中国水资源及水生态安全评价

从水资源及水生态安全的内涵出发,构建了区域水资源及水生态安全评价指标体系。考虑我国的地域状况,根据水资源的丰、平、缺情况和经济水平(发达、欠发达)的6种任意组合,分别筛选评价指标,提出了分区域的评价标准和指标权重。以31个省级行政区为单元,对中国水资源及水生态安全状况进行了评价。结果表明:水资源及水生态状况没有安全的,良好的有10个区,一般的有10个区,较差的有10个区,极差的有1个区。     

Evaluation of provincial water resources utilization performance in China and its spatial differentiation and driving factor analysisEI北大核心CSCD

采用超效率SBM模型评价了2005—2020年中国省域水资源利用绩效,运用Dagum基尼系数分解法、空间自相关和时空跃迁分析方法解析了其空间分异特征,并利用地理探测器对空间分异的驱动机理进行了分析。结果表明:省域水资源利用绩效水平总体不高;空间差异程度整体呈波动扩大趋势,主要来源为超变密度,其次为地区间空间差异和地区内空间差异;空间分异格局在地理上呈现“东高西低”的空间关联特征,具有显著空间溢出效应,局域空间分布结构较为稳定;人口规模、经济水平和城镇化水平对水资源利用绩效的空间分异具有显著驱动作用,且在不同区域表现不同,全国层面和东部地区属于经济驱动型,中部和西部地区分别为城镇化驱动型和人口驱动型;产业发展水平对水资源利用绩效的空间分异驱动作用具有区域异质性,全国层面和东部地区属于工业驱动型,中部和西部地区分别为建筑业驱动型和农业驱动型。建议各区域根据主导驱动因素制定相关水资源利用绩效协同提升策略。     

Integrated Assessment of Water Resources Potential in the North China Region

Abstract

Potential assessment of water resources development (PAWRD) is very important for regional water management, water allocation, water transfer, and economic planning, especially for today's China, which is under a rapid economic growth, a continued expansion of population, and an increasingly deteriorating eco-environment. In this work, the southern part of Hathe River (SPHR) is selected as the representative area of the North China Region for a case study based on considerations such as available data, geographic characteristics, administrative boundaries, and the state of water shortage. A growth pattern of regional water resources development is presented. A fuzzy assessment model is established and applied to determine the growth stage, an indicator for water resources development potential. Seven assessment factors, selected based on the conditions of supply, demand, and use efficiency of water subjected to the regional physical, social, and economic settings, include irrigation rate of arable land, exploitation rate of water resources, the water-saving level, a water supply and demand modulus, the water supply per capita, and the ratio of eco-environmental water use. These factors are integrated into the fuzzy assessment model, which is shown to be capable and effective for potential assessment. The assessment results demonstrate the potential of water resources development is little in SPHR and are substantiated by the necessity of the middle route of the South-North Water Transfer (SNWT) in the long run. It is also suggested at present that promoting water saving and strengthening water demand controls would be the most feasible and effective solution to mitigate water shortage stress of SPHR before the SNWT scheme is implemented. PAWRD provides a scientific tool for water-demand management and water-saving improvement, as well as a necessary basis for decision-making for economy planning and water transfer design.     

水资源承载能力研究现状

在参阅大量科技文献的基础上，将水资源承载力的内涵概括为：某一地区在一定的社会、经济、技术阶段，水资源可持续开发利用的最大规模。水资源承载力具有区域性、动态性、有限性、模糊性和可增强性等特点。它具有自然一社会双重属性，既反映了水资源系统满足社会经济系统的能力，也与社会经济系统开发水资源系统的深度有关。它的大小取决于区域自然环境、水资源量、社会经济技术水平、社会经济结构和承载驱动力大小等方面。分析方法有供需平衡分析法、背景分析法、综合指标法、系统动力学方法以及动态模拟递推算法等。     

区域水资源代谢效率时空变化及驱动因素

针对当前水资源短缺的重大问题和现有研究的薄弱环节,从异质性资源禀赋的角度揭示了1990—2015年中国京津冀、中部地区、西部地区9省(市、区)水资源代谢效率时空演变规律和驱动因素.结果表明:时间尺度上1990—1995年水资源代谢效率变化不大,自2000年以后总体呈明显提高的趋势;从空间分布看,在早期阶段,水资源代谢效...     

Planning for Regional Water System Sustainability Through Water Resources Security Assessment Under Uncertainties

A leader-follower relationship in multiple layers of decision makers under uncertainties is a critical challenge associated with water resources security (WRS). To address this problem, a credibility-based chance-constrained hierarchical programming model with WRS assessment is developed for regional water system sustainability planning. This model can deal with the sequential decision-making problem with different goals and preferences, and reflect uncertainties presented as fuzzy sets. The effectiveness of the developed model is demonstrated through a real-world water resources management system in Beijing, China. A leader-follower interactive solution algorithm based on satisfactory degree is utilized to improve computational efficiency. Results show the that: (a) surface water, groundwater, recycled water, and off water would account for 27.01, 27.44, 23.11, and 22.44% of the total water supplies, respectively; (b) the entire pollutant emissions and economic benefits would consequently decrease by 31.53 and 22.88% when the statue changes from quite safe to extremely far from safe; and (c) a high credibility level would correspond to low risks of insufficient water supply and overloaded pollutant emissions, which lowers economic benefits and pollutant emissions. By contrast, a low credibility level would decrease the limitations of constraints, which leads to high economic benefits and pollutant emissions, but system risk would be increased. These findings can aid different decision makers in identifying the desired strategies for regional water resources management under multiple uncertainties, and support the in-depth analysis of the interrelationships among water security, system efficiency, and credibility level.     

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation for Carrying Capacity of Regional Water Resources

Evaluation of regional water resources capacity provides a scientific basis for further water resources utilization and social economic sustainable development. This paper mainly studied on the case of Lanzhou City located in the western China. By using the method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and basing on the historical datum of 40 years, this paper evaluated the current situation of water resource capacity in Lanzhou and its dynamic trend. The calculation of comprehensive evaluation matrix is confirmed on the nature of membership function, the dynamic trend of water resource capacity is forecasted as well after the police was putted in practice in the future. The results showed that the utilization of water resource in Lanzhou is unreasonable now. The water resources have been developed to a considerable scale, but the water carrying capacity decreased year by year. Basing on the study, this paper suggested that the system and model of developing and utilizing water resource, policy of using water, scientific policy of water price and paying policy of water resource, saving water and protecting solution society, as well as protecting engineering related with water resource should be built up step by step.     

A Fair Approach for Multi-Objective Water Resources Allocation

Due to the effect of climate change, rapid population growth and widespread water pollution, fresh water becomes an increasingly scarce natural resource. Optimal allocation of water resources is one of the most effective resolutions to deal with rising water demand and insufficient freshwater resources. This study proposes a fair approach for water resources allocation by employing the Sperner’s lemma to solve the conflicts of different objectives and those of competing regions. A multi-objective optimal allocation model is firstly formulated to generate the Pareto frontier surface, which maximizes the economic interest while minimizing the amount of organic pollutants. Subsequently, the approach searches for acceptable allocation schemes over the Pareto frontier surfaces through the total water quantity and envy-free constraints. The proposed model is applied to the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang river basin in China. Results indicate that water allocation between multi-region can achieve Nash equilibrium by using the water conflict resolution method to select fair water allocation schemes, in which each region obtains its preferred water quantity. The proposed approach is proved effective for water resources management in the case study and demonstrates the potential for effective application in other basins.

     

我国水资源研究的发展趋势

从我国水问题特点和学科研究角度，介绍、分析了我国水资源研究现状和发展趋势，根据国民经济发展和生态环境保护对水的需求，探讨我国水资源学科发展战略和关键技术研究方向。     

Water resources development in the North China plain and its effects on the environment

The North China Plain is the country's most important agricultural region, and also contains Beijing, Tianjin and other major cities. Uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall have made large‐scale development of water resources especially necessary. This article traces the development of surface and ground‐water resources in the region and describes the economic benefits derived from them before outlining the main environmental effects which are now causing concern.     

Spatiotemporal Change of Blue Water and Green Water Resources in the Headwater of Yellow River Basin,China

The headwater of Yellow River Basin (HYRB) is crucial for the water resources of the whole basin in Northwest China. Based on the semi-distributed hydrological model “Soil and Water Assessment Tool” (SWAT), the spatiotemporal change trends of blue water and green water resources in the HYRB were analyzed quantificationally. By using the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting program (SUFI-2), the model was calibrated at Tangnaihai hydrological station and uncertainty analysis was performed. The results showed that the total water resources decreased by 1.08 billion m³ over the past five decades in the HYRB. Blue water and green water storage (soil water) presented the downtrend, while green water flow (actual evapotranspiration) increased between 1961 and 2010. The decrease in blue water resources were mainly attributed to the decrease in precipitation in the southwest parts of the study area while the increase in actual evapotranspiration and the decrease in soil water were the results of the uptrend of air temperature. In 1990s, an enormous transition occurred between the blue water (24.86 %) and green water flow (63.46 %). At seasonal scale, the largest down trend of blue water and uptrend of actual evapotranspiration all occurred in autumn. The decrease ratios of them were 88.3 and 83.1 % in inter-annual variation, respectively. The study can provided a scientific basis for integrated water resources management under the background of global climate change and human activity.     

Application of Water Balance Models to Different Climatic Regions in China for Water Resources Assessment

Uneven precipitation in space and time together with mismanagement and lack of knowledge about existing water resources, have caused water shortage problems for water supply to large cities and irrigation in many regions of China. There is an urgent need for the efficient use and regional planning of water resources. For these purposes, the monthly variation of discharges should be made available. In this paper, a simple water balance modelling approach was applied to seven catchments (385–2000²) for water resources assessment. Six catchments were chosen from the humid region in southern China and one catchment from the semi-arid and semi-humid region in northern China. The results are satisfactory. It is suggested that the proposed modelling approach provides a valuable tool in the hands of planners and designers of water resources.     

基于水资源循环经济理念的新疆吐哈盆地水资源优化配置研究

新疆吐哈盆地水资源匮缺,已严重制约经济社会的发展。基于水资源循环经济理念,结合吐哈盆地水资源特点与开发利用现状以及经济社会发展前景,初步提出了实现水资源优化配置的思路。     

基于低碳发展模式的水资源合理配置框架研究

高强度的碳排放是全球气候变化的关键驱动因子,实施碳减排战略是人类经济社会发展过程中亟待解决的重大问题之一。区域碳循环与水循环紧密耦合,通过水资源合理配置可有效调节区域碳源、碳汇及碳平衡。在整体识别水循环与碳平衡耦合作用机制基础上,系统剖析水电开发、水资源开发、生态环境建设和航运（水运）等涉水资源与能源开发过程中的碳捕获与释放特征,提出基于低碳发展模式的水资源配置内涵、特征及总体任务,构建以区域碳水耦合模拟和水资源配置为主要支撑的技术框架,深入探讨了基于低碳模式的水资源配置模型构建、方案集设置、方案优选过程、对策及保障措施制订等关键技术问题。     

长江流域水资源生态足迹及其驱动因素

为定量分析长江流域水资源开发利用状况,在传统的水资源生态足迹模型基础上,对其水资源生态承载力计算参数的选取进行了改进,采用区域用水总量控制指标替代区域人均水资源总量,对长江流域主要省区市的水资源生态足迹和水资源生态承载力进行了计算,分析了水资源生态足迹的驱动因子。研究结果表明,长江流域水资源生态足迹年际变化不大,呈现出小幅增加的态势。水资源生态足迹的变化反映了长江流域用水结构的变化,其地区分布规律在一定程度上反映了区域GDP状况。长江流域水资源生态承载力总体上呈现盈余态势,水资源生态赤字与水资源生态承载力分布规律一致。采用对数平均迪氏指数分解法对结构、技术、经济和人口等驱动因素分析后发现,GDP的大幅度增长是水资源生态足迹增加的主要原因,人口因素和用水结构在一定程度上影响着水资源生态足迹的驱动效应,技术因素对水资源生态足迹的增加起到抑制作用。     

Sustainable Development and Management of Water Resources for Urban Water Supply in Hong Kong

Abstract

Hong Kong, now a Special Administrative Region of China, is a very special and unique place in the world. Although the territory is located in the humid subtropics, local water resources are very limited because of its geographical setting and physical environment. Hong Kong's urban water supply has its uniqueness and has gone through a history of developing local resources and transferring water from the East River (Dongjiang) basin in mainland China over the past half century. This paper aims to present the experience and challenges in developing water supplies and managing water resources in Hong Kong. First, the availability of local water resources is evaluated in the context of the territory's geographical setting. Second, the approaches adopted for developing urban water supply from local resources and more importantly, by making use of water imported from the Dongjiang, are presented and reviewed. Finally, a number of sustainability issues in Hong Kong's urban water supply are addressed with an emphasis on the problems and prospect of the Dongjiang water resources in the future     

中国地下水供水量与经济发展的脱钩趋势及空间聚集性研究

研究全国各省区地下水供水量与地区生产总值的脱钩关系,对于今后优化调整供水结构,强化地下水资源的保护与修复具有重要意义。采用2000—2020年全国31个省区供水量、地区生产总值和人口数量资料,运用脱钩分析、驱动效应分析和空间相关分析方法,对全国近20 a来地下水供水与地区生产总值之间的脱钩状态和主要驱动因素进行研究,并探讨各驱动因素在省区尺度的空间聚集特征。结果表明:我国地下水供水量与经济发展的脱钩状态总体上由弱脱钩逐渐演变为强脱钩,2013年是由弱脱钩转变为强脱钩的分界点;用水效率提升是驱动地下水供水减少的主要因素,人均GDP增长是导致地下水供水增加的主要因素;“十五”至“十一五”期间,各省区以弱脱钩为主,“十二五”至“十三五”期间,强脱钩省区处于主导地位;“十五”至“十三五”期间,影响脱钩状态的主要因素从经济水平逐渐演变为用水效率和供水结构;“十三五”末期,各驱动效应贡献率均呈现H-H聚集或者L-L聚集特征。     

The Rational Use of Water Resources in the Strategy of Industry 4.0

The article substantiates that the transformation of the world economy associated with Industry 4.0 leads to a significant change in the way resources are used and affects the possibility of implementing the concept of sustainable development. In this regard, a combined analysis of the concept of new industrial development and the concept of sustainable development, as well as an assessment of the current practice of their implementation is required. In this paper, such an analysis was carried out on the example of water resources management. The paper proposes a methodology for assessing the correlation of water management and industrial development levels of regions. This includes the use of both traditional statistical approaches to the analysis of the level of development of economic systems, and elements of data mining. The neural network is constructed in order to estimate the forecasted values of the water intensity of the gross regional product when the indicators of the level of industrial development of the regions change. The results show that the most significant indicators for changing water intensity include advanced production technologies used, the share of value-added to high-tech industries, and innovative activities of organisations.

     

基于“三条红线”的水资源与经济发展协调度评价

为全面分析实施最严格水资源管理制度效果,以广东省为研究对象,剖析近年广东省用水总量、用水效率及限制纳污能力现状,选取合适的指标,综合评价水资源与区域社会经济发展及生态环境保护的协调度。分析结果具有一定的现实意义,可为广东省完善最严格水资源管理制度机制及全国其他区域实施最严格水资源管理制度提供借鉴。     

Water Resources Management in Saudi Arabia and Water Reuse

ABSRTACT

The potential for water reclamation and reuse in Saudi Arabia are assessed by considering relationships among the technical, social, economic, and environmental parameters. Generally, the planning process for water reuse has focused on specific technological processes, however water reuse should be analyzed as part of a total hydrologic system to ensure the efficient transfer of wastewater reuse technology

To bring relationships into better focus, the application is developed with reference to Saudi Arabia, which provides an excellent opportunity for practicing water reuse. In this region, a limited water supply is used to satisfy municipal, industrial, agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses. The economic and social trends are toward continued industrial development and urbanization. In this setting, water recycling through reuse is becoming a more and more important means of expanding water supplies to meet the growing demands for water for virtually all social, economic and environmental uses

Saudi Arabia is an arid country with very limited water resources and about 10 million people. The country covers some 2.2 million km², four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula. It is the largest country in the world without a river or a lake, and thus it represents the ultimate in its need to use the limited water supplies wisely.