Integrated River Basin Management in the Multi-jurisdictional River Basins: The Case of the Mekong River Basin

Achieving integrated river basin management in large multi-jurisdictional river basins is a difficult task. In the Mekong River basin some of the countries have begun to implement a cooperative framework, which indicates a desire to achieve a form of integrated management. Significant progress has been made but results still fall short of the ideal. The primary reasons for this includes the lack of institutional capacity of the multi-jurisdictional cooperative authority and its counterpart organizations in each of the participating countries, together with a lack of political drive to develop integrated management as a priority.     

对国外河流健康问题的初步认识

人类在开发利用流域水资源的过程中,由于保护不够或滥加利用,一些河流出现污染、断流等现象,影响了河流的自然和社会功能,失去了河流的自身价值,危及河流的健康生命.河流健康生命问题本质上是由于经济快速发展的需要,过度开发和轻视保护水资源所造成的,因此一些发达国家较早地关注河流健康的问题.澳大利亚的新南威尔士州成立了"健康河流委员会".针对国外在河流健康方面所涉及的基本概念、衡量标准、评价方法、保护措施等进行了综合归纳,并搜集了一些维护河流健康的个例.     

1900-2017年湄公河流域五国自然灾害特征分析

湄公河流域是我国实施"一带一路"战略、发展周边外交的重要区域。因此，了解该流域的自然灾害的特征，对于各国增信释疑及我国构建稳固的周边外交关系具有十分重要的意义。本文以比利时EM-DAT数据库为依据，通过统计分析湄公河流域5国1900-2017年的自然灾害数据，初步揭示了自然灾害的时间分布特征和空间分布特征。通过研究可以得到如下结论：洪水、风暴是对湄公河流域国家危害最大的自然灾害，其中，洪水是最主要的致灾因子；从对流域人口生命影响角度看，对湄公河流域国家人口死亡影响最大的自然灾害前3位分别是风暴、洪水和流行病；各国自然灾害的构成大体相同，但不同国家有所区别。2011年GDP15%。     

河流生态补偿研究进展

我国当前河流的资源及其环境问题严重影响了河流生态健康。国际上已将河流治理的重心转到以河流生态价值功能为主的生态补偿机制研究上．我国的河流生态补偿研究刚处于学习探索阶段。结合河流系统自身特点及国际成功的经验,对我国河流生态补偿机制从系统耦合角度进行了探索研究,揭示出基于生态风险评价的河流有效补偿机制是实现经济、社会、河流生态多目标管理协调可持续的基础。     

雅鲁藏布江-布拉马普特拉河流域国家及尼泊尔水土-经济耦合评价

采用耦合协调度模型,研究了雅鲁藏布江-布拉马普特拉河流域4个国家及尼泊尔1961—2014年的水土资源和经济发展耦合状况。结果表明:研究区域1961—2000年水土资源承载水平高于经济发展水平,2001—2014年则相反,水土资源承载变化与经济发展缺乏同步性;1961—2014年各国水土资源与经济耦合协调度介于0.312~0.739,处于濒临失调和基本协调型,耦合协调最好的是尼泊尔,最差的是孟加拉国;耦合协调度提升幅度最大的是中国,达到0.368,幅度变化最小的是孟加拉国;各国水土资源与经济发展系统对比关系由经济滞后型转变为水土资源支撑滞后型。     

澜沧江－湄公河流域水资源利用现状与需求分析

为了摸清澜沧江-湄公河流域各国对水资源开发利用和需求情况,首先概述了澜沧江-湄公河流域水资源分布情况和流域内各国开发利用现状,其次基于各国的实际经济发展情况,分析了各国的用水需求。分析表明:在水资源开发利用方面,各国主要在航运、水电、灌溉、渔业养殖等方面对水资源进行开发利用,但受水资源分配不均和各国开发技术水平差异的影响,整体开发水平不高。在水资源需求方面,各国对澜沧江-湄公河流域水资源依赖程度差异较大,依赖程度最大的是柬埔寨,其次是越南、泰国、老挝、缅甸,中国依赖程度最小。受人类活动和气候变化的影响,未来各国对澜沧江-湄公河流域水资源需求将会更加多元化和复杂化,在水资源安全保障方面还需继续加强合作和积极应对。     

基于博弈论组合赋权法的澜沧江-湄公河水量分配

为了合理分配澜沧江-湄公河的水资源,以公平合理利用基本原则为基础,充分考虑公平性和现状性,并兼顾效率性与可持续性,选择了相应的指标建立层次结构,基于结合主观性和客观性因素的思想,分别采用层次分析法和熵权法计算水量分配权重,并采用基于博弈论的组合赋权法对上述权重进行组合,最终得到各国的水量分配权重。以实际用水量占比和水量分配权重对比,结果表明:越南用水量约为其所得分配量的2倍,而其他国家用水量均小于分配量,为了保障各国对水资源的公平合理利用权益,越南应向其他国家进行补偿。结论可为我国在澜沧江-湄公河的水资源开发利用和水利益谈判提供科学支撑。     

Water Resource Assessment for the Zambezi River Basin

The Zambezi river drains eight riparian countries: Angola, Namibia, Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique. The Zambezi river is, therefore, an international river basin. It drains an area of about 1,800,000 square km (Okavango-Chobe system included). The surface water resources of the Zambezi river have been assessed on the basis of average, typical dry, and wet year flow conditions. An overview of the water resources of the Zambezi river (surface water only) during the driest, average, and wettest year flow conditions are presented. It is anticipated that this information will form the backbone for the integrated water resource planning and management of the Zambezi river basin. According to the Helsinki Rules on the uses of the waters on international rivers, Article Four states that “Each basin state is entitled, within its territory, to a reasonable and equitable share of the beneficial uses of the waters of an international drainage basin.” Therefore, this information is also going to be useful in the negotiations between riparian countries/states for the equitable sharing of the water resources of the Zambezi river basin.     

稳步推进长江流域综合管理的思考

在分析国外流域管理发展历程与现状的基础上,介绍了流域综合管理的概念、内涵、目标和任务。针对长江流域涉水事务管理现状和存在问题,从健全管理法规、创新管理体制、建立管理机制、完善管理制度、加强执法监督、提升管理能力等六个方面提出了推进长江流域综合管理的对策和措施。     

Projecting River Basin Resilience in the Zambezi River Basin through Global Analyses and Basin Realities

Projecting future hotspots of hydropolitical tension in international river basins may help countries in preventing hydropolitical conflict. The Zambezi River Basin has been identified as a basin at risk of future hydropolitical conflict. This paper analyzes the basin’s hydropolitical resilience using two approaches: i) a global analysis of factors that indicate change and institutional capacity, and ii) an in-depth examination of its hydropolitical history and present-day status using interviews with basin stakeholders, academics, NGOs, and policy makers. Results of the global analysis indicate that the Zambezi River Basin has comparatively higher institutional capacity, lower to medium rates of new dam development, lower human development and security values, lower water scarcity, yet higher projected water variability. Examining the basin’s hydropolitical history shows that these results are contextually dependent. This paper argues that while global hydropolitical resilience analyses are valid for indicating areas of possible tension over shared water resources, tracing basins’ hydropolitical history puts the global results into context that is crucial to identify specific aspects of the basin that may push the basin into conflict.     

Modelling Equitable and Reasonable Water Sharing in Transboundary Rivers: the Case of Sirwan-Diyala River

There are over 260 transboundary river and lake basins in the world that many of them are facing great challenges of water sharing between riparian countries concerned. The 1997 UN Watercourses Convention, entered into force in 2014, includes articles and factors on water sharing which have not been completely used for modelling of the basins yet. In this paper, legal aspects (i.e. Articles 5, 6, 7 and 10 of the Convention) are integrated with a technical approach for water allocation in transboundary rivers. For this purpose, a new conceptual model is developed for quantification of the Convention provisions concerning equitable and reasonable water sharing. The method is applied to the Sirwan-Diyala transboundary river shared by Iran and Iraq. Some indicators are developed and quantified for determination of water shares of the riparian countries and different scenarios considering extreme and equal weights of the factors are defined. The basin is simulated by WEAP model to evaluate effects of the scenarios on up- and downstream of the basin. Five demand management alternatives comprising increasing of irrigation efficiency and eliminating second cultivation are proposed as appropriate measures for elimination or mitigation of possible significant harm. The proposed technical-legal approach paves the way for enhancing bargaining potentials of the riparian countries and increasing their cooperation to achieve a win-win solution in using waters of transboundary rivers.     

Minute 319 of the International Boundary and Water Commission between the US and Mexico: Colorado River binational water management implications

On 20 November 2012, Minute 319 of the International Boundary and Water Commission was signed by the commissioners of Mexico and the United States. It establishes measures for binational water management until 2017.This agreement aims to combine the efforts of officials of the two countries to find cooperative mechanisms that address water shortage in the Colorado River basin. The agreement mostly refers to the storage of Mexican water by the Hoover Dam in the United States, which, under the rule of the 1944 Water Treaty, should be suitably managed by the two countries, in view of predicted climate change impacts such as extreme drought and the consequent reduction of water availability at the basin level. This article addresses some likely implications for the signing countries regarding the implementation of measures established in the minute.     

珠江流域水生态补偿机制总体框架初步研究

根据国内外水生态补偿最新研究成果及试点地区的实践经验,指出珠江流域水生态补偿分类及重点区域,明确珠江流域水生态补偿内容及方式,并提出珠江流域水生态补偿技术支撑体系,初步建立了珠江流域水生态补偿机制总体框架,为下一步工作开展奠定基础。     

Future Function of the Danube River in United Europe

Abstract

The Danube River is the major navigational river in the central and south-eastern parts of Europe. A vision on the future role of the Danube River in the United Europe must aim to satisfy the evolving human needs in the region. A new, special type of unification of the majority of European countries has already begun and will likely lead to more rational, effective, widespread, and beneficial impacts on regional populations through such functions as comprehensive water resources development. An enoromous water resources development will occur in the Danube River Basin in the next two centuries, provided that Europeans succeed in uniting and remaining united.     

流域水污染物排放权交易比率技术框架研究

排放权交易是一种基于市场的经济手段,美国、德国、澳大利亚、英国等发达国家都在排放权交易方面进行了积极的实践。水污染物排放权交易比率是水污染物排放权交易的核心理论技术,在总结水污染物排放权相关研究的基础上,突出以流域水污染物排放权交易为研究对象,建立流域水污染物排放权交易比率的完整技术框架,明确水污染物排放权交易比率的涵义,提出了流域水污染物交易比率计算方法,统一了流域水污染物交易比率的表达方式,并以太湖流域为例开展水污染物排放权交易比率实例研究。     

莱茵河水资源国际合作治理困境与突破

为探索莱茵河流域沿岸国家如何突破水资源合作治理的集体行动难题,分析了合作过程中存在的治理困境和关键性因素。莱茵河流域水污染问题从普通环境问题上升为国际政治议题进而成为沿岸国家的政治承诺,经历了利益相关者相互抗衡与博弈的漫长过程,经济发展与环境保护之间的权衡、外部性问题和不确定性带来的高成本成为实现合作难以突破的困境,问题压力程度、非政府行动者参与程度、制度弹性、社会政治经济同质性、社会资本存量等是突破合作困境的关键性要素。我国在跨界流域水资源的利用、开发和治理中应注重建立对话沟通机制,提供合作平台,培养互信关系;提倡多中心的制度安排,保持制度弹性;加强水质监控和预警网络建设;引导公众参与,发挥公众监督作用。     

汉江流域用水总量控制指标实施方法研究

汉江流域为我国实行最严格水资源管理体制的试点流域,对其水资源供需状况进行研究,探讨用水总量控制的实施方法,有着十分重大的指导意义。以汉江流域水资源公报为依据,首先建立了汉江流域用水总量控制评价指标体系,然后,通过对流域各地区水资源供需形势、用水效率、与发达国家节水水平的比较,明确了汉江流域目前的用水水平、各地区节约用水的差距、与世界先进国家相比的节水潜力、需要加强水资源管理的地区与行业。分析结果认为,为保证汉江流域经济社会的可持续发展和用水安全,应从开源和节流两个方面制定水资源管理措施,节水重点应放在水资源利用效率较差的行业和地区。     

Analysis of Virtual Irrigation Water. Application to Water Resources Management in a Mediterranean River Basin

Virtual water, understood as the volume of water needed to produce a good or service, in the context of trade among countries, allows assessing the relative dependency of different countries on imported virtual water. The assessment of virtual water flows in virtual water trade studies is generally carried out at the national level, thus concealing the spatial variability of many countries that comprise a wide range of agro-climatic areas. A finer spatial resolution is needed to apply the virtual water concept with a view to improving local water resources management at the regional or basin scale. This paper presents a more detailed analysis of blue agricultural virtual water at sub-basin scale, which is aggregated to the basin scale for the Guadalquivir River basin in southern Spain. Given that around 80% of the available blue water resources of this region are used in agriculture, improving irrigation water management is of great interest to the basin water resources management. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the virtual irrigation water balance; an important component of the agricultural water footprint that provides additional information to the basin blue water balance and contributes to achieving a more rational and efficient management of basin water resources. Management recommendations focusing on the spatial redistribution of irrigated crops according to both their water efficiency and productivity are proposed with the aim of saving blue water for other purposes such as drought mitigation or environmental flows, among others. In particular, the proposed measures affect irrigated olive trees; the most widespread irrigated crop in this basin.     

Cross-Border Collaboration in River Management: Views on Participation in a Dutch-German Case Study

Integrated river basin management (IRBM) calls for participatory practices involving stakeholders along transnational river landscapes. Understanding the complex and diverse views regarding participation is a prerequisite for meaningful involvement of civil actors, especially in a transnational context. In a case study along the Lower Rhine river, we assessed and compared cognitive perceptions towards IRBM of citizen initiatives and nature organizations from Germany and the Netherlands and their previous experiences with participation processes.We found large differences between the four actor groups in motivations to participate as well as in levels of trust towards institutions. This study also showed different views on participation between the two countries with regard to the problem definition, nature images and the perceived relationships between government organisations on the one hand and citizen initiatives and nature organisations on the other hand.The findings suggest that views vary between citizen initiatives and nature organizations within a country and that cultural notions add to the complexity of transnational participation. In transnational participation processes, the varying views between actor groups should be taken into account, as well as the complexities among countries even within actor groups.