紫色土坡面产流产沙模拟试验研究

应用人工模拟降雨试验,对紫色土坡面产流产沙特征进行了模拟试验研究.结果表明,紫色土坡面初始产流时间随着雨强的增大而减少,且在小雨强下坡度对初始产流时间的影响显著;紫色土坡面径流总量有随坡度和雨强的增加而增大的趋势,坡度较大时,雨强对径流总量的影响不明显;紫色土坡面产沙总量随着坡度和雨强的增大而增大,10,15,20°坡的产沙量较大,为3 106.03～8 117.09 g,故应在坡度≥10°的坡地上实施有效的水土保持措施.     

紫色土坡面壤中流形成与坡面侵蚀产沙关系试验研究

 采用人工模拟降雨法,在长5.0 m、宽1.5 m、6个不同坡度（10°,15°,20°,25°,30°,35°）的径流小区上,通过3个不同降雨强度（1.0,1.5,1.8 mm/min）,对紫色土坡面产流形式及侵蚀产沙关系进行了模拟试验研究。结果表明：紫色土坡面总径流主要由地表径流和壤中流两种形式组成,地表径流和壤中流在总降雨量中的比例随雨强和坡度的不同而发生变化,在相同坡度情况下,壤中流占总降雨量的比例随雨强的减小而增大,在雨强相似的条件下,壤中流占总降雨量的比例随坡度的增大而增大。普遍存在的壤中流在土壤侵蚀尤其是重力侵蚀中起到了相当重要的促发作用,甚至由壤中流促发的侵蚀量要远远高于片蚀、沟蚀等坡面侵蚀形式,这与以往研究表明的长江流域坡面侵蚀以面蚀为主的结论有所不同。     

新型水溶性聚氨酯对紫色土坡面产流产沙的影响

为探索新型水溶性聚氨酯防治紫色土坡面水土流失的效果,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,分析了不同雨强条件下5%浓度的新型水溶性聚氨酯(W-OH)对紫色土坡面入渗、产流和侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明:紫色土坡面施加W-OH能显著提高土壤抗蚀性,从而减小坡面侵蚀产沙量;在42,72,112 mm/h 3种雨强试验条件下,施加W-OH组的坡面与对照组坡面相比,尽管坡面径流增大了12.40%~203.41%,但产沙量减小了89.40%~97.43%,沙输移率降低了86.67%~97.45%,且当雨强较大时(72,112 mm/h),施加W-OH组的土壤可蚀性降低率为96.80%~97.41%。研究结果为紫色土坡面防蚀提供了一定的理论依据及应用指导。     

紫色土坡面径流与侵蚀特征模拟试验研究

应用人工模拟降雨试验,对紫色土坡面径流与侵蚀特征进行了模拟试验研究。结果表明：紫色土坡面初始产流时间随着雨强的增大而减少,且在小雨强下坡度对初始产流时间的影响显著;紫色土坡面径流总量有随坡度和雨强的增加而增大的趋势,坡度较大时,雨强对径流总量影响不明显;紫色土坡面侵蚀总量随坡度和雨强的增大而增大,１０°、１５°、２０°坡的侵蚀量较大,在３１０６．０３～８１１７．０９ｇ之间,故应在坡度≥１０°的坡地上实施有效的水土保持措施。     

人工降雨和放水冲刷试验下红壤坡面径流与泥沙特征分析

南方红壤丘陵区是我国水土流失最严重的区域之一,严重的水土流失会导致土壤退化,也会影响农业生产的可持续发展,因此,研究红壤坡面侵蚀规律对南方红壤丘陵区水土流失防治意义重大。以红壤坡面为研究对象,应用人工降雨和放水冲刷试验,选择5°,10°,15°,20°四个坡度,设计0.8,1.2,2.1,2.6 mm/min四种降雨强度(相对应的放水流量分别为1.4,3.0,5.7,7.0 L/min),对红壤坡面的径流和泥沙特征进行了研究。结果表明:2种试验条件下,红壤坡面初始产流时间均随着坡度和降雨强度(放水流量)的增大而减小,尤以5°坡和0.80 mm/min降雨强度(1.40 L/min放水流量)下变化幅度最为明显,且在坡度较小时(5°和10°),人工降雨试验产流快;2种试验条件下红壤坡面径流量稳定时间为15~20 min,人工降雨试验红壤坡面泥沙量稳定时间为10~15 min,放水冲刷试验红壤坡面泥沙量稳定时间为15~20 min;径流和产沙总量随降雨强度(放水流量)和坡度增加而增大,在降雨强度(放水流量)和坡度较小时变化幅度较大;降雨试验的径流总量超过放水试验,产沙总量在降雨强度(放水流量)和坡度较小时,放水试验多,但随着降雨强度(放水流量)和坡度的增加,降雨试验多;5°坡在不同的降雨强度和放水流量下,径流和泥沙总量变化幅度最大,故应重视5°坡的水土流失预防。研究结果有助于全面了解红壤侵蚀规律,并为南方红壤丘陵区开展土壤侵蚀治理提供数据支撑。     

Estimation of Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Using GIS at Catchment Scale

A GIS-based method has been applied for the determination of soil erosion and sediment yield in a small watershed in Mun River basin, Thailand. The method involves spatial disintegration of the catchment into homogenous grid cells to capture the catchment heterogeneity. The gross soil erosion in each cell was calculated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) by carefully determining its various parameters. The concept of sediment delivery ratio is used to route surface erosion from each of the discritized cells to the catchment outlet. The process of sediment delivery from grid cells to the catchment outlet is represented by the topographical characteristics of the cells. The effect of DEM resolution on sediment yield is analyzed using two different resolutions of DEM. The spatial discretization of the catchment and derivation of the physical parameters related to erosion in the cell are performed through GIS techniques.     

径流侵蚀功率理论在不同尺度坡面侵蚀产沙中的应用

基于次暴雨洪水过程中径流深、洪峰流量模数2个的重要水文特征参数,提出了用以描述坡面次暴雨水蚀动力的径流侵蚀功率的概念,并以岔巴沟流域团山沟不同空间尺度径流场历年实测次暴雨径流泥沙资料为基础,分析了径流侵蚀功率与坡面径流场次暴雨侵蚀模数之间的相关性,提出了适用于坡面次暴雨侵蚀产沙计算的基于径流侵蚀功率的坡面次暴雨水沙响应关系.研究结果表明:径流侵蚀功率与坡面次暴雨侵蚀模数之间存在极显著的幂函数相关关系,径流侵蚀功率可以较好地表征坡面次暴雨水力侵蚀动力.本研究成果可为黄土高原坡面次暴雨侵蚀产沙模型侵蚀动力因子的确定提供参考.     

黔东北喀斯特坡面产流产沙及土壤含水量特征

为了解不同因素对喀斯特地区坡面产流产沙的影响、给喀斯特地区石漠化综合治理和水土流失防治提供理论指导,基于贵州省浒洋水水土保持监测站径流小区的降雨、产流产沙、土壤水分、植被盖度等资料,采用ORIGIN2017及SPSS22软件进行数据处理及相关性分析,探讨了降雨量、坡度、土地利用类型、前期土壤含水量对喀斯特坡面产流产沙的影响及植被盖度对土壤含水量动态变化的影响。结果表明:①坡面径流小区的产流产沙量与降雨量、降雨侵蚀力均成正相关关系,在相同的侵蚀性降雨条件下,不同类型径流小区的侵蚀敏感度存在较大的差异,撂荒地侵蚀敏感度最大、坡耕地侵蚀敏感度最小;②随着地面坡度从13°增大到25°再增大到30°,撂荒地径流小区单位面积产沙量呈现先增大后减小的趋势,25°可以作为撂荒地单位面积产沙量的参考临界坡度;③在相同的侵蚀性降雨条件下,喀斯特坡耕地单位面积产沙量最大,原因是坡耕地生态环境较差、人类活动强烈,土壤侵蚀量大且动态变化不稳定;④径流深及土壤流失量与前期土壤含水量均成显著的正相关关系,植被盖度的变化对土壤含水量具有一定的影响,植被盖度>15%时,随着植被盖度的提高土壤含水量呈现抛物线增大趋势。     

A Modified SCS-CN Method Incorporating Storm Duration and Antecedent Soil Moisture Estimation for Runoff Prediction

In one of the widely used methods to estimate surface runoff - Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN), the antecedent moisture condition (AMC) is categorized into three AMC levels causing irrational abrupt jumps in estimated runoff. A few improved SCS-CN methods have been developed to overcome several in-built inconsistencies in the soil moisture accounting (SMA) procedure that lies behind the SCS-CN method. However, these methods still inherit the structural inconsistency in the SMA procedure. In this study, a modified SCS-CN method was proposed based on the revised SMA procedure incorporating storm duration and a physical formulation for estimating antecedent soil moisture (V ₀ ). The proposed formulation for V ₀ estimation has shown a high degree of applicability in simulating the temporal pattern of soil moisture in the experimental plot. The modified method was calibrated and validated using a dataset of 189 storm-runoff events from two experimental watersheds in the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the proposed method, which boosted the model efficiencies to 88% in both calibration and validation cases, performed better than the original SCS-CN and the Singh et al. (2015) method, a modified SCS-CN method based on SMA. The proposed method was then applied to a third watershed using the tabulated CN value and the parameters of the minimum infiltration rate (f _c ) and coefficient (β) derived for the first two watersheds. The root mean square error between the measured and predicted runoff values was improved from 6 mm to 1 mm. Moreover, the parameter sensitivity analysis indicated that the potential maximum retention (S) parameter is the most sensitive, followed by f _c . It can be concluded that the modified SCS-CN method, may predict surface runoff more accurately in the Chinese Loess Plateau.     

Modeling of Sediment Yield Prediction Using M5 Model Tree Algorithm and Wavelet Regression

The forecast of the sediment yield generated within a watershed is an important input in the water resources planning and management. The methods for the estimation of sediment yield based on the properties of flow and sediment have limitations attributed to the simplification of important parameters and boundary conditions. Under such circumstances, soft computing approaches have proven to be an efficient tool in modelling the sediment yield. The focus of present study is to deal with the development of decision tree based M5 Model Tree and wavelet regression models for modeling sediment yield in Nagwa watershed in India. A comparison is also performed with the artificial neural network (ANN) model for streamflow forecasting. The root mean square errors (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliff efficiency index (N-S Index), and correlation coefficient (R) statistics are used for the statistical criteria. A comparative evaluation of the performance of M5 Model Tree and wavelet regression versus ANN clearly shows that M5 Model Tree and wavelet regression can prove more useful than ANN models in estimation of sediment yield. Further, M5 model tree offers explicit expressions for use by design engineers.     

人工降雨和放水冲刷条件下紫色土坡面产流产沙特征分析

采用可变坡的3 m×1 m土槽进行人工降雨和放水冲刷试验,在不同坡度(5°~20°)、不同雨强(0.6~2.5mm/min)和放水流量(1.6~7 m3/s)情况下,对紫色土坡面的产流产沙特征进行了研究。结果表明:放水冲刷试验中径流流速从坡上到坡脚表现出先增加后减小、逐渐增大和逐渐减小3种趋势,而人工降雨试验则恰恰相反,径流流速从坡上到坡脚表现出逐渐增大的趋势;15 min是2种试验方法产流过程稳定的临界时间;人工降雨试验径流含沙量稳定的时间介于5~50 min之间,放水冲刷试验含沙量稳定的临界时间为20 min。试验成果可为后续紫色土侵蚀相关研究提供数据支持。     

基于地块间水沙运移的黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域侵蚀产沙模型

根据黄土丘陵沟壑区的侵蚀产沙规律，在晋西羊道沟小流域建立了坡面、沟坡和沟道侵蚀产沙子模型；在GIS的支持下计算出小流域地块间水沙汇流网络，并引入到小流域侵蚀产沙模型中，使小流域侵蚀产沙成为有机结合；模型对羊道沟22次侵蚀性降雨的侵蚀模数具有78．4％的预报精度，对羊道沟1956－1970的年侵蚀模数具有76．1％的预报精度；模型并通过了晋西汾河上游两个小流域的可移植性检验。     

Runoff and Sediment Yield Modelling for a Treated Hilly Watershed in Eastern Himalaya Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model

The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) watershed model was calibrated and validated for a hilly watershed treated with graded bunding and water-harvesting tank in high rainfall condition of eastern Himalayan range in India. The performance of the model for the treated watershed was unacceptable with percent deviation of −45.81 and −38.35 respectively for runoff and sediment yield simulations when calibrated parameter values for the nearby untreated watershed were used. This was possibly due to differences in soil properties and average land slope. When soil parameters were calibrated for the treated watershed, the model performance improved remarkably. During calibration, the model simulated surface runoff and sediment yield with percent deviations equal to +6.24 and +9.02, and Nash–Sutcliffe simulation coefficients equal to 0.85 and 0.81, respectively. During validation period, the model simulated runoff and sediment yield with percent deviations equal to +8.56 and +9.36, and Nash–Sutcliffe simulation coefficients equal to 0.81 and 0.80, respectively. The model tended to slightly under-predict runoff and sediment yield of higher magnitudes. The model performance was quite sensitive to soil parameters namely, rill erodibility, interrill erodibility, hydraulic conductivity, critical shear stress and Manning’s roughness coefficient with varying levels. The WEPP model picked up the hydrology associated with bund and water-harvesting tank, and simulated runoff and sediment yield well with overall deviations within ±10% and Nash–Sutcliffe simulation coefficients >0.80. Simulation results indicate that in high slope and high rainfall conditions of eastern Himalayan region of India where vegetative measures are not adequate to restrict soil loss within the permissible limit, the WEPP model can be applied to formulate structure-based management strategies to control soil loss and to develop water resources.     

Finite Element Method and GIS Based Distributed Model for Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield in a Watershed

The objective of this study is to develop a soil erosion and sediment yield model based on the kinematic wave approximation using the finite element method, remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) for calculating the soil erosion and sediment yield in a watershed. Detachment of soil particles by overland flow occurs when the shear stress at the surface overcomes the gravitational forces and cohesive forces on the particles. Deposition occurs when the sediment load is greater than the transport capacity. Beasley et al.’s (Trans ASAE 23:938–944, 1980) transport equations for laminar and turbulent flow conditions are used to calculate the transport capacity. The model is capable of handling distributed information about land use, slope, soil and Manning’s roughness. The model is applied to the Catsop watershed in the Netherlands and the Harsul watershed in India. Remotely sensed data has been used to extract land use/land cover map of the Harsul watershed, and other thematic maps are generated using the GIS. The simulated results for both calibration and validation events are compared with the observed data for the watersheds and found to be reasonable. Statistical evaluation of model performance has been carried out. Further, a sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to study the effect of variation in model parameter values on computed volume of sediment, peak sediment and the time to peak sediment. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out for grid size variation and time step variation of the Catsop watershed. The proposed model is useful in predicting the hydrographs and sedigraphs in the agricultural watersheds.     

Simulation of Soil Moisture Profiles Using K(h) from Coupling Experimental Retention Curves and One-Step Outflow Data

In the present work, the effect on the soil moisture profiles development and the cumulative infiltration when three different equations for calculating the diffusivity versus volumetric water content, D(θ) function, from one-step outflow experimental data are used, is investigated. These D(θ) functions are coupled with moisture retention curves θ(h) (h being the soil matric potential) obtained independently for the determination of the hydraulic conductivity function K(θ) or K(h). The so obtained hydraulic conductivity function, together with θ(h), were employed in solving Richards equation numerically under constant flux conditions in one dimensional vertical infiltration process. Two different porous materials were used for this investigation. It is shown that the three different equations used for the prediction of K(h) have no significant effect on the shape of the moisture profiles for the sand mixture and that a Green–Ampt advancement of the wetting front is observed. For the case of sandy clay soil there are some noticeable differences in the moisture profiles and their shape is comparatively more effusive. Also, one could mention that for both porous media the time of incipient ponding (T) differentiates among the three equations used.     

DWSM模型产汇流模块的原理及应用

DWSM(Dynamic Watershed Simulation Model)以坡面为基本计算单元,在结构上属于分布式松散耦合型流域模型,适合模拟单次降雨或暴雨事件.现主要介绍了DWSM模型产汇流模块的原理、结构,河网汇流顺序和存储规则等,并把该模型应用于北京市温榆河东沙河流域的实测降雨产汇流模拟,结果表明该模型对洪峰的模拟相对误差在9%以内,能满足洪水模拟的精度要求.     

河龙区间水利水保工程减沙效益水保法研究成果汇总浅析

在汇总“七五”期间水保基金、水沙基金和自然科学基金等３个项目水保法分析的河龙区间１４条支流水利水保工程减沙效益成果的基础上，对各项措施面积、措施减沙指标以及减沙量分别进行了对比讨论，提出了三种成果的差异以及造成差异的原因，并为进一步研究黄河的水沙变化提出了一些新的见解。     

Runoff Estimation for an Ungauged Catchment Using Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) and Copulas

A methodology is proposed to apply Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph to ungauged basins using Monte Carlo Simulations and copulas. The effective rainfall, input of GIUH is assumed to be unknown; it is estimated with infiltration index method (?-index). Correlations are detected between this index and the characteristics of rainfall. They are modeled with copulas, and are used to derive effective rainfall hyetographs. The generated hydrographs from GIUH are analyzed and give statistically the same results: dispersion and variability for all studied characteristics (volume, peak discharge, peak time and base time). However, only these hydrographs derived from ? conditioned to maximum intensity distribution allow reconstituting the observed hydrographs. Moreover comparing the series of order statistics of interest output and observed series, leads to decide on the representative hydrograph of the catchment behavior.     

An Ensemble Modeling Approach to Forecast Daily Reservoir Inflow Using Bidirectional Long- and Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), and Energy Entropy Method

Daily inflow forecasts provide important decision support for the operations and management of reservoirs. Accurate and reliable forecasting plays an important role in the optimal management of water resources. Numerous studies have shown that decomposition integration models have good prediction capacity. Considering the nonlinearity and unsteady state of daily incoming flow data, a hybrid model of adaptive variational mode decomposition (VMD) and bidirectional long- and short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) based on energy entropy was developed for daily inflow forecast. The model was analyzed using the mean absolute error (MAE), the root means square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE), and correlation coefficient (r). A historical daily inflow series of the Baozhusi Hydropower Station, China, is investigated by the proposed VMD-BiLSTM with hybrid models. For comparison, BP, GRNN, ELMAN, SVR, LSTM, Bi-LSTM, EMD-LSTM, and VMD-LSTM, were adopted and analyzed for evaluation and analyzed. We found that the proposed model, with MAE?=?38.965, RMSE?=?64.783, and NSE?=?95.7%, was superior to the other models. Therefore, the hybrid model is robust and efficient for forecasting highly nonstationary and nonlinear streamflow. It can be used as the preferred data-driven tool to predict the daily inflow flow, which can ensure the safe operation of hydropower stations in reservoirs. As an interdisciplinary field spanning both machine learning and hydrology, daily inflow forecasting can become an important breakthrough in the application of deep learning to hydrology.

     

An Integrated Extreme Rainfall Modeling Tool (SDExtreme) for Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation

Water Resources Management - The estimation of the Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) relation is often necessary for the planning and design of various hydraulic structures and design...