Priority Water Rights for Irrigation at the River Basin Level. Do They Improve Economic Efficiency During Drought Periods?

This paper assesses the potential efficiency gains of reforming the water rights regime in the Spanish agricultural sector by replacing current allocation procedures based on the proportional rule with a priority allocation procedure based on two tiers of security-differentiated water rights. This assessment is useful for evaluating whether said change in water rights can be considered a suitable policy instrument to improve water management during droughts events. For this purpose, a mathematical programming model is built to simulate the performance of the proposed reform. The empirical analysis is implemented at the basin scale, where water rights holders are highly heterogeneous, considering different climate scenarios accounting for changes in water supply reliability. The Guadalquivir River Basin (GRB) in southern Spain is used as a case study. The results obtained show that this change in the water allocation regime would yield only modest economic efficiency gains under the current climate scenario. However, it is also evidenced that this policy instrument could play a more relevant role as an efficiency enhancer in a climate change scenario, given that more frequent and intense drought episodes are expected. Moreover, priority rights represent an interesting risk management instrument for farmers, allowing the most vulnerable farmers to reduce income volatility. These findings suggest that the combined implementation of the proposed shift in the allocation regime with spot or allocation water markets would lead to successful outcomes, significantly improving drought management in the irrigation sector.

     

石羊河流域水权管理制度框架研究

石羊河流域地处内陆干旱区,是典型的资源性缺水地区。水权制度建设是优化水资源配置的基础工作,将区域水权分配与行业取水许可管理有机结合,对高效配置水资源,建立和完善流域水市场,实现流域水资源的可持续利用和经济社会的发展有重要的现实意义。本文以石羊河流域水资源开发利用现状为依据,尊重历史,承认现实,统筹生产、生活和生态用水,提出流域的水权内涵、界定原则和初始水权分配方案;并对开展流域水权交易和水权管理的制度体系建设提出了相关建议,为石羊河流域水资源合理配置,确定水权分配方案,开展水权交易,建设水权管理制度等提供理论依据。     

海河流域水权制度建设及其实践

海河流域目前开展的水权制度建设,是从流域内单个流域或水系考虑,分别进行各自的水资源配置。海河流域水资源匮乏,供需矛盾突出,水事纠纷频繁发生。为了缓解流域的水资源问题,修建了大量的供水工程,这些工程对水量的再分配起了重要作用,同时也将改变区域的水资源配置方案。如引滦入津工程,南水北调工程等等。随着不同供水工程的建设,区域的水量分配方案也处在一个不断调整的过程中。同时,一些规划的实施,也对水资源管理和水量配置提出了要求。     

大凌河流域初始水权分配实践评价

结合大凌河流域初始水权分配实践,从分配范围、分配机制、分配原则、分配模型等方面,对现有研究成果进行全面梳理。在此基础上,结合大凌河流域特点,借鉴我国流域水资源配置评价指标体系,从公平性、效率性、可持续发展、政府宏观调控4个维度,设计了一套水权分配评价指标体系,进而构建了初始水权分配实践效果的耦合评价模型,并应用于大凌河流域。结果表明,在政府和大凌河流域水行政管理部门的宏观调控作用下,通过加强大凌河流域所在区域的政治民主协商,流域内各区域水权分配结果充分体现了与其社会经济发展之间的匹配性,且各区域之间的耦合协同发展效度均达到较高水平。     

Optimal Development of Agricultural Sectors in the Basin Based on Economic Efficiency and Social Equality

The limitation of freshwater resources and the growing demand for water, make the issue of water resource development planning and water allocation among stakeholders even more important. Ideally, water allocation should be economically efficient and socially equitable. In this study, a water allocation model is presented in an integrated framework that considers the interaction of water supply and demand according to economic and social factors. To achieve this, a reliability-based multi-objective optimization - simulation approach has been employed. The objective functions of the problem are: 1) maximizing GDP from agricultural sectors and 2) maximizing social equality in different provinces of the basin (measured using the Williamson coefficient). The fair development and allocation among the shared provinces in the basin can reduce conflicts in the region. Karkheh basin has been considered as a case study and decision variables of the problem are area under cultivation of agricultural development sectors in different provinces. The results show that, without harming the income of the agricultural sector, the spatial distribution of development projects can be done in such a way that equality (according to income level and the number of people working in each province) is achieved. One of the solutions of Pareto front compared to previous studies shows that, in addition to an increase of about 12% of the objective function 1 (GDP), the value of the objective function 2 (Williamson coefficient) decreased from 1.19 to 0.98. This indicates a decrease in income inequality among the provinces of the basin.

     

Adjustable Robust Optimization for Multi-Period Water Allocation in Droughts Under Uncertainty

Optimal water resource allocation can go some way to overcoming water deficiencies; however, its achievement is complex due to conflicting hierarchies and uncertainties, such as water availability (WA) and water demand (WD). This study develops a robust water withdrawal scheme for drought regions that can balance the trade-offs between the sub-areas and water use participants, ensure sustainable regional system development, and guarantee robust solutions for future uncertainties. A bi-level affinely adjustable robust counterpart (AARC) programming framework was developed in which the regional authority as the leader allocates water to the sub-areas to maximize the intra- and intergenerational equity, and the sub-areas as the followers allocate water to their respective water departments to maximize their economic benefits and minimize water shortages. A case study from Neijiang, China, is given to illustrate the applicability and feasibility of this framework. The novelty of this study is to propose a sustainable bi-level AARC regional water allocation framework which integrates intra- and inter-generational equity of regional water use and priority rules reflected by goal preference programming between water departments under uncertainties of WA and WD simultaneously in water deficient regions.

     

Second World Congress on Engineering and Environment

ABSTRACT

Mexico's development has been tightly linked with water From the 1917 Political Constitution, where water was declared to be of national proprietorship, several federal laws have been enacted to promote development and regulate water use. Changes provoked by urban and industrial growth have influenced water quality and availability, making today's water management a task beyond government, where all actors in society must play a role.

In this framework River Basin Councils are an open and plural forum, in which f ederal, state, and municipal governments, water users, and society participate in water management. The first River Basin Council created in Mexico as an answer to water scarcity and pollution was Lerma-Chapala, in a populated, urban-rural river basin. To this day, this river basin organism is a successful venture with considerable advances in water allocation and treatment facilities, made possible by means of a regional spirit of responsibility and solidarity to solve a complex water agenda of priorities.

Mexico has assumed a commitment to implement at least thirteen River Basin Councils throughout the country. They will form a valuable asset to successfully cope with future challenges in the water sector     

初始水权分配可视化系统研究与应用

采用MVC设计模式、AAF框架技术、知识图以及组件复用技术研究水权分配的可视化应用系统.以无定河流域的经济发展和水资源概况为研究对象,结合信息化技术,从初始水权分配需求出发,制订流域初始水权分配的可视化应用系统.结果表明该系统的建立能够快速地对初始水权进行分配和动态调整,可为管理部门提供一种方便、快捷的水权分配系统.     

黑河流域水权制度建设与思考

黑河流域水权制度建设的内容有三个方面:黑河干流分水方案,张掖市节水型社会建设,试点灌区水权制度建设及用水户协会建设。黑河流域水权制度建设的特点有:通过试点逐步完善水权制度建设;以水量方式体现水权,完成水资源从流域到区域的初始化配置;以节水工程建设带动管理措施的落实,全面提高水权分配的保障能力;以水量分配确定经济社会发展的模式和规模,促进节水型社会建设;农民通过水票获得配置水量的权利,促进了水权交易。     

Management of Water Resources

Abstract

Recent reforms in water resources management in the Murray-Darling Basin are discussed from the perspective of water allocation, water rights, irrigation, and the environment, with particular reference to differences between details in the states of Victoria and New South Wales. A similar review of water resources management is made for Vietnam with some further discussion of the new water law of 1998. Contextual differences are discussed and the opportunities for Vietnam to make use of Australian experience are briefly analysed.     

浙江宁波市北仑区岩泰水系生态调水研究

分析了宁波市北仑区岩泰水系实施生态调水可行性,针对河网特性,建立了调水模型,拟定不同生态调水方案,并进行计算分析和评价,得出较优调水方案。结果表明,北仑区岩泰水系利用生态调水可有效改善水环境。     

Interstate Water Conflicts and Individual Rights

Abstract

This study addresses the right of individuals to participate in equitable apportionment actions in the United States Supreme Court involving the allocation of interstate water resources. Given the scope of the parens patriae doctrine, the state represents the interests of all of the state's citizens. This limits the role of individuals to that of amicus curiae (“friend of the court”). Furthermore, any allocation of interstate water resources is likely to be a mass allocation to the state parties to the litigation. Such an allocation may not be sufficient to fulfill all of the demands for water in the respective states. Finally, after noting that individual water rights are “incomplete” forms of property rights that derive from the rights of the state, the study concludes that it may be in the best interest of individual water users to attempt to resolve interstate water conflicts by means other than litigation in the Supreme Court.     

西辽河流域水资源合理配置研究

在现有的水资源配置研究成果基础上,运用运筹学方法和规则模型方法,构建了面向经济耗水与生态耗水总量控制的基于优化技术的水资源配置模型和基于规则的水资源配置模型,结合西辽河流域实际情况,根据水资源＂三次平衡＂的配置思想,通过不同组合方案的长系列逐月调节计算,提出不同规划水平年水资源配置系列成果,实现了优化模型与规则模型相互校验和印证,使水资源配置结果科学合理和简单实用,为编制西辽河流域水资源综合规划和实施最严格的水资源管理制度提供了重要依据。     

石羊河流域水权制度建设分析及存在问题

石羊河流域水权制度建设主要包括三个方面:区域初始水权制度建设,农民初始水权配置的探索,初始水权配置技术支撑条件的实践创新。建设分为两个阶段:一个是以时分水阶段,一个是以量分水阶段。石羊河流域水权制度建设存在的问题有:规划(方案)缺乏衔接,制度建设薄弱和农民用水者协会的性质模糊。     

A Fair Approach for Multi-Objective Water Resources Allocation

Due to the effect of climate change, rapid population growth and widespread water pollution, fresh water becomes an increasingly scarce natural resource. Optimal allocation of water resources is one of the most effective resolutions to deal with rising water demand and insufficient freshwater resources. This study proposes a fair approach for water resources allocation by employing the Sperner’s lemma to solve the conflicts of different objectives and those of competing regions. A multi-objective optimal allocation model is firstly formulated to generate the Pareto frontier surface, which maximizes the economic interest while minimizing the amount of organic pollutants. Subsequently, the approach searches for acceptable allocation schemes over the Pareto frontier surfaces through the total water quantity and envy-free constraints. The proposed model is applied to the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang river basin in China. Results indicate that water allocation between multi-region can achieve Nash equilibrium by using the water conflict resolution method to select fair water allocation schemes, in which each region obtains its preferred water quantity. The proposed approach is proved effective for water resources management in the case study and demonstrates the potential for effective application in other basins.

     

Principal-subordinate hierarchical multi-objective programming model of initial water rights allocation

The principal-subordinate hierarchical multi-objective programming model of initial water rights allocation was developed based on the principle of coordinated and sustainable development of different regions and water sectors within a basin. With the precondition of strictly controlling maximum emissions rights, initial water rights were allocated between the first and the second levels of the hierarchy in order to promote fair and coordinated development across different regions of the basin and coordinated and efficient water use across different water sectors, realize the maximum comprehensive benefits to the basin, promote the unity of quantity and quality of initial water rights allocation, and eliminate water conflict across different regions and water sectors. According to interactive decision-making theory, a principal-subordinate hierarchical interactive iterative algorithm based on the satisfaction degree was developed and used to solve the initial water rights allocation model. A case study verified the validity of the model.     

流域初始水权配置方法研究进展

针对流域初始水权配置这一多区域、多用水行业参与的半结构性、多层次、多目标复杂系统决策问题,总结已有研究成果,在对流域初始水权配置内涵进行界定的基础上,系统剖析流域初始水权的配置机制及其优缺点。结合流域初始水权配置机制,对流域初始水权配置原则、不同配置机制下配置模型的研究进行系统综述,并进一步探讨了流域初始水权配置中有待解决的相关问题。     

霍林河流域水权制度建设特点及思考

霍林河流域初始水权分配试点的主要工作内容,是霍林河流域水量分配方案的编制,即以现状用水为基础,考虑发展需求,按照分水原则制定出一套省(自治区)际水量分配成果。在下游生态用水和上游工业用水的权衡中,将湿地作为用水户进行水量分配,分配相对充足的水量以保证湿地生态。在工业用水和农业用水分配方案中,优先考虑农业用水。本次水量分配方案考虑了弱势方的基本权利保障,为后续的水权制度建设奠定了基础。     

人工调控强烈地区水污染物排放总量控制与分配方法

以海河流域下游某市为例,结合排污去向和污染控制单元对水污染物排放总量控制的分配方法进行研究,提出适合于人工影响强烈地区的"行业一级优化虚拟分配,控制单元二级容量分配"的水污染物排放总量控制方案,并依据水污染源点源的排放去向特征及其管理功能,将控制范围划分为自然地表水体控制区域与非自然地表水体控制区域,对自然地表水体控制区域实施容量总量控制,而对非自然地表水体控制区域主要以目标总量控制为主,不同区域采用不同的污染物控制方法。     

不确定性多目标模糊规划在水资源优化配置中的应用

在充分考虑水资源系统中供需水不确定性的基础上,基于多目标规划、模糊规划和区间规划原理,以经济效益、社会效益和环境效益最大为目标,以需水量、可供水量和不同子区用水部门间的用水公平性为主要约束,构建一种适用于多水源、多子区、多用户的考虑供需水不确定性的多目标模糊规划模型,以期通过平衡水资源配置系统中用户配置水量、缺水风险与系统收益三者的关系,实现系统综合效益最大。模型以衡水市历年供水、用水及社会经济等数据确定规划年的水资源参数及经济参数,采用区间参数反映系统中的不确定性,通过引入模糊隶属度函数,利用两步交互式算法,将多目标规划转化为单目标规划进行求解,以2025年为衡水市规划水平年,得到规划水平年下的11个子区、4种水源、4个用水行业的最优配水方案。结果表明：本研究制定的水资源优化配置方案可实现“外调水优先利用、地下水控制利用”,同时考虑用水的公平性约束后,在缺水条件下可有效控制水资源向每立方米水效益高的区域和部门流动,有利于多区域、多部门共担缺水风险;该水资源优化配置方案可有效缓解衡水市水资源供需矛盾,实现多水源和多目标之间的协同互补。研究成果可为河北省其他县域的水资源优化配置提供技术参...