汇水区节点选取对城市雨洪模拟结果的影响

利用Info Works ICM模型建立深圳市光明新区新城公园雨水管网模型,分别以检查井和雨水口作为模型的节点划分汇水区,分析不同的汇水区划分方式对公园出口流量模拟结果的影响。结果表明:在中小降雨条件下,汇水区节点选取对峰值流量模拟结果的影响不明显;在暴雨或特大暴雨的条件下,汇水区节点选取对峰值流量模拟结果的影响较大;与以检查井为节点的划分方式相比,以雨水口为节点的划分方式产流时间会有一定程度的推迟;在模型建立过程中应综合考虑研究目标、区域尺度和降雨特征等对汇水区进行合理划分。     

Overland Flow on a Pervious Surface

ABSTRACT

This article presents the analytical solutions for overland runoff hydrographs produced by a uniform rainfall with decay soil infiltration rates. It was found that the kinematic wave travel time through a catchment under such a nonuniform rainfall excess is not a constant, but varies between the time of concentration and the time of equilibrium according to the soil moisture condition. The analytical solutions reveal that kinematic wave travel times are part of the hydrograph convolution process and can hardly be measured from observed hydrographs. The findings of this article suggest that the time of concentration of a small catchment shall be estimated by velocity-based methods rather than those empirical formulas developed for and calibrated by the time difference between the center of mass of the rainfall excess and the inflection point on recession of the observed runoff hydrograph.     

Runoff Estimation for an Ungauged Catchment Using Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) and Copulas

A methodology is proposed to apply Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph to ungauged basins using Monte Carlo Simulations and copulas. The effective rainfall, input of GIUH is assumed to be unknown; it is estimated with infiltration index method (?-index). Correlations are detected between this index and the characteristics of rainfall. They are modeled with copulas, and are used to derive effective rainfall hyetographs. The generated hydrographs from GIUH are analyzed and give statistically the same results: dispersion and variability for all studied characteristics (volume, peak discharge, peak time and base time). However, only these hydrographs derived from ? conditioned to maximum intensity distribution allow reconstituting the observed hydrographs. Moreover comparing the series of order statistics of interest output and observed series, leads to decide on the representative hydrograph of the catchment behavior.     

分布式单位线在河北雨洪模型中的应用

因河北雨洪模型的汇流计算方法难以用于无资料流域,其汇流参数难以获得且不宜移用,为此,将基于数字高程模型的分布式单位线用于河北雨洪模型,并对峪门口流域4场较大洪水过程进行了模拟。结果表明:4场洪水洪峰流量相对误差均<5%,峰现时间误差均<2 h,确定性系数均>0.85,模拟效果令人满意。河北雨洪模型与基于流域地形地貌特征的分布式单位线相结合,可解决无资料流域,特别是山丘地区中小流域的洪灾预警预报等问题。     

设计降雨特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响分析

降雨是城市内涝的主要诱因之一,不同降雨特征对于城市内涝风险的影响也有所区别。为了进一步挖掘降雨特征对城市内涝风险的影响,采用综合流域排水模型（InfoWorks ICM）构建了我国南方某城市的内涝模型,系统分析了设计降雨的雨型和历时特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响。在4个重现期的3种降雨雨型和3个降雨历时条件下,共计36个不同降雨情景对研究区的内涝情况进行模拟。通过对比不同模拟情景下的积水深度、积水面积以及积水量等结果发现：在相同降雨雨型和重现期条件下,降雨历时对积水深度的影响有一定的差别;在不同降雨雨型和降雨历时模拟情景中,积水点的位置基本保持一致,而积水面积受降雨雨型和降雨历时的双重影响;峰值积水量受降雨雨型影响较大,受降雨历时影响较小,而积水总量受降雨历时影响较大,受降雨雨型影响较小。研究中量化分析了不同设计降雨特征对城市内涝模拟结果的影响,旨在为合理地开展城市内涝预警以及应急管理等工作提供依据。     

Sensitivity Analysis of the GIUH based Clark Model for a Catchment

For estimation of runoff response of an ungauged catchment resulting from a rainfall event, geomorphologicalinstantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) approach is getting popularbecause of its direct application to an ungauged catchment. Itavoids adoption of tedious methods of regionalization of unithydrograph; wherein, the historical rainfall-runoff data of anumber of gauged catchments are required to be analyzed. In thisstudy, the GIUH derived from geomorphological characteristics ofa catchment has been related to the parameters of Clark IUH modelfor deriving its complete shape. The DSRO hydrographs estimatedby the GIUH based Clark model have been compared with the DSROhydrographs computed by the Clark IUH model option of the HEC-1package and the Nash IUH model by employing some of the commonlyused error functions. Sensitivity analysis of the GIUH basedClark model has been conducted with the objective to identify thegeomorphological and other model parameters which are moresensitive in estimation of peak of unit hydrographs computed bythe GIUH based Clark model. So that these parameters may beevaluated with more precision for accurate estimation of floodhydrographs for the ungauged catchments.     

Evaluation of three unit hydrograph models to predict the surface runoff from a Canadian watershed

The predictability of unit hydrograph (UH) models that are based on the concepts of land morphology and isochrones to generate direct runoff hydrograph (DRH) were evaluated in this paper. The intention of this study was to evaluate the models for accurate runoff prediction from ungauged watershed using the ArcGIS^® tool. Three models such as exponential distributed geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (ED-GIUH) model, GIUH based Clark model, and spatially distributed unit hydrograph (SDUH) model, were used to generate the DRHs for the St. Esprit watershed, Quebec, Canada. Predictability of these models was evaluated by comparing the generated DRHs versus the observed DRH at the watershed outlet. The model input data, including natural drainage network and Horton's morphological parameters (e.g. isochrone and instantaneous unit hydrograph), were prepared using a watershed morphological estimation tool (WMET) on ArcGIS^® platform. The isochrone feature class was generated in ArcGIS^® using the time of concentration concepts for overland and channel flow and the instantaneous unit hydrograph was generated using the Clark's reservoir routing and S-hydrograph methods. An accounting procedure was used to estimate UH and DRHs from rainfall events of the watershed. The variable slope method and phi-index method were used for base flow separation and rainfall excess estimation, respectively. It was revealed that the ED-GIUH models performed better for prediction of DRHs for short duration (≤6 h) storm events more accurately (prediction error as low as 4.6–22.8%) for the study watershed, than the GIUH and SDUH models. Thus, facilitated by using ArcGIS^®, the ED-GIUH model could be used as a potential tool to predict DRHs for ungauged watersheds that have similar geomorphology as that of the St. Esprit watershed.     

基于多目标均衡优化的设计洪水推求方法

设计洪水是确定水利工程等别及水利工程运行管理策略的重要依据。为了准确推求设计洪水过程线,解决现有设计洪水推求方法修匀繁琐、不确定性大等问题,基于均衡优化思想提出多目标均衡优化方法。考虑洪峰流量、时段洪量和过程线形状等设计洪水要素误差,该方法构建了设计洪水误差向量,并建立起相应的均衡优化目标函数,采用改进布谷鸟算法求解设计洪水过程线。通过实例研究表明：采用多目标均衡优化法所推求的设计洪水过程线不仅满足洪水洪峰和时段洪量的约束,而且有效保持了典型洪水过程线的形状;多目标均衡优化法无需手动修匀计算或设置惩罚因子,不仅操作简便,还有效减少了设计洪水推求的复杂性和不确定性。因此,多目标均衡优化法可为设计洪水过程线推求提供一条新途径。     

Distributed Flood Simulations with Coupling Gauge Observations and Radar-rainfall Estimates

This study used a two-dimensional diffusion hydrodynamic model for the simulation of extreme flood events that occurred in the Shihmen reservoir watershed from 1989 to 2001. The alternating direction explicit scheme (ADE) with various horizontal spacings from 120 to 240 m at an incremental interval of 40 m was conducted for flood simulations. Spatial precipitation was provided by the gauge interpolations and weather radar rainfall estimate schemes. A case study, Typhoon Nari on September 16–18, 2001, was then performed using radar-derived rainfall with coupling two-dimensional diffusion hydrodynamic model in flood routing investigations. Numerical results revealed acceptable agreement between the observed and simulated reservoir stage hydrographs. Results of 120 and 160 m spacing had similar values on error indicators while the 160 m grids can greatly reduce computational time by 40% than that of 120 m grids. Precipitation is identified to be the main factor forcing model result.     

Rating Curve Development at Ungauged River Sites using Variable Parameter Muskingum Discharge Routing Method

A physically based simplified discharge routing method, namely, the variable parameter Muskingum discharge-hydrograph (VPMD) routing method, having the capability of estimating the stage hydrographs simultaneously in channels with floodplains is presented herein. The upstream discharge hydrograph is routed using this VPMD method in different two-stage symmetrical trapezoidal compound cross section channel reaches. The performance of the VPMD method is evaluated by numerical experiments using the benchmark MIKE11 hydrodynamic model and the field data of the Tiber River in central Italy. The proposed method is capable of accurately routing the discharge hydrographs, corresponding stage hydrographs and synthesizing the normal rating curves at any downstream ungauged river site which is not affected by any downstream effects. This study can be helpful for various planning and management of river water resources in both the diagnostic and prognostic modes.     

Application of Genetic Programming in Stage Hydrograph Routing of Open Channels

Routing is a technique used to simulate and predict changes in water flow along a river or channel. There are several hydraulic flow routing methods that model channel flow with high accuracy using lots of data related to channel geometry and specifications, thus making calculations very expensive. In contrast, hydrologic methods are techniques that simplify the calculation of flow conditions in a channel reach. In this paper, a stage hydrograph is modeled in simple and compound channels by genetic programming (GP) as a hydrologic method that does not depend on channel geometry and specifications, channel shape, and modeling time step. Routed hydrographs for simple and compound channels are then compared with a river analysis system model (HEC-RAS) and a coupled characteristic-dissipative-Galerkin procedure in one-dimension (CCDG-1D) as the hydraulic methods, respectively. Results show that the sum of squared differences (SSD) between a stage hydrograph by GP and modeled hydrographs by HEC-RAS and CCDG-1D methods, respectively, are not considerable in simple and compound channels. Moreover, GP is a capable tool to route an acceptable stage hydrograph even by using less geometry specification and time intervals in the detected stage. Those results indicate that the proposed GP method is effective in routing a stage hydrograph.     

新安江模型在汉江江口流域的应用及适应性分析

针对汉江褒河流域上游江口地区的地形地貌及气候特征，根据1981年～1985年连续5年的逐日水文观测资料，在运用三水源新安江模型采用分层分析的方法对模型的参数进行率定的基础上，对该地区日流量与次洪流量过程进行了模拟，模拟分析表明，降水资料的处理对模型模拟精度有重要影响。日流量模拟的效率系数绝大部分在0．83以上，次洪流量模拟的效率系数都在0．88以上，模型在研究区域得到了成功的应用。     

Generation of Runoff Components from Exponential Expressions of Serial Reservoirs

Taiwan frequently experiences heavy rainfall events during the summer. The rainfall–runoff regeneration is an important job in specific areas where excessive rainfall causes serious flooding. The primary goal of this study is to generate and understand runoff components of the watershed outlet by using a conceptual model of three linear cascade reservoirs. The conceptual model is needless to determine direct runoff and excess rainfall in advance. Every linear cascade reservoir has an independent response function with an exponential expression. The outflows of the linear reservoirs represent streamflow components of a watershed outlet during rainfall–runoff processes, in which surface runoff is considered as quick runoff, whereas subsurface and groundwater runoffs are slow runoffs. In the simulation process, mean rainfall as model inputs were estimated using the block Kriging method. Available recordings of 68 rainfall–runoff events during 1966–2002 were used as the study sample. Fifty-four events were calibrated to determine the best hydrograph parameters and were used to compare simulation precision resulting from the model with those based on the Nash with NLP. The efficacy of the proposed model was verified using the remaining 14 observed rainfall–runoff data from an actual basin. The seven averaged parameters, which were applied for verification, show that the IUH shape of quick flow is more sharp-pointed with the peak shifted forward than that of slow flow. In rainfall–runoff processes, peak discharge of quick runoff is far larger than that of slow runoff, the time it takes for the peak discharge for a quick flow is earlier than that for a slow runoff, and the base time of a slow flow is longer than that of a quick flow. Furthermore, this study also found: (1) the base time of a slow runoff hydrograph is the same as that of a total runoff hydrograph; (2) the base time of a quick runoff hydrograph is contrariwise to the value of the soil antecedent moisture; (3) an amount of quick runoff is directly proportional to that of total runoff. These analytical results reveal that the model used in this study is suitable to evaluate hydrological conditions in this and other watersheds and can be further applied to watershed management in Taiwan.     

Model description of storage and infiltration functions of infiltration facilities for urban runoff analysis by a distributed model.

Although there have been simulation researches focusing on reduction of stormwater peak flow by introduced infiltration facilities, model simulation of dynamic runoff behavior is still limited for frequently occurring rainfall events with weak intensity. Therefore, dynamic simulation was carried out in two urban drainages with infiltration facilities incorporated with a distributed model using two methods for describing functions of infiltration facilities. A method adjusting effective rainfall model gave poor simulation of runoff behavior in light rainfalls. Another method considering dynamic change of storage capacity as well as infiltration rate gave satisfactory estimation of the runoff in both drainages. In addition, assumption of facility clogging improved the agreement between measured and simulated hydrographs in small and medium-sized rainfall. Therefore, the proposed method might be useful for quantifying the secondary effects of the infiltration facilities on groundwater recharge and urban non-point pollutant trapping as well as runoff reduction.     

GLUE Based Assessment on the Overall Predictions of a MIKE SHE Application

The generalised likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) approach was applied to assess the performance of a distributed catchment model and to estimate prediction limits after conditioning based on observed catchment-wide streamflow. Prediction limits were derived not only for daily streamflow but also for piezometric levels and for extreme events. The latter analysis was carried out considering independent partial duration time series (PDS) obtained from the observed daily streamflow hydrograph. Important data uncertainties were identified. For streamflow the stage-discharge data analysis led to estimate an average data uncertainty of about 3 m³ s^− 1. For piezometric levels, data errors were estimated to be in the order of 5 m in average and 10 m at most. The GLUE analysis showed that most of the inspected parameters are insensitive to model performance, except the horizontal and vertical components of the hydraulic conductivity of one of the geological layers that have the most influence on the streamflow model performance in the application catchment. The study revealed a considerable uncertainty attached to the simulation of both high flows and low flows (i.e., in average terms 5 m³ s^− 1 before the Bayesian updating of the prediction limits). Similarly, wide prediction intervals were obtained for the piezometric levels in relevant wells, in the order of 3.3 and 1.5 m before and after the Bayesian updating of the prediction limits, respectively. Consequently, the results suggest that, in average terms, the model of the catchment predicts overall outputs within the limitations of the errors in the input variables.     

流域初始状态对环境同位素法划分流量的影响

在使用同位素示踪剂划分流量时,流域初始状态会对事件水和事件前水分割产生影响。为研究流域初始状态对环境同位素法划分流量的影响,以和睦桥流域2015—2016年间4场降雨事件为研究对象,根据稳定同位素含量(δ¹⁸O)确定其在流域出口断面径流的不同水源组成比例,着重分析流域不同初始流量和前期土壤含水量对流量过程线划分的影响。结果表明:流域出口径流总量中事件前水占优,洪峰流量以事件水为主;流域不同初始状态下同位素分割结果不同,表明该流域存在多种产流机制,流域初始流量与总径流系数及事件水贡献比例呈负相关;前期土壤含水量与事件水贡献比例的影响模式复杂多变,但在前期土壤含水量较高或前期降雨较多的情况下,总径流中事件水贡献比例将降低。     

随机微分方程在泄洪风险分析中的运用

本文根据调洪过程中水库蓄洪量具有Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ过程特性的分析，建立了带有随机作用项的Ｉｔｏ随机微分方程，以描述和分析调洪过程中库水位的随机变化规律。在此基础上，给出了动态的泄风险表达，并通过Ｆｏｋｋｅｒ－Ｐｌａｎｃｋ向前方程，求解了与泄洪风险率紧密相关的库水位过程的概率密度分布。计算实例表明，运用随机微分方程进行水库的调洪演算，能够全面，正确地反映各种不确定性因素对库水位过程的影响，从而使泄洪风险分     

大型水库群对流域洪水过程影响分析

以淮河流域鲁台子上游大型水库群为例,比较水库修建前后下游断面洪水过程变化情况,分析水库群对洪水过程的总影响,提出逐库添加法划分各水库在洪水过程变化中的贡献,明确各水库的影响程度,采用分级聚类法对水库影响程度进行划分,甑别重要水库。结果显示淮河流域大型水库群显著削减了鲁台子断面洪水总量与洪峰流量,峰现时间也有所变化,各库贡献差异较大,其中梅山、响洪甸、宿鸭湖、南湾、鲇鱼山和佛子岭等6座水库对鲁台子断面洪水过程影响显著,是流域防洪调度的重点水库。     

基于SWMM和InfoWorks ICM的城市街区洪涝模拟与分析

针对我国城市日益突出的洪涝问题,以福州市主城区某街区为例,基于SWMM与InfoWorks ICM构建了城市街区尺度洪涝模拟模型,基于差分进化算法率定SWMM关键参数,并在不同的降雨情景下,模拟了城市街区地表内涝淹没与危险性分布,并对比评估了模拟结果的可靠性。结果表明：基于差分进化算法率定得到的SWMM参数具有较好的效果,两次洪峰的模拟水位和实测水位误差均在1%以内;10 a、20 a、50 a和100 a 4种重现期降雨驱动下,研究区淹没面积分别为3.14 hm²、3.37 hm²、3.61 hm²和3.72 hm²,重现期从10 a到100 a,总淹没面积占比由27.40%上升到32.46%;基于SWMM与ICM耦合的模拟方式在研究区具有较好的适用性。     

A Study on Grid Based Distributed Rainfall Runoff Models

Two distributed rainfall-runoff models were developed separately by using linear and nonlinear storage approaches for simulating the heterogeneity of hydrological processes over the catchment. A 1 × 1 km grid-based mesh was used to abstract the geometry of the catchment. The hydrological processes and geographic information were modeled on this scale. Both linear and nonlinear models were calibrated by global optimization technique. The models to simulate spatial hydrological processes over a catchment were verified using the observed hydrographs at two stream gauged stations within the catchment. The nonlinear model has better performance than the linear model for two verification storm events.