Drought Forecasting Using Neural Networks,Wavelet Neural Networks,and Stochastic Models: Case of the Algerois Basin in North Algeria

Drought forecasting is a major component of a drought preparedness and mitigation plan. This paper focuses on an investigation of artificial neural networks (ANN) models for drought forecasting in the algerois basin in Algeria in comparison with traditional stochastic models (ARIMA and SARIMA models). A wavelet pre-processing of input data (wavelet neural networks WANN) was used to improve the accuracy of ANN models for drought forecasting. The standard precipitation index (SPI), at three time scales (SPI-3, SPI-6 and SPI-12), was used as drought quantifying parameter for its multiple advantages. A number of different ANN and WANN models for all SPI have been tested. Moreover, the performance of WANN models was investigated using several mother wavelets including Haar wavelet (db1) and 16 daubechies wavelets (dbn, n varying between 2 and 17). The forecast results of all models were compared using three performance measures (NSE, RMSE and MAE). A comparison has been done between observed data and predictions, the results of this study indicate that the coupled wavelet neural network (WANN) models were the best models for drought forecasting for all SPI time series and over lead times varying between 1 and 6 months. The structure of the model was simplified in the WANN models, which makes them very convenient and parsimonious. The final forecasting models can be utilized for drought early warning.

     

韦水倒虹工程混凝土碳化深度预测研究

为了比较基于抗压强度的混凝土碳化深度预测模型的适应性和准确性,在分析预测模型基础上,根据韦水倒虹工程现场环境的温度、湿度、CO2浓度及现场检测的芯样强度资料对混凝土碳化深度进行了预测,并与该工程实测碳化深度进行了比较.结果表明:牛荻涛等的预测模型对于强度等级较低的混凝土预测较准确,邸小坛等的预测模型对于强度等级较高的混凝土预测较符合实际,而Smolczyk预测模型的预测值明显比实测值大;认为建立碳化深度与实际龄期混凝土抗压强度的关系模型比建立碳化深度与混凝土28d龄期抗压强度的关系模型更有意义.     

Intermittent Streamflow Forecasting by Using Several Data Driven Techniques

Forecasting intermittent streamflows is an important issue for water quality management, water supplies, hydropower and irrigation systems. This paper compares the accuracy of several data driven techniques, that is, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machine (SVM) for forecasting daily intermittent streamflows. The results are also compared with those of the local linear regression (LLR) and the dynamic local linear regression (DLLR). Intermittent streamflow data from two stations, Uzunkopru and Babaeski, in Thrace region located in north-western Turkey are used in the study. The root mean square error and correlation coefficient were used as comparison criteria. The comparison results indicated that the ANFIS, ANN and SVM models performed better than the LLR and DLLR models in forecasting daily intermittent streamflows. The ANN and ANFIS gave the best forecasts for the Uzunkopru and Babaeski stations, respectively.     

灰色系统理论在城市需水量预测中的应用

针对城市需水量特点，运用了具有适用性广，预测准确率高等优点的灰色系统预测模型并对该模型的精度进行了检验。最后用实例验证了该模型用于预测城市需水量的可行性及有效性。     

Development and application of a real-time flood forecasting system in the Veneto region of Italy

The paper describes three flood forecasting models used in the framework of the integrated hydrological forecasting system of the Veneto Region. The three models are based on the unit hydrograph theory, even though the computation of the effective rainfall and the real-time correction procedure are carried out in different ways. A comparison of the model performances is also made.     

FFMS模型与HEC-HMS模型在暴雨洪水预报中的应用比较

针对小流域暴雨洪水预报难的问题,利用模块化小流域暴雨洪水预报FFMS(Flash Flood Modul Simulation System)模型和HEC-HMS(Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrological Model System)模型,以河南栾川、韩城及辽宁郝家店、梨庇峪4个山丘区小流域为例,对比分析了4个流域的暴雨洪水预报过程,以洪峰相对误差、峰现时间误差以及纳什系数等为评价准则,比较和分析了2个模型的预报精度和适用性。实例验证结果表明:虽然2种模型均能实现小流域暴雨洪水的预报,但从3个评价准则的结果来看,FFMS模型的预报精度优于HEC-HMS模型。研究成果证明了FFMS模型在山丘区小流域暴雨洪水预报中的有效性和可行性,可以在类似山丘区小流域暴雨洪水预报中进行推广应用。     

Multivariable Time Series Forecasting for Urban Water Demand Based on Temporal Convolutional Network Combining Random Forest Feature Selection and Discrete Wavelet Transform

Urban water demand forecasting is crucial to reduce the waste of water resources and environmental protection. However, the non-stationarity and non-linearity of the water demand series under the influence of multivariate makes water demand prediction one of the long-standing challenges. This paper proposes a new hybrid forecasting model for urban water demand forecasting, which includes temporal convolution neural network (TCN), discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and random forest (RF). In order to improve the model’s forecasting abilities, the RF method is used to rank the factors and remove the less important factors. The dimension of raw data is reduced to improve calculating efficiency and accuracy. Then, the original water demand series is decomposed into different characteristic sub-series of multiple variables with better-behavior by DWT to weaken the fluctuation of original series. At the core of the proposed model, TCN is utilized to establish appropriate prediction models. Finally, to test and validate the proposed model, a real-world multivariate dataset from a water plant in Suzhou, China, is used for comparison experiments with the most recent state-of-the-art models. The results show that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the proposed model is 1.22% which is smaller than the other benchmark models. The proposed model indicates the only 2.2% of the prediction results have a relative error of more than 5%. It shows that the reliable results of the proposed model can be a superior tool for urban water demand forecasting.

     

Multiplicative seasonal Arima model for longterm forecasting of inflows

This paper deals with stochastic modelling of monthly inflows into a reservoir system in the monsoon climatic coditions using a multiplicative seasonal ARIMA model based on 25 years of data with logarithmic transformation. The developed model was applied to forecast the monthly inflows for 27 years. The comparison of these forecasted flows with the actual flows reveals that the ARIMA family models are adequate for longterm forecasting of inflows. The parameter uncertainity was also evaluated and found to be minimal thus avoiding the frequent updating of the model for forecasting. The use of the model in evolving optimal cropping patterns and optimal operational policies is also highlighted.     

Wavelet Regression Model as an Alternative to Neural Networks for River Stage Forecasting

River stage forecasting is an important issue in water resources management and real-time prediction of extreme floods. The present study investigates the performance of the wavelet regression (WR) technique in daily river stage forecasting. The WR model was improved combining two methods, discrete wavelet transform and a linear regression model. Two different WR models were developed using the stage sub-time series, and these were compared with each other. The data from two stations on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia were used. The root mean square errors (RMSE), mean absolute errors (MAE) and correlation coefficient (R) statistics were used for evaluating the accuracy of the WR models. The accuracy of the WR models was then compared with those of the artificial neural networks (ANN) models. Based on a comparison of these results, the WR models were found to perform better than the ANN models. For the upstream and downstream stations, it was found that the WR models with upstream readings of with RMSE = 0.070, MAE = 0.027, R = 0.937 and with downstream readings of RMSE = 0.048, MAE = 0.024, R = 0.969 in the validation stage performed better in forecasting daily river stages than the best accurate ANN models with upstream readings of RMSE = 0.168, MAE = 0.052, R = 0.802 and with downstream readings of RMSE = 0.115, MAE = 0.051, R = 0.807, respectively.     

潘家口水库枯水期月径流预报

在分析研究流域气候特征及枯季径流来水规律的基础上，用水文气象方法和水文方法分别建立了枯水期月径流预报模型。水文气象方法是先挑选出与预报对象关系最好的气象因子作为预报因子，据此建立预报模型和预报集成模型。水文方法是利用水文序列资料建立自回归模型和多元递推模型。用实测资料对预报模型进行了验证，结果表明：预报精度令人满意。     

Performance Assessment of the Linear,Nonlinear and Nonparametric Data Driven Models in River Flow Forecasting

In recent years, the data-driven modeling techniques have gained more attention in hydrology and water resources studies. River runoff estimation and forecasting are one of the research fields that these techniques have several applications in them. In the current study, four common data-driven modeling techniques including multiple linear regression, K-nearest neighbors, artificial neural networks and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems have been used to form runoff forecasting models and then their results have been evaluated. Also, effects of using of some different scenarios for selecting predictor variables have been studied. It is evident from the results that using flow data of one or two month ago in the predictor variables dataset can improve accuracy of results. In addition, comparison of general performances of the modeling techniques shows superiority of results of KNN models among the studied models. Among selected models of the different techniques, the selected KNN model presented best performance with a linear correlation coefficient equal to 0.84 between observed flow data and predicted values and a RMSE equal to 2.64.     

Effect of Utilization of Discrete Wavelet Components on Flood Forecasting Performance of Wavelet Based ANFIS Models

Wavelet based flood forecasting models are known to perform better than conventional models, yet the effect of the way wavelet components are combined to develop a model on the forecasting performance, is inadequately investigated. To demonstrate this, two types of wavelet- adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (WANFIS), i.e. WANFIS-split data model (WANFIS-SD) and WANFIS-modified time series model (WANFIS-MS) are developed to forecast river water levels with 1-day lead time. To develop these models, first the original level time series (OLTS) is decomposed into discrete wavelet components (DWCs) by discrete wavelet transform (DWT) upto three resolution levels. In WANFIS-SD, all wavelet components are used as inputs while WANFIS-MS ignores the noise wavelet components and utilizes only the effective wavelet components. The effectiveness of the developed models are evaluated through application to two Indian rivers, Kamla and Kosi, which vary significantly in their catchment area and flow patterns. The proposed models are found to forecast river water levels accurately. On comparison, the WANFIS-SD is found to perform better than WANFIS-MS for high flood levels.     

Enhancing Long-Term Streamflow Forecasting and Predicting using Periodicity Data Component: Application of Artificial Intelligence

Streamflow forecasting and predicting are significant concern for several applications of water resources and management including flood management, determination of river water potentials, environmental flow analysis, and agriculture and hydro-power generation. Forecasting and predicting of monthly streamflows are investigated by using three heuristic regression techniques, least square support vector regression (LSSVR), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and M5 Model Tree (M5-Tree). Data from four different stations, Besiri and Malabadi located in Turkey, Hit and Baghdad located in Iraq, are used in the analysis. Cross validation method is employed in the applications. In the first stage of the study, the heuristic regression models are compared with each other and multiple linear regression (MLR) in forecasting one month ahead streamflow of each station, individually. In the second stage, the models are evaluated and compared in predicting streamflow of one station using data of nearby station. The research investigated also the influence of the periodicity component (month number of the year) as an external sub-set in modeling long-term streamflow. In both stages, the comparison results indicate that the LSSVR model generally performs superior to the MARS, M5-Tree and MLR models. In addition, it is seen that adding periodicity as input to the models significantly increase their accuracy in forecasting and predicting monthly streamflows in both stages of the study.     

River Stage Forecasting using Enhanced Partial Correlation Graph

Various time series forecasting methods have been successfully applied for the water-stage forecasting problem. Graphical time series models are a class of multivariate time series to model the spatio-temporal dependencies between the sensors. Constructing graph-based models involve data pre-processing and correlation analysis to capture the dynamics of different water flow scenarios, which is not scalable for a large network of sensors. This paper presents a novel approach to model spatio-temporal dependencies across river network stations using a partial correlation graph. We also provide a method to enrich this partial correlation graph by eliminating the spurious correlations. We demonstrate the utility of enriched partial correlation graphs in multivariate forecasting for various scenarios and state-of-the-art multivariate forecasting models. We observe that the forecasting techniques that use information from the enriched partial correlation graph outperform standard time series forecasting approaches for river network forecasting.

     

中长期水文预报方法应用研究

文章采用传统预报方法——多元线性回归和新方法——BP网络和投影寻踪技术,分别建立预报模型.利用长江宜昌站8-12月径流资料来研究预报模型的可行性和实用性.研究表明,3个预报模型的精度均在20％以内,尤其是BP模型预报精度均在10％以内,效果较好,具有一定的实用价值.     

基于人工生态系统优化算法的组合生长需水预测模型

为提高需水预测精度,拓展生长模型在需水预测中的应用,提出基于人工生态系统优化(AEO)算法的组合生长需水预测模型。结合实例,选取6个标准测试函数在不同维度条件下对AEO算法进行仿真验证,并与鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)、灰狼优化(GWO)算法、教学优化(TLBO)算法和传统粒子群优化(PSO)算法的仿真结果进行比较。基于Weibull、Richards、Usher 3种单一生长模型构建Weibull-Richards-Usher、Weibull-Richards、Weibull-Usher、Richards-Usher 4种组合生长模型,利用AEO算法同时对组合模型参数和权重系数进行优化,提出AEO-Weibull-Richards-Usher、AEO-Weibull-Richards、AEO-Weibull-Usher、AEO-Richards-Usher需水预测模型,并构建AEO-Weibull、AEO-Richards、AEO-Usher、AEO-SVM、AEO-BP模型作对比,以上海市需水预测为例进行实例验证,利用实例前30组和后8组统计资料对各组合模型进行训练和预测。结果表明,在不同维度条件下,AEO算法寻优精度优于WOA、GWO、TLBO、PSO算法,具有较好的寻优精度和全局搜索能力。4种组合模型对实例预测的平均相对误差绝对值、平均绝对误差分别在0.94%~1.17%、0.30亿~0.37亿m³之间,预测精度优于AEO-Weibull等其他5种模型。4种组合模型均具有较好的预测精度和泛化能力,表明AEO算法能同时有效优化组合生长模型参数和权重系数,基于AEO算法的组合生长模型用于需水预测是可行和有效的。     

梯级-关联算法在多泥沙河流含沙量预报中的应用

本文借助历史加成法处理样本数据，并分别利用梯级-关联算法(CC)和误差反馈传播算法(BP)建立模型对黄河下游夹河滩水文站汛期含沙量进行预报。传统BP网络需要预先设定网络结构，预报过程虽利用了神经网络的内插特性，但其样本的处理方式和网络构建方式使得运算效率较低；CC算法仅要求初始网络含有输入层和输出层，通过运算不断向网络增加隐含节点，从而最大限度的减少了在网络构建过程中的主观因素。本文比较了当预报的峰值超出训练样本取值范围时两种算法的表现，结果显示：当预报的峰值为训练样本峰值的2.45倍时，二者均能实现较为准确的预报，BP网络在预报精度上要略高于CC网络，但CC网络在运算速度上要明显快于BP网络。     

The performance of some real-time statistical flood forecasting models seen through multicriteria analysis

In the present work, seven statistical-routing models have been developed and applied to the Medjerdah River (Tunisia) for forecasting the extreme flood events at Jendouba for different forecasting horizons. The performance of the models are characterized by statistical measures of precision, peak error and peak delay between the measured and forecast flow and their variations. Due to the important number of criteria, a multi-criteria analysis is used to rank the models according to four forecasting horizons. The mixed models seem to be the best ones for short (2–4 h) as well as long (6–8 h) forecasting horizons.     

Forecasting Hourly Intermittent Rainfall by Deep Belief Networks with Simple Exponential Smoothing

Accurate rainfall forecasting is essential in planning and managing water resource systems efficiently. However, intermittent rainfall patterns increase the difficulty of accurately forecasting rainfall values. Deep learning techniques have recently been popular and powerful in forecasting. Thus, this study employed deep belief networks with a simple exponential smoothing procedure (DBNSES) to forecast hourly intermittent rainfall values in Taiwan. Weather factors were used as independent variables to forecast rainfall volume. The simple exponential smoothing data preprocessing procedure was used to deal with the intermittent data patterns. The other three forecasting models, namely the least squares support vector regression (LSSVR), the generalized regression neural network (GRNN), and the backpropagation neural network (BPNN), were employed to forecast rainfall using the same data sets. In addition, genetic algorithms were utilized to determine the parameters of four forecasting models. The empirical results indicate that the developed DBNSES models are superior to the other forecasting models in terms of forecasting accuracy. In addition, the DBNSES can obtain smaller values of RMSE than those in the previous studies. Therefore, the DBNSES model is a suitable and effective way of forecasting rainfall with intermittent data patterns.

     

若干水文预报方法综述

将现有水文预报方法分为过程驱动模型方法和数据驱动模型方法两大类.过程驱动模型指以水文学概念为基础,对径流的产流过程与河道演进过程进行模拟,从而进行流量过程预报的模型.过程驱动模型近年在中长期预报方面的发展主要表现在对概念性流域降雨径流模型的结构进行改进,以适应较大时间尺度预报的需要.数据驱动模型则是基本不考虑水文过程的物理机制,而以建立输入输出数据之间的最优数学关系为目标的黑箱子方法.数据驱动模型以回归模型最为常用,近年来由于神经网络模型、非线性时间序列分析模型、模糊数学方法和灰色系统模型等的引进,以及水文数据获取能力和计算能力的发展,数据驱动模型在水文预报中受到了广泛的关注.