Of Dreamliners and Drinking Water: Developing Risk Regulation and a Safety Culture for Direct Potable Reuse

Direct potable water reuse (DPR), the injection of highly purified wastewater into drinking water systems, is among the newest, and most controversial, methods for augmenting water supplies. DPR is garnering increasing interest, but does not come without risks. This paper examines the notion that emerging regulation of DPR may lack sufficient attention to a particular class of risks: catastrophic risks with low probabilities of occurrence, but high consequences. It may be instructive for proponents of DPR that such consequences have materialized in other industries, with damage to human welfare and to the industries themselves. We develop brief histories of risk regulation from the aviation, offshore oil, and nuclear industries, drawing out relevant lessons for the emerging DPR field. We argue that proponents of DPR could benefit from proactively developing a safety culture in DPR utilities and establishing an effective industry-wide auditing organization that investigates unanticipated system failures. Developing independent oversight for DPR operation could ensure that stringent quality and management requirements are set and enforced, and that any system failures or “near misses” are investigated and adequately responded to.     

Increasing Water System Robustness in the Netherlands: Potential of Cross-Sectoral Water Reuse

Water Resources Management - Water reuse has the potential to substantially reduce the demand on groundwater and surface water. This study presents a method to evaluate the potential of water reuse...     

循环水排污水回用试验研究

针对循环水排污水的特点,对回用预处理中可能出现的问题进行了分析.通过试验研究,提出了一些回用系统设计与运行方面值得注意的问题及其解决思路.     

实施城市污水回用促进水资源可持续利用

文中针对我国水资源短缺以及水污染的严重问题,提出城市污水回用是解决水资源短缺的必由之路.从经济和技术角度分析了城市污水回用的可行性,从城市污水处理回用的工艺角度,通过反复比较,为实现城市污水回用,保障水资源的可持续性利用提出了可行的方案.     

国外回收水再利用水质标准和处理要求

2003年7月，淮河流域发生大洪水，根据国家有关部门的统一安排，适时地启用了国家级洪涝灾害遥感监测业务运行系统，对这次大洪水进行了及时有效的动态监测，比较好地跟踪了洪水推进过程。既为国家综合及直接责任部门准确了解判断汛情提供了方便，也为基层及一线防汛指挥人员的工作提供了技术支撑。     

The Optimal Reuse of Reclaimed Water: A Mathematical Model Analysis

As recycling effluent from municipal sewage plants is technically a feasible way, this paper presents a mathematical model to analyze the extent to which effluent should be reclaimed for industrial use and examine the factor affecting reuse of reclaimed water. The resulting data shows that the low price of fresh water leads to reduced use of reclaimed water and impedes the investment of the effluent purification plant. A mandated regulation on the substitution rate of reclaimed water is suggested to impose on the industry. Theoretically, the optimal substitution rate as well as the water quality is determined by maximizing the total social welfare that results from the construction of conveyance channels and effluent purification plants. A case example is employed to derive the optimal substitution rate and water quality of reclaimed water. Through the numerical analysis, an effluent plant for treating 20,000 kl/day effluent with the substitution rate of 21.24 % is selected as the optimal solution.     

Problems of Management and Reuse of Waste Water in Agriculture

ABSTRACT

Responsibility for water resources is shared between the federal and provincial governments. Education is primarily a provincial responsibility, but the federal government does provide financial support to colleges and universities and is a major source of research funds for the Universities.

Training for water technicians is provided at community colleges. In universities, education programs oriented to water are available in engineering, science and social science. At the undergraduate level, students are introduced to a variety of water problems, but are not able to specialize in water. Specialization normally occurs during graduate programs. Several interdisciplinary graduate programs and research centres or institutes provide alternative ways for students and faculty to address water problems.

Water research attracts interest from the federal and provincial governments, the universities, and the private sector. The federal government provides nearly 75% of the funding for water research, and in turn consumes about 50% of available research funds. Measured in constant dollars, research funding for water has been decreasing in Canada during the 1980's. Water quality and protection was receiving over 50% of all research funds by the mid 1980's. Second in importance was research on the water cycle, although funding for that aspect of water research has fallen by over 20% since the mid 1960's.

The reality of fragmentation of responsibility for water and education, and the presence of diverse interests, suggests that a national strategy for water resources research is needed if resources are to be allocated and used effectively. The federal government needs to show initiative if a national strategy is to be developed.     

水厂生产废水回收工艺及其对出水水质的影响

通过总结国内外水厂生产废水回用的研究进展与运行经验 ,论述了该领域国内外存在的差距与需要注意的方面。并针对国内原水受到污染的现状 ,研究了污泥有机物含量较高对废水回用的影响 ,同时提出了相应的对策     

Groundwater Vulnerability and the Reuse of Water,with Reference to Saudi Arabia

It is noted that an integrated water supply system incorporating surface water, groundwater and recycled water is essential and that in the definition of groundwater resources consideration should be given to the inclusion of some brackish and saline waters. The abstraction of groundwater in Saudi Arabia, irrespective of quality, is a mining operation so that increasing emphasis will need to be placed on desalinization and the recycling of sewage and industrial waste waters. Aspects of the reuse of such waters are discussed with respect to aquifer protection and aquifer value as a storage medium.     

污水资源化与山西省农业可持续发展

随着经济的迅速发展和城市人口的不断增加，工业废水和城市生活污水的排放量日趋增大，21世纪全球将面临严重的水资源短缺。洪涝灾害严重、水资源供需失衡、水环境恶化三大水资源问题，已成为影响我国21世纪农业可持续发展的主要因素。本文根据我省污水排放及利用现状，提出以开发新水源为谋求农业可持续发展的途径，并介绍了污水处理的一些方法，为研究开发污水处理与污水资源化紧密结合起来的高新技术提供了参考。     

Comparison of Direct and Indirect Boundary Shear Stress Measurements along Vegetated Streambanks

Estimates of boundary shear stress along vegetated streambanks are needed to predict streambank fluvial erosion. Because fluvial shear stress cannot be directly measured in the field, reliable estimation techniques using field instrumentation are needed. This study evaluated local bank shear stress estimation methods applicable to sloping, vegetated streambanks. Two reaches of a second order stream were modelled in a flume using a fixed‐bed Froude‐scale modelling technique. One reach was dominated by dense shrubs while the other reach was located in a mature forest. Direct measurements of local bank shear stress using a hot‐film anemometer were compared to estimates based on velocity measurements (logarithmic method, Reynolds stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy). For channels with no or widely spaced vegetation, the velocity‐based estimates underestimated the bank shear stress due to secondary flow contributions. For banks with dense vegetation, Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy estimates were statistically similar to direct measurements on average, but substantial error occurred when making point comparisons. Velocity‐based estimates generally over predicted bank stress in areas of high shear at the vegetation edge and underpredicted stress within dense vegetation. Ultimately, results suggest that none of tested techniques can be broadly applied to streambanks, and flow structure is critical in selecting the appropriate estimation technique. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西安市工业需水量预测及污水回用于工业研究

随着城市化与工业化水平的不断提高，水资源短缺问题日益突出，工业需水量的合理预测已成为城市供水和水资源规划极其重要的部分，以西安市为研究对象，对其主要工业需水量采用灰色预测理论进行了预测研究。根据灰色预测理论预测结果确定西安市未来年份的工业需水量，依托西安市第四轮城市总体规划建成的15个污水厂，通过城市污水回用来解决西安市未来工业需水量需求。     

对水利的认识与思考

目前，我国水利总体上还比较粗放，大部分工程都比较简陋，水资源浪费十分严重，管理水平较低，我国水利还面临着很多问题。如洪涝灾害、水资源紧缺、生态环境恶化、水污染等。针对中国水利面临的问题和中国水利事业的发展现状，探讨性的提出了水利事业的发展方略。     

阳泉市中水回用现状及发展初探

介绍了阳泉市水污染现状及中水回用情况,提出了探索中水回用的对策措施,为解决阳泉市水资源短缺提供了有效途径。     

Wastewater Reuse as Means to Optimize the Use of Water Resources in the West Bank

Abstract

The increase in demand for the limited raw water resources in the Palestinian Territories has led to the proposals for use of treated wastewater as one alternative for alleviating water shortages and for optimizing the use of water resources. Wastewater reuse is a multi-discipline and important element of water resources development. Wastewater usage releases high quality water for drinking and other purposes. Quantitative, economic, and social aspects related to wastewater reuse in the West Bank are discussed. Through analyses of the estimated cost and expected water quantities, the paper investigates the economic feasibility of wastewater reuse. Social acceptance is elicited by means of questionnaires, which have been applied to farmers and inhabitants in different areas of the West Bank. Wastewater reuse can compensate for about 10 percent of irrigated agriculture, which contributes 35 percent of the total value of the Palestinian agricultural sector. The paper presents an analysis of the main aspects of wastewater reuse and defines an approach to the beneficial use of wastewater as a component that should be considered in the strategy for the overall management of water resources in the Palestinian Territories.     

论水权理论的指导性与实践性

对水权、水市场理论进行了具体辨析,研究总结了水权水市场理论在国内外的应用实践经验,为我国未来水利发展中水权水市场理论的应用提出了合理化建议。     

非饱和土渗透系数直接试验法和间接计算法

利用改进的非饱和土三轴仪对黄河大堤非饱和土进行了土-水特性试验,根据土-水特征曲线计算得到渗透系数.利用非饱和土三轴渗透装置进行渗透特性试验得到渗透系数-基质吸力关系,并对由间接计算和直接试验得到的渗透系数进行相对误差分析,结果表明:围压为100～400 kPa、体积含水量为0.07～0.23时,两种方法所得渗透系数非常接近,误差不大于10%.直接试验法所得渗透系数可靠,但试验难度大,耗时长,代价高;间接计算法所得渗透系数存在误差,但试验较为简单,耗时较少.     

A New Approach to the Optimal Design of a Reclaimed Urban Water Reuse System

Water Resources Management - It is strategically important to optimize the pipe network used for reclaimed urban water reuse. A large and complex system model is developed, with the minimum total...