黄河流域水体岸边带生态健康变化评估

以黄河流域水体岸边带为研究区,根据黄河流域水体岸边带生态系统的特点,从生态结构、生态功能和生态压力三方面对2000—2010年黄河流域水体岸边带生态健康状况进行了研究,结果表明:2000—2010年黄河流域水体岸边带生态健康综合指数由41.89提升为44.52,健康状况呈改善趋势,但总体健康状况为一般;黄河上游健康状况好于下游,黄河源区健康状况最好,黄河下游小浪底至花园口干流区间、金堤河和天然文岩渠以及花园口以下干流区间健康状况最差。最后基于黄河流域水体岸边带生态健康状况,提出应加强水体岸边带植被的保护,开展植树造林,采用生态护堤等生态保护措施。     

Riparian Forest Harvesting Effects on Maximum Water Temperatures in Wetland-sourced Headwater Streams from the Nicola River Watershed, British Columbia, Canada

Water temperature was continuously recorded during the ice-free season between June/July and October/November at 90 sites with lentic and lotic stream sources distributed throughout the Nicola River watershed (British Columbia, Canada) in 1999, 2000, and 2001. The eight lentic-sourced stream temperature monitoring sites were located in two adjacent watersheds. The headwaters and riparian areas around the wetland outlet of the treatment watershed were harvested during the overwinter period between 1999 and 2000. Areas around and downstream of the headwater wetland outlet in the control watershed were not harvested. Reducing riparian shade by harvesting activities increased maximum stream temperatures in the treatment watershed by up to 1–2°C relative to the control watershed. Because of the general downstream cooling trends in lentic-sourced headwater streams, riparian harvesting activities in these regions have a reduced thermal impact relative to similar harvesting alongside lotic-sourced headwater streams, whose maximum stream temperatures may warm by up to 8°C following harvesting. The downstream influence of elevated maximum stream temperatures from riparian harvesting of lentic-sourced headwater streams appears to be localized, but persists for at least 2 years following harvesting. Both lentic-sourced treatment and control streams in the current study relaxed towards baseline equilibrium temperature estimated by the lotic-sourced watershed trend within several hundred meters of downstream travel distance, with cooling rates proportional to the distance from expected thermal equilibrium. Due to the heating in wetland-sourced stream reaches adjacent to riparian harvesting, the regions downstream of treatment areas cool more rapidly than similar regions in control watersheds as the stream attempts to achieve thermal equilibrium.     

浅析森林资源在生态环境中的作用

森林是人类和各种生物赖以生存和发展的基础，它具有丰富的生物多样性、复杂的结构和多种功能，不仅为人类提供大量林副产品，而且在维持生物圈的物质和能量的运转中起着重要作用。文章在分析了我国森林在自然因素和人为因素的干扰下，产生生态环境恶化、自然灾害频发，水土流失严重，土壤肥力下降，物种减少等一系列不利影响，着重研究了森林在国民经济发展中的巨大作用。根据1998年洪水灾害损失3290亿元巨大损失的实际情况，因地制官地提出了几种对策，以促进森林在搭个国民经济中健康发展。     

东北黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟生态现状诊断与评价

本研究选取了地形、侵蚀沟形态、人为何气象因素作为坡耕地侵蚀沟生态环境诊断的初选质保,采用层次分析法构建了包含13项评价指标的侵蚀沟道生态环境健康诊断体系,并利用加法模型对坡耕地侵蚀沟生态环境进行健康诊断与评价。评价结果表明,黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟生态环境健康综合评价值为74.60分,健康水平较差,属于强烈侵蚀状态。未来应加强黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟道治理,防治沟蚀发育与发展。     

河岸植被缓冲带生态功能及其过滤机理的研究进展

河岸植被缓冲带作为河岸生态系统的重要组成部分,是控制水土流失和面源污染、改善水环境的关键措施,对河岸生态系统的生态及水文过程具有重要的影响。概述了国内外关于河岸植被缓冲带研究的现状,总结了河岸植被缓冲带的主要功能、影响其功能发挥的主要因素和作用机理,并对河岸植被缓冲带的设计、管理和效益评估进行阐述,提出了我国在未来关于河岸植被缓冲带研究的发展趋势及后续研究中仍需加强和关注的重要方向,为今后河岸植被缓冲带的研究提供参考和借鉴,具有一定的理论价值和实际意义。     

Using a Fish-Based Model to Assess the Ecological Status of Lotic Systems in Serbia

Fish biotic indices have become common tools for measuring and monitoring the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we aimed to develop the first fish-based model for stream quality assessment in Serbia taking into account the regional specificity of the country. Fish samples were collected between 2003 and 2011 at 131 sampling sites. We employed a self-organizing map (SOM) in order to group samples into river types depending on the character of the habitat they came from. Next, the k-means cluster analysis classified samples into four groups, each describing a particular ecological condition. The indicator species were presented for each group based on their constancy and dominance. Gradients over the SOM map were sought for 17 fish community metrics. On the basis of the core metrics and selected indicator species, we proposed a fish-based index for the assessment of the ecological status of running waters in Serbia.     

橡胶坝在城市生态水利建设中的重要性评价

文章基于系统评价方法并结合南阳白河橡胶坝群实际从水安全、水生态、水景观、水文化、水经济五方面入手,对南阳白河梯级橡胶坝群在城市生态水利建设中重要性进行评价。结果表明：南阳白河橡胶坝群使南阳城市发生了巨大变化,同时也佐证了橡胶坝对中国解决由于城市发展过快所带来的城市环境问题起到了重要的积极作用。     

Performance Assessment of a Water Delivery Canal to Improve Agricultural Water Distribution

The performance of an irrigation water delivery canal located in northern Iran, which supplies water to 5,514 ha of paddy fields through ten secondary canals, was investigated. Throughout the rice growing season in the region, two performance measures, the measure of adequacy (P_A) and the measure of equity (P_E), were calculated for the system. It was observed that the canal, in its current physical and operational condition, is unable to distribute available water among all upstream and downstream users adequately. While 46.7?% of the total area is experiencing significant water scarcity, the amount of water received by 51.4?% of the area is approximately three times more than required. To improve the performance of the canal, structural and non-structural modifications were proposed and assessed using the SOBEK hydrodynamic model. The results showed that implementing the proposed modifications would decrease the measure of equity by 71.7?%, meaning that the overall performance of the canal could be reasonably improved.

     

童子湖水库水质评价及其生物防治对策

2007年12月-2008年9月对童子湖水库的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3 -N)、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、叶绿素(Chl -a)等进行了监测.综合水质标识指数评价结果表明,童子湖水库水质达国家地表水Ⅲ类标准,主要污染因子为氮磷营养物;综合营养状态指数评价结果表明,童子湖水库处于轻度富营养状态.建议采取种植水生植物、放养滤食性鱼类、挂养河蚌等生物措施,防治童子湖水库富营养化.     

Framework for Assessment of Relative Pollutant Loads in Streams with Limited Data

Abstract

A framework that integrates two data-driven techniques is proposed and developed to assess fecal coliform loadings in natural streams. A relationship between transport medium (streamflow) and non-conservative pollutant (fecal coliform) load is first developed using conventional regression technique. The spatial distribution of the fecal load over watersheds is then captured using artificial neural networks through a disaggregation scheme. Streamflow, as a surrogate for non-conservative fecal load, has been used in the disaggregation process. The framework is applied to an area that encompasses four USGS 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) watersheds in the southeastern region of Kentucky, USA. The study attempts to address two major issues: (i) assessment of relative pollutant loads from watersheds and (ii) evaluation into possible reduction in the number of monitoring stations to meet the budgetary constraints. Preliminary results indicate the potential of this approach in assessing the relative fecal loading contribution from different watersheds with the help of conservative hydrological parameters, especially in data-poor conditions.     

基于遥感的鄱阳湖五河滨岸带生态功能分区研究

河流滨岸带在净化水体、截留污染、景观休闲等方面起着极为重要的作用。为了分析鄱阳湖五河不同河段滨岸带的生态水利功能,从自然功能和社会功能两大方面构建了滨岸带功能分类体系,综合运用遥感、GIS等空间信息技术,对鄱阳湖五河典型河段的滨岸带进行了地表覆盖解译和功能分区,进一步分析鄱阳湖五河典型河段滨岸带现状及横纵向的空间差异。基于典型河段滨岸带现状分析,探讨了滨岸带生态水利功能在河流纵、横向上的空间分区,最终结合不同河流不同河段的特点给出针对性的生态水利治理建议,为实施流域生态保护与生态建设的分区管理、区域产业布局、生态防灾减灾、环境保护与建设规划等提供科学依据。     

Sensitivity of Intermittent Streams to Climate Variations in the USA

There is a great deal of interest in the literature on streamflow changes caused by climate change because of the potential negative effects on aquatic biota and water supplies. Most previous studies have primarily focused on perennial streams, and there have been only a few studies examining the effect of climate variability on intermittent streams. Our objectives in this study were to (1) identify regions of similar zero‐flow behaviour and (2) evaluate the sensitivity of intermittent streams to historical variability in climate in the USA. This study was carried out at 265 intermittent streams by evaluating (1) correlations among time series of flow metrics (number of zero‐flow events, the average of the central 50% and largest 10% of flows) with climate (magnitudes, durations and intensity) and (2) decadal changes in the seasonality and long‐term trends of these flow metrics. Results identified five distinct seasonality patterns in the zero‐flow events. In addition, strong associations between the low‐flow metrics and historical changes in climate were found. The decadal analysis suggested no significant seasonal shifts or decade‐to‐decade trends in the low‐flow metrics. The lack of trends or changes in seasonality is likely due to unchanged long‐term patterns in precipitation over the time period examined. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

The Effects of Replacing Native Forest on the Quantity and Impacts of In‐Channel Pieces of Large Wood in Chilean Streams

Dead trees in rivers can significantly affect their morphological and ecological properties by increasing flow resistance, affecting sediment transport, and storing organic matter. Logs are usually recruited from banks or along the entire upstream basin. Although it is generally acknowledged that forested headwater streams feature higher volumes of in‐channel pieces of large wood, the influence of forest type and forest management of the potential recruitment zone on the volumes and effects of wood have been less explored, especially in relation to the effects of replacing native forests with pine plantations. This paper presents a comparison of volumes of wood, and characteristics and effects on streams draining paired basins with comparable slopes, areas, and hydrologic regimes, but different in terms of land use. The five selected pairs of basins are located in the Coastal and Andean mountain Ranges in central Chile, in order to compare native forest and pine plantation basins. The results show that logs tend to be shorter and with larger diameters in streams draining native forest basins. Because of their smaller dimensions, logs and jams tend to be more mobile and oriented parallel to the flow. Volumes of in‐channel wood in native forest basins are only slightly larger than in pine plantation basins, and no differences have been identified in terms of morphological effects on channel geometry. Also, fish type and biomass were comparable among pairs. Evidence highlights the importance of the width of riparian buffers in mitigating the effects of land use change, especially the substitution of native forest with plantations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渠道防渗在山西省节水农业改造中的重要地位

本文通过对山西省水资源和农业灌溉用水保证率的定量描述，说明了山西省水资源的匮乏程度和面临的严峻状况，并阐述了山西省节水农业改造的必要性。文中重点指出渠道防渗是诸多农田灌溉节水措施中经济合理、技术可行的主要节水措施之一，同时又是当前农田灌溉节水改造的关键环节。文章简述了山西省渠道防渗的发展历史及现状，并对目前常用的几种防渗形式、防渗效果的优劣进行了分析比较，同时对不同防渗形式的经济效益进行了综合分析。结果表明，无论从节水总量，还是从经济效益，都说明渠道防渗在农田灌溉节水改造中均占有极大比重，对山西的经济发展至关重要。文章最后对各类灌区及各级渠道推荐了相应的防渗形式，并指出了现有渠道防渗存在的问题及今后研究改进的方向。     

跨流域调水对恢复白洋淀生态环境重要性分析

近几十年来,由于气候变化和和人类活动的影响,白洋淀入淀水量逐年减少,造成多次干淀现象。水利部和河北省先后组织多次本流域调水和外流域调水,以缓解白洋淀供水不足的问题。通过对白洋淀供水水源与耗水量分析,为保护和恢复白洋淀生态环境,跨流域调水是一项重要措施。南水北调中线工程总干渠通水后,将能实现引江水补淀,从根本上解决白洋淀生态环境危机。     

Assessment of Agricultural Drought Vulnerability in the Guanzhong Plain,China

The Guanzhong Plain, as an important traditional agricultural area, is suffering from high frequency droughts and a trend towards more serious drought. In this paper, eight factors, precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface water availability, depth to groundwater, well yield capacity, slope, potential water storage of soil, and GDP from agriculture, are integrated into an index to represent drought vulnerability based on the overlay and index method. In this approach, according to the internal connections between factors, precipitation and evapotranspiration are integrated into the moisture index, and depth to groundwater and well yield capacity are integrated into groundwater availability. To improve the rationality and accuracy, normalization is employed to assign rating values, and the analytic hierarchy process is introduced into the weighting scheme. Two local drought monitoring datasets endorses the results of the model. The map removal sensitivity analysis indicates the vulnerability index has low sensitivity in removing each layer. The single-parameter sensitivity analysis indicates the major contribution to the vulnerability index is meteorology followed by groundwater availability and surface water availability. The vulnerability map shows the low vulnerability coincides roughly with irrigation districts on the terraces and floodplains. The northwest tableland generally has moderate vulnerability, due largely to inefficient groundwater withdrawal. The high vulnerability is concentrated at the peripheries of the plain, where agriculture is generally rain-fed without irrigation and groundwater support, and land is rugged with high slopes.     

北方农牧交错区农业水事活动对生态环境的影响

从水事活动的概念界定入手,针对北方农牧交错区农业水事活动和生态环境存在的问题,以农业灌溉排水为例,论述了农业灌溉排水对生态环境的正面和负面影响,最后,针对可能产生的负效应提出了相应的预防措施。认为要减轻灌溉排水对生态环境的负效应,应该采取如下对策：重新调整上、下游间水资源的比例关系;大力发展节水灌溉,提高水资源利用率;控制灌区地下水位,防止土壤次生盐碱化;加强污水监测;农田排水实现资源化利用。     

WFD Indicators and Definition of the Ecological Status of Rivers

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to solve the problems derived from the use of water, a limited natural resource, by extending the scope of protection to all water uses. The WDF defines the ecological status of water bodies by characterizing each water body type and establishing conditions for the quality elements. This paper identifies valid indicators for defining the ecological status of Estanco River Basin, located in the province of Lugo, NW of Spain, by using the methodology proposed in the WFD. In addition, this study highlights the obstacles for a correct application of the WFD in the study river basin. After characterization of the study river basin and establishment of specific reference conditions, this study presents conclusions about the usefulness of the WFD in the development of specific programmes for improving the ecological status of rivers.     

山西省农业旱情产量型评价指标体系软件的开发与编制

文中介绍了山西省农业旱情产量型评价指标体系软件的设计与开发过程，并简要讨论了在这个过程中所遇到的一些问题。     

北京市转河生态修复评价

城市河流健康状况直接影响到人们的生活质量,因此其修复问题也越来越受到关注。研究通过对修复后的转河进行实地调查,共选择10个调查样点,以气味、流速比、水深比、河岸的坡度、坡长、河宽、河岸材质、河床材质、植物种类和盖度、底栖生物的多样性指数、防洪功能、公众满意程度、可亲水度为评价指标,并结合权重分析法和专家打分法确定各指标的权重,对转河的修复效果作出评价。经分析得出转河的综合评价得分为2.75,属中上等水平。其中,上游河段评分较高,修复措施完善,河流生态功能和社会功能基本恢复;下游河段评分较低,主要是受地形影响,河流两岸仍是竖直硬质护岸,阻隔河水交换,进而影响河流水质和生物多样性的恢复。