the influences of both historical and future climate changes. The framework is then applied to a practical case in Tung Chung town of Hong Kong. The analysis result shows that, in the studied area, it is significant and worthwhile to develop the hydro-energy in USDS, which is evidenced to be beneficial to the energy generation and the flooding risk control as well as water resources management in the urban drainage system. The developed method and obtained results of this study may provide a new perspective and technical guide for effective USDS management and operation.

     

Comparison of Rainfall-Runoff Relationship Modeling using Different Methods in a Forested Watershed

The daily rainfall-runoff relationship in an experimental watershed was modeled using a statistical method and an artificial neural network method. The estimations were examined and a performance evaluation was done. It was seen that the ANN method, FFBP (Feed Forward Back Propagation), provided closer flow estimations reproducing the shape of the observed hydrograph more realistic. The superiority of FFBP was reflected in the performance evaluation criteria. The extreme flows, i.e., high and low flows, were relatively better approximated by FFBP indicating its promise as a useful tool for hydrologic studies such as flood modeling. The Rational Method was also used, as a conventional tool, to predict the maximum discharge for selected return periods. It was found to be realistic for the forested watershed under consideration when the C coefficient was taken as 0.20 for the 10-year period.

     

An Integrated Extreme Rainfall Modeling Tool (SDExtreme) for Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation

Water Resources Management - The estimation of the Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) relation is often necessary for the planning and design of various hydraulic structures and design...     

气候变化和人类活动对渭河流域径流量的影响

采用M-K趋势检验法、有序聚类变点分析法以及径流变化归因分离评判方法,分析渭河流域近50 a的气温、降水、径流的演变特征和径流量变化的影响因素。结果表明:流域气温升高趋势显著,通过95%的置信度水平检验,其中1994年是气温突变的节点;流域降水量呈缓慢减少的态势,变化节点发生在1969年;流域径流量减少趋势极显著,通过95%的置信度水平检验,突变节点发生在1969年,与降水突变节点一致。由VIC模型计算得出:流域径流量的变化主要由气候波动和人类活动改变流域下垫面共同作用引起的,其中气候变化的影响较大。     

气候变化和人类活动对永定河流域径流的影响

利用线性回归法和Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对永定河1957—2000年的降水量、潜在蒸发能力和径流量进行了趋势分析,利用降雨—径流双累积曲线以及Pettitt变点检验找出了径流突变年份。在此基础上,运用水文敏感性分析方法计算了人类活动和气候变化对永定河径流变化的贡献程度。结果表明:1957年以来,永定河流域径流深呈显著下降趋势,其变化倾向率为-0.8 mm/a,径流突变点发生在1982年;与基准期相比,1982年之后的年平均径流深减少了20.0mm,其中人类活动使径流深减少了14.0 mm,占总减少量的70.0%。     

Analytical Support for Integrated Water Resources Management: A New Method for Addressing Spatial and Temporal Variability

This paper discusses the development of an analytical support system for implementation of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) process. The system integrates four analytical tools: (i) geographic information system; (ii) system dynamics simulation; (iii) agent-based model; and (iv) hydrologic simulation. The choice of tools is driven by their ability to (a) respond to the main requirements of the IWRM and (b) explicitly describe system behaviour as function of time and location in space. The system dynamics simulation captures temporal dynamics in an integrated feedback model that includes sectors representing physical and socioeconomic system components. Management policies established in the participatory decision making environment are easily investigated through the simulation of system behaviour. Agent-based model is used to analyze spatial dynamics of complex physical-social-economic-biologic system. The IWRM support system is tested using data from the Upper Thames River Watershed, Ontario, Canada, in collaboration with the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority.     

气候变化和人类活动对淮河上游径流影响分析

以淮河流域上游漯河站为研究对象,采用Mann-Kendall法、里海哈林法和滑动游程检验法对1957—2010年的年降雨量和年径流深序列跳跃变异进行诊断,结果表明漯河站年径流深和年降雨序列分别于1985年和1999年左右发生跳跃变异。根据跳跃变异检验结果,采用降雨径流关系法与累积量斜率变化率比较法定量计算气候变化和人类活动对该研究区域径流量变化的影响。综合分析结果显示:1986—1999年较前一阶段径流的减少主要因素是人类活动的影响,而2000—2010年较前一阶段径流的增多主要因素是气候的变化。降雨径流关系法与累积量斜率变化率比较法对气候变化和人类活动的水文效应定量评估结果基本一致。     

Developing a Robust Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Framework to Evaluate Performance of Water System Design and Planning under Climate Change

In theory, emergence of robustness concept has pushed decision-makers toward designing alternatives, such as resistant against the potential fluctuations fueled by uncertain surrounding environment. This study promotes an objective-based multi-attributes decision-making framework that takes into account the uncertainties associated with the impacts of the climate change on water resources systems. To capture the uncertainties of climate change, Monte Carlo approach has been used to generate a series of ensembles. These generated ensembles represent the stochastic behavior of the hydro-climatic variables under climate change. This framework represents the inherent uncertainties associated with hydro-climatic simulations. Next, a coupled TOPSIS/Entropy multi-attribute decision-making framework has been formed to prioritize the feasible alternatives using system performance measures. The main objective of this framework is to minimize the risk of deceptive and subjective assessments during decision-making process. Karkheh River basin has been selected as a case study to demonstrate the implication of this framework. Using a set of system performance attributes, the performance of two hydropower systems has been estimated during the baseline period and under the future climate change conditions. According to the conducted frequency analysis, the alternative in which both hydropower projects would go under construction emerged as the robust solution (i.e., there was a 99.9% chance that it outperforms other solutions). The results indicate that the construction of these hydropower systems leads to the increase of Karkheh River basin robustness in the future.

     

Application of Integrated Hydrologic and River Basin Management Modeling for the Optimal Development of a Multi-Purpose Reservoir Project

Multi-purpose reservoir development have been always a big challenge for the management of water resources. This paper describes an integrated approach for investigating catchment hydrology in the development of a hydropower and a canal irrigation system based on model analyses. The investigation aims to adequately determine an optimal domestic and irrigation water resources allocation scheme based on an assessment of the reservoir water balance and capacity for hydropower. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) which characterizes basin hydrology and the water management and planning model MODSIM which provides a decision support system for water allocation optimization, were used in this study. The integrated approach was applied to Prek Te River basin in Cambodia. The water demand aspect was examined based on domestic water use, irrigation water, environmental flow, and water losses. An operational rule curve was developed for hydropower operation with respect to a power potential of 13 MW. Hydrologic modeling revealed 90 % dependable water of about 2.7 m³/s during the dry season and 214.3 m³/s during the wet season, indicative of a wet-season dependent reservoir for storage. Results from the 26-years simulation period also showed that diversions for domestic water and irrigation water supply were 92.3 % dependable for a 13 MW capacity hydropower development. The integrated approach was shown to be a valuable decision support tool for water resources management with the determination of an optimum policy for multi-purpose reservoir operation based on available basin water supply.     

气候变化背景下新疆地区降水时空变化特征分析

依据新疆地区1951～2008年月降水资料,运用Morlet小波分析及PCI降水集度等方法分析了新疆地区降水时间及空间的变化规律。结果表明:新疆地区降水存在4a、8a及准12a主周期;年降水由北向南逐渐减少,伊宁、和田形成极大值中心,安德河、吐鲁番形成极小值中心;变异系数由北向南增大,北疆小于0.40,南疆为0.50～0.75。降水年内分配北疆相对均匀,南疆差异较大。北疆年降水呈增加趋势,南疆仅少数地区有减少趋势。未来年降水波动较大,有更趋离散而背离均值的趋势;年内降水分配规律将渐趋稳定,波动呈下降趋势。     

Climate Variability Influences on Hydrological Responses of a Large Himalayan Basin

The hydrological cycle, a fundamental component of climate is likely to be altered in important ways due to climate change. In this study, the historical daily runoff has been simulated for the Chenab River basin up to Salal gauging site using a simple conceptual snowmelt model (SNOWMOD). The model has been used to study the impact of plausible hypothetical scenarios of temperature and rainfall on the melt characteristics and daily runoff of the Chenab River basin. The average value of increase in snowmelt runoff for T + 1°C, T + 2°C and T + 3°C scenarios are obtained to be 10, 28 and 43%, respectively. Whereas, the average value of increase in total streamflow runoff for T + 1°C, T + 2°C and T + 3°C are obtained to be 7, 19 and 28%, respectively. Changes in rainfall by −10 and + 10% vary the average annual snowmelt runoff over the T + 2°C scenario by −1% and + 1% only. The result shows that melt is much more sensitive to increase in temperature than to rainfall.     

An Integrated Assessment of the Impacts of Changing Climate Variability on Agricultural Productivity and Profitability in an Irrigated Mediterranean Catchment

Climate change is likely to have a profound effect on many agricultural variables, although the extent of its influence will vary over the course of the annual farm management cycle. Consequently, the effect of different and interconnected physical, technical and economic factors must be modeled in order to estimate the effects of climate change on agricultural productivity. Such modeling commonly makes use of indicators that summarize the among environmental factors that are considered when farmers plan their activities. This study uses net evapotranspiration (ET_N), estimated using EPIC, as a proxy index for the physical factors considered by farmers when managing irrigation. Recent trends suggest that the probability distribution function of ET_N may continue to change in the near future due to changes in the irrigation needs of crops. Also, water availability may continue to vary due to changes in the rainfall regime. The impacts of the uncertainties related to these changes on costs are evaluated using a Discrete Stochastic Programming model representing an irrigable Mediterranean area where limited water is supplied from a reservoir. In this context, adaptation to climate change can be best supported by improvements to the collective irrigation systems, rather than by measures aimed at individual farms such as those contained within the rural development policy.