Hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) are runoff-generating areas often targeted for effective water resources planning and management actions. Commonly, HSAs can be mapped as areas in a landscape with a topographic index (TI) greater than a threshold level. This study explored the impact of a gradient of different TI threshold values for delineating HSAs using two popular TIs: a topographic wetness index (TWI) and a soil topographic index (STI). The resultant HSAs for each TI were compared to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100-year floodplain map in New Jersey and its five water regions. Spatial comparison indicators were used to assess the spatial similarity between the HSAs delineated and the FEMA floodplain map. Such comparisons identified the threshold that delineated HSAs whose spatial distributions were most consistent with the FEMA floodplain at each spatial scale for each TI. For example, the identified threshold for using a TWI to delineate HSAs was 10.5 at the state level; however, this threshold varied by the water region. The HSAs delineated approximate the spatial extent of runoff-contributing areas to the 100-year flood relevant for water resources planning and management actions for flood hazard mitigation.
相似文献Romanian policy makers have to perceive that human intervention on river basins land cover is influencing rainfall-runoff relation and the used methodology cannot accurately estimate watershed surface flow transformations. Global water cycles and energy fluxes understanding is leading to better predictions of land atmosphere interaction and local hydro-climates evolution. The water transfer time determination from rainfall to runoff needs accurate measurements of river basins hydrological parameters. Here, we analyzed and compared the lag time value results of two different methodologies (curve number and rational methodology) used for 54 Romanian small catchment areas study. The focus of this paper is the lag time evaluation and interpretation for an effective implementation of the best methodology approach in the Romanian geographical space. Our research in small river basins was developed using remote sensing technology maps, GIS and environmental datasets in combination with field work on every drainage basin in order to assess the specific morphological features and validate the land cover typology. We found that Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number (SCS-CN) method is widely used according to USA landscape features classification, but not necessarily applicable to Romanian river basins characteristics. Our results show how the official Romanian rational methodology national standard (RNS) can be improved and the limits of SCS-CN method.
相似文献Considering changes in irrigation planning and development due to climate change is necessary to avoid system failure. This study demonstrated that changes in dependable flow and diversion water requirements in the future due to climate change will reduce potential irrigable areas. Climate change were based on the published projected climate in the study area. The dependable flow derived from successfully calibrated and validated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model streamflow simulations and the diversion water requirements based on the CROPWAT estimations of irrigation scheme were used to assess the potential irrigable areas. Substantial reductions in potential rice production areas (-4% to – 39%) were largely due to dwindled dependable flow (-1% to -25%) and an increase in diversion water requirement (+?7% to?+?26%). Reduction in potential irrigable area was projected during dry and normal years and may worsen towards the late twenty-first century under the worst-case climate scenario. Swelling of rivers during wet years will increase stream flows and potential irrigable areas but may also pose a danger of flooding. The development of water storage structures is necessary to reduce the adverse impacts of too much water during the wet years. Crop calendars should also be retrofitted to optimize the use of available rainfall during dry and normal years and climate-proof future irrigation systems. The results showed that it is necessary to incorporate climate change in irrigation planning and development. The methodologies described here could be used to climate-proof future irrigation systems in other areas in the Philippines and other countries.
相似文献Reliable and precise forecasts of future groundwater level fluctuations are crucial constituents of sustainable management of scarce water resources and design of remediation plans. Groundwater simulations and predictions are often performed by employing physically based models, which are not applicable in a majority of water scarce areas around the globe, particularly in the developing countries like Bangladesh due to data limitations. On the other hand, data-driven statistical forecast models have demonstrated their suitability to model nonlinear and complex hydrogeological processes to forecast short- and long-term groundwater level fluctuations. The purpose of this effort is to propose a non-physical based approach by utilizing a discrete Space-State model as a prediction tool to forecast future scenarios of groundwater level fluctuations. The present study utilizes the prediction focused approach of the system identification process in which the overall objective is to develop a pragmatic dynamic system model. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated for groundwater level data at three observation wells of Tanore upazilla in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Historical weekly time series data of groundwater level fluctuations from the three observation wells for 39 (1980–2018) years is used to develop the time series model, which is used for future groundwater level predictions for a period of next 22 years (up to 2040). The findings demonstrate the conceivable applicability of the proposed discrete Space-State modelling approach in forecasting future scenarios of groundwater level fluctuations in the selected observation wells.
相似文献Climate change has made many alterations to the climate of earth, including hydro-climatic extreme events. To investigate the impact of climate change on hydro-meteorological droughts in the Kamal-Saleh dam basin in Markazi province, Iran, proportional to future climate conditions, a new and comprehensive index was developed with the aim of accurately estimating drought in a more realistic condition. This aggregate drought index (ADI) represented the main meteorological and hydrological characteristics of drought. Temperature and precipitation projections for future climates were simulated by five CMIP5 models and downscaled over the study area during 2050s (2040–2069) and 2080s (2070–2099) relative to the baseline period (1976–2005). By fitting five univariate distribution functions on drought severity and duration, proper marginal distributions were selected. The joint distribution of drought severity and duration was chosen from five types of copula functions. The results revealed that in future, severe droughts are expected to frequently occur in a shorter period.
相似文献Floods are common and recurring natural hazards which damages is the destruction for society. Several regions of the world with different climatic conditions face the challenge of floods in different magnitudes. Here we estimate flood susceptibility based on Analytical neural network (ANN), Deep learning neural network (DLNN) and Deep boost (DB) algorithm approach. We also attempt to estimate the future rainfall scenario, using the General circulation model (GCM) with its ensemble. The Representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenario is employed for estimating the future rainfall in more an authentic way. The validation of all models was done with considering different indices and the results show that the DB model is most optimal as compared to the other models. According to the DB model, the spatial coverage of very low, low, moderate, high and very high flood prone region is 68.20%, 9.48%, 5.64%, 7.34% and 9.33% respectively. The approach and results in this research would be beneficial to take the decision in managing this natural hazard in a more efficient way.
相似文献Prioritization the sub-basins available in a basin to flood vulnerability analysis can be discussed in the form of a spatial multi criteria decision making (SMCDM) problem. In this research a fuzzy planning support system based on the spatial analysis using tow multi criteria decision making methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS (Technique for order-preference by similarity to ideal solution) is used. AHP method is used to determine the structure of decision making process and to estimate criteria weights and TOPSIS model is used to rank the sub-basins of Tehran urban basin as a study area regarding the flood vulnerable areas. Also in order to perform spatial analysis for decision-making process, a developed toolbox is used within the Geographic Information System (GIS). In this research a model is presented in which some vague concepts such as weight of decision making criteria are expressed in the form of linguistic variables to be converted to triangular fuzzy numbers. Finally, the sensitivity of model was analyzed by changing the weights of decision making criteria and providing of ranking scenarios. The results show the optimum alternatives for mitigation flood vulnerability in the study area.
相似文献The Alpine region is an area of conflict between the significant demand for hydropower (HP) generation and the protection of landscape and aquatic ecosystems. Decision Support Systems, like multicriteria analysis (MCA), represent suitable tools to support decision-makers and stakeholders in managing the use of water resources in a more sustainable way. Based on a set of “quality indexes” identified in a previous study, the present paper analyzes the use of MCA in a real case study of HP sustainable management in Aosta Valley, one of the most important Italian regions for HP production. The Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) methodology was applied to quantify the flow to be released by an existing HP plant, in order to balance production needs and watercourse environmental conditions protection considering four criteria (Energy, Environment & Fishing, Landscape, and Economy). The decisional process was developed within a collaborative and participatory framework, involving key stakeholders in every decision-making step, and the obtained results were officially adopted by the Regional Government. In the paper, some innovative aspects of the case study are presented and discussed, like the elaboration of reactive indicators related to the watercourse discharge, progressively updated with the stakeholders along the process, and the definition of “real-time” alternatives, relating the flow releases to the natural discharges in the watercourse. Finally, some weaknesses of this MCA approach are identified and suggestions for improvements in future experimentations are proposed.
相似文献High resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) improve hydrologic modeling and aid in identifying the targeted locations of best conservation practices (CPs) in agricultural watersheds. However, the inability of LiDAR data to represent the conveyance of water under or through the surfaces (i.e., bridges or culverts) impedes the simulated flow, resulting in false upstream pooling. Improper flow simulation affects the accuracy of pollutant load estimations and targeted locations delineated by watershed models or models built upon hydro-conditioned DEMs (hDEM). We propose a novel approach of Hydro-conditioning to modify LiDAR imagery through breach lines, which is essential to accurately replicate the landscape hydrologic connectivity. We compared variations in outcomes of Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF), based on manual and automated hDEMs for Plum Creek watershed, Minnesota. The derived flow network, catchment boundaries, drainage areas, locations/number of practices depend on the chosen hDEM. Locations, size and shape of bioreactors, drainage management, farm ponds, nutrient removal wetlands, riparian buffers are severely affected by hydro-conditioning. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) validation of hDEMs showed that Mean Average Percentage Deviation (MAPE) for automated and manual hDEMs is 1.34 and 0.998 respectively. Also, proximity analysis with a buffer of 200 m showed that CPs’ locations delineated by manual hDEM match better with the existing ones as compared to automated hDEM. Results indicate that coupled approach of using automated and manual ‘hDEM’ is best suited for guiding stakeholders towards the field-scale planning in a cost-saving manner.
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