城市水资源优化配置方法探讨

以山东薛城为例，从净效益最大的角度讨论水资源系统优化分配的方法，引入边际比的概念，并采用大系统理论，从背景分解协调及数学分解协调两个方面，分别对庞大复杂的城市水资源系统进行分解。     

平度市水资源优化配置的几点思考

树立科学发展观,全面建立节水型社会,实现水资源的可持续利用。地下水是维系生态系统的基本因素,应该作为可持续发展的战略性资源予以保护。以规划为先导,以项目为抓手,在搞好水资源开发、利用、治理的同时,进一步加强水资源的节约、保护和优化配置。努力实现水利工作由传统水利向现代水利、由工程水利向资源水利、由农业水利向国民经济水利的“三大转变”。     

水资源配置策略与水市场管理探讨

通过对美国学者Ronald C Griffin的水资源管理理念的介绍,概括了美国在水资源经济学方面的主要研究成果.借鉴美国水权交易经验,我国应促进创新性思维与决策科学化,寻找适合中国国情的水资源分配模式;水权转让要遵循自愿原则,尽量保证交易过程的"透明性",尽可能降低水权转让成本等.借鉴美国水费定价的经验,我国水价政策必须服从国家经济发展的基本战略和基本国策,即必须确保发展农业等.     

水资源优化配置的冲突问题博弈分析

力求通过建立完全信息动态博弈模型求解水资源冲突分析问题．博弈模型主要针对一条河流上、下游为了分享水资源，从各自要求出发，提出的解决方案与流域管理机构进行协调之间的用水冲突问题，力求通过流域管理机构的水资源费率和宏观调控的水权交易价格，求解水资源可持续发展情况下的市场均衡模型．以此达到有水资源费率和水权交易两种调控手段的情况下各决策者追求自身利益的结果．     

Optimizing Adjustments to Transboundary Water Sharing Plans: A Multi-Basin Approach

Afghanistan contributes water supplies to Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. However, with the exception of the Helmand Basin, Afghanistan has negotiated transboundary water sharing agreements with no downstream country. This paper describes a constrained optimization framework to minimize economic costs within each of nine Afghan transboundary basins of adapting to potential water sharing agreements. Model results show impacts of water agreements on farm income and food security for each Afghan basin. Our results show that unrestricted trading reduces the economic costs of adapting to water sharing treaties by two to 6 % compared to the conventional water sharing system. A higher scale of reservoir storage capacity as well as market trading of water among regions moderates costs of water shortages, both with and without water agreements in place.     

黄河水市场的建立与水资源的优化配置

1987年国务院批准了黄河可供水理分配方案，1994年黄河水利委员会又向沿黄省（区）颁发了《取水许可证》。随着流域社会经济的发展，黄河水资源供需矛盾愈加突出。目前黄河水资源管理调度体制还存在政府指令配水严重失控、没有引入激励补偿机制、同比例丰增枯减的原则不利于水资源优化配置等问题。在黄河上建立水市场符合市场经济规律，可以促进节水，提高水资源的利用率，改善生态环境，有利于水资源的高效配置和合理利用。     

A Fair Approach for Multi-Objective Water Resources Allocation

Due to the effect of climate change, rapid population growth and widespread water pollution, fresh water becomes an increasingly scarce natural resource. Optimal allocation of water resources is one of the most effective resolutions to deal with rising water demand and insufficient freshwater resources. This study proposes a fair approach for water resources allocation by employing the Sperner’s lemma to solve the conflicts of different objectives and those of competing regions. A multi-objective optimal allocation model is firstly formulated to generate the Pareto frontier surface, which maximizes the economic interest while minimizing the amount of organic pollutants. Subsequently, the approach searches for acceptable allocation schemes over the Pareto frontier surfaces through the total water quantity and envy-free constraints. The proposed model is applied to the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang river basin in China. Results indicate that water allocation between multi-region can achieve Nash equilibrium by using the water conflict resolution method to select fair water allocation schemes, in which each region obtains its preferred water quantity. The proposed approach is proved effective for water resources management in the case study and demonstrates the potential for effective application in other basins.

     

A New Approach to Incorporating Environmental Flow Requirements in Water Allocation Modeling

The condition of river, wetland and estuarine ecosystems is largely determined by the prevailing flow regime. The flow regime can be described by the magnitude, frequency, timing, duration and rate of change of both intra-annual and inter-annual events. The required flow regime, necessary to maintain the ecosystem in a particular condition, is referred to as the environmental flow requirement. To appropriately take environmental flow requirements into consideration in water resources planning and management, it is required that models used in water resources planning can accommodate the specific characteristics of the environmental flow requirements. This paper presents a new functionality in the generic water resources planning package ‘RIBASIM’, which allows for realistic allocation of particularly the high flow pulses and small and large floods that are part of an environmental flow requirement. Tests of this functionality with a model application based on the characteristics of the Mahabad basin in Iran show that the use of this functionality can help to find environmental flow release options that lead to smaller losses for other water users, which would not have been found easily if the traditional approach was used.     

长江流域水量分配方法探讨

近10年来长江流域不同地区频繁出现干旱缺水现象和国家严格的水资源管理制度的推出,使长江流域进行水量分配和用水总量控制越来越迫切.根据长江流域特点和水量分配中存在的问题,探讨水量分配原则、方法和管理途径.分析表明:长江流域水量分配及总量控制的重点是枯水年份和枯水时段,强调水流过程控制、用水总量控制应该结合地区用水效率和水...     

A New EWM-FCM Approach to Optimize the Allocation of Water Ecology Compensation Funds

Water Resources Management - In compensation events in some parts of China, funds for water and ecological compensation are usually allocated using the factor allocation method, which often fails...     

Water Allocation Management Under Scarcity: a Bankruptcy Approach

Water Resources Management - This study hopes to develop a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method for equitable and efficient allocation of water resources under scarcity. Based on the...     

黄河流域水资源量分配思路探讨

根据黄河流域水资源调查评价成果,分别给出了黄河流域分区水资源量、断面水资源量成果,与现行黄河水量分配方案对比,发现现行水量分配方案存在所依据的黄河径流量偏多、没有考虑地下水量等不足,因此合理的黄河水资源分配应为水资源总量分配,应当同时考虑地表水和与地下水的水量分配,两者共同构成沿黄各省(区)的可消耗黄河水量。     

黄河水体中泥沙与污染物迁移转化关系探讨

黄河泥沙对水质有着显著的影响,给黄河水资源保护工作带来一系列不同手其他河流的特有的问题和困难。在黄河多沙水体监测技术研究的基础上,分析了黄河水体中重金属、耗氧有机物、有毒有机污染物、营养性污染物等的迁移、转化和归宿。科学研究黄河水环境问题,必须结合水环境化学、环境地球化学、水化学和水利工程科学（主要是水力学、泥沙运动力学）等多门学科,充分研究黄河泥沙的特点、理化特性和黄河泥沙与污染物问的作用,确立科学系统的多沙水体前处理方法和豁测技术．才能对黄河水质污染状况作出科学的判断。     

优化配置水资源应处理好效率与公平的关系

在对有限的水资源进行优化配置,使其达到最高的使用效率的同时,还必须处理好效率与公平的关系,如农业用水与工业用水、生产用水与生活用水、生态用水之间的关系等,通过建立水权市场,加强宏观调控管理等手段,达到效率与公平兼顾的目的。     

调整洞庭湖区水系结构优化水资源配置

文章通过分析洞庭湖区目前河网水系水环境的自然特征,辨证论述了当前洞庭湖区水环境对该地区社会经济发展的制约关系,提出一个调整洞庭湖区河网水系结构的综合方案与相应的水利工程措施,认为通过合理调整洞庭湖区水系结构是优化湖区水资源配置、改善湖区人类生存发展环境、保护该地区特有的自然生态环境、促进社会经济可持续发展的有效途径之一。     

南水北调中线总干渠水头优化分配

南水北调中线总干渠渠道线路长,建筑物数量大、类型多,进行水头优化分配对于节省工程投资,合理的进行总干渠工程布置有着重要的意义.通过优化计算,提出了总干渠水头优化分配方案,确定了3个渠段之间的水头分配值以及各段内分段渠道和各个建筑物的水头分配值,并对方案进行了验证.     

淠史杭灌区水资源优化调度实践与思考

淠史杭灌区是新中国成立后建立起来的大型灌区,灌区工程包括大别山区的佛子岭、磨子潭、响洪甸、梅山、龙河口以及刚刚开工兴建的白莲崖等6座大型水库.已建成的5座大型水库集水面积为6350km2,总库容66.61亿m3;灌区内库塘堰坝21万余座,其中中小型水库1047座,有效库容12.3亿m3;外水补给泵站39座,一级提水能力109m3/s.     

Water Allocation in Transboundary River Basins under Water Scarcity: a Cooperative Bargaining Approach

Transboundary river basins are one of the main sources of fresh water which are facing water scarcity. When transboundary water is contested not only the allocation outcomes matter but also the allocation process should possess a certain desirable properties such as flexibility and sustainability. Therefore designing a mechanism that possesses these desirable characteristics and allocates the contested water resource is important as well. This article proposed a water allocation framework by combining the bankruptcy theory with asymmetric Nash bargaining solution concept for solving the water sharing problem in transboundary river basins under scarcity. Furthermore, the allocation framework was applied to the Nile river basin and to a hypothetical water scarce transboundary river basin. The results obtained were then compared with the allocation outcomes from classical bankruptcy allocation rules. The results showed that the proposed method can provide insights which could be useful for obtaining water allocation outcomes which are easier to implement and enforce under water scarce conditions.

     

Optimal Water Allocation from Subsurface Dams: A Risk-Based Optimization Approach

Subsurface dams, strongly advocated in the 1992 United Nations Agenda-21, have been widely studied to increase groundwater storage capacity. However, an optimal allocation of augmented water with the construction of the subsurface dams to compensate for the water shortage during dry periods has not so far been investigated. This study, therefore, presents a risk-based simulation–optimization framework to determine optimal water allocation with subsurface dams, which minimizes the risk of water shortage in different climatic conditions. The developed framework was evaluated in Al-Aswad falaj, an ancient water supply system in which a gently sloping underground channel was dug to convey water from an aquifer via the gravity force to the surface for irrigation of downstream agricultural zones. The groundwater dynamics were modeled using MODFLOW UnStructured-Grid. The data of boreholes were used to generate a three-dimensional stratigraphic model, which was used to define materials and elevations of five-layer grid cells. The validated groundwater model was employed to assess the effects of the subsurface dam on the discharge of the falaj. A Conditional Value-at-Risk optimization model was also developed to minimize the risk of water shortage for the augmented discharge on downstream agricultural zones. Results show that discharge of the falaj is significantly augmented with a long-term average increase of 46.51%. Moreover, it was found that the developed framework decreases the water shortage percentage in 5% of the worst cases from 87%, 75%, and 32% to 53%, 32%, and 0% under the current and augmented discharge in dry, normal, and wet periods, respectively.

     

跨流域调水水权分配与水市场运行机制初步探讨

为了保证调水工程正常运行,更有效地提高调水的利用效率,建立水权制度和水市场是必要的。根据国内外水权管理及水市场应用的理论和实践,探讨了跨流域调水初始水权分配、水权交易及水市场运行机制和制度化建设框架,提出了跨流域调水初始水权分配方法、水市场的3级结构。讨论了交易价格、水市场的运行模式和应注意的问题。