浅析水资源水权与水利工程供水权

水资源水权与水利工程供水权实质是水权的两个方面。水资源水权是国家的政治权力；水利工程供水权是所有者的财产权力。水资源水权的实质就是全面收取水费，水利工程供水水权就是水费变水价。两种水权承担的义务分别是治理弃水（洪水等）、防治退水（废污水等）。要确保防洪安全，水环境洁净，加强水的统一管理。     

Virtual Water and an EKC for Water Pollution

This paper includes country level virtual water data in an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for water pollution. Virtual water accounts for the total amount of water required to produce a good in all stages of production. This paper constructs a water independence index, defined as the water required in domestic production divided by the amount of water required for all imported goods. Results suggest an increase in trade openness and importing water intensive goods may lower water pollution levels.     

Optimal Water Metering and Pricing

Marginal cost pricing of running water and sewerage services haslong been the default recommendation of economists and natural resource specialists to firms and local governments. However, optimal water rate calculation considering the optimal number ofmeters has not been thoroughly treated in the literature. The socially optimal number of meters crucially depends on the price of water charged by the Water Company. This is because whether or not metering is justified in economic terms will depend on the decline in water consumption and therefore in water production costs. This paper combines the optimal pricing and theoptimal metering issues in one optimization problem. Both in a centralized and in a decentralized way, the optimal number of meters is determined simultaneously with the optimal per unit water rate. The Rateable Value System (RV) (i.e. the Status Quo or benchmark regime) is confronted with Universal Metering (UM),Optimal Metering (OM) and Decentralized Metering (DM) in terms of optimal water rates and the socially optimal number of meters.Except for RV, the results of (UM), (OM) and (DM) all suggest that price should be set equal to marginal cost and that the optimal number of meters will be determined by a functional form combining water, metering costs and water demand characteristics. Conclusions and policy recommendations are drawn from the theoretical analysis.     

以节水灌溉为中心的农村水利科技发展趋势与研究重点

当前国内外以节水灌溉为中心的农村水利科技发展趋势与特点表现为：（1）灌溉系统规模化，施工手段机械化；（2）管理手段现代化与自动化；（2）设备产品的标准化、系列化、通用化与产业化；（4）节水灌溉技术与农业措施相结合，配合大中型灌区以节水灌溉为中心的技术改造是近期农村水利科技的主要任务，重点研究内容包括：（1）灌溉水资源合理开发与优化配置技术研究；（2）农田水分转化规律与非充分灌溉机理研究；（3）高效输水灌溉系统关键技术研究与设备开发；（4）农业高效用水管理技术研究与设备开发；（5）田间节水灌溉关键技术研究与设备开发；（6）改善农田生态环境关键技术研究；（7）节水灌溉综合技术试验示范区建设。     

黄河流域水环境现状与水资源可持续利用

以水资源的可持续利用支持经济社会的可持续发展，是当今的治水思路。水资源短缺、水污染严重是黄河水资源管理中面临的主要问题。针对黄河流域水环境状况，根据可持续发展的内涵、基本点以及原则，从保护黄河水资源的角度提出了保证水资源可持续利用的具体措施：①完善黄河水资源管理法规体系；②进行流域水资源统一管理；③加强水量水质统一监测；④建立水量水质联防队伍；⑤实行水资源总量控制；⑥开展洪水资源化研究；⑦开展污染物在汇流面上的运行规律研究；⑧加强清洁生产和节水减污工作；⑨发挥水资源的经济杠杆作用；⑩加强珍惜水资源的宣传工作。     

Pricing and Water Resource Allocation Scheme for the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China

The eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD-ER) project is a massive-scale interbasin system to transfer water from the Yangtze River to North China. With the infrastructure construction close to completion, the project is now faced with many complicated operations management problem at different levels. The problems are unique in that, on the one hand, the project is expected to be financially self-sustainable by charging water usages, and on the other hand, the water price is regulated for its nature as a social product. One such problem is to achieve a rational water allocation among different users by appropriate pricing schemes. In this paper, we study how to use a two-tier pricing scheme to balance the water allocation by using a Stackelberg game model. From the study, we find that (1) the Stackelberg game always has equilibrium solutions to balance the benefit of every party in the system, which implies that the two-tier pricing scheme can effectively coordinate the water allocation; (2) the two-tier pricing scheme can also result in multiple desirable by-products such as encouraging the implementation of water saving mechanism and giving the local water users certain priority; and (3) the government can adjust the pricing parameters to control and balance the profit of every party. As such we conclude that the two-tier pricing scheme is an effective way that integrates both the government control and market powers to ensure the public interest and the economic benefit, which is suitable for SNWD-ER project.     

Water Saving and Energy Reduction through Pressure Management in Urban Water Distribution Networks

Water shortages and climate change are worldwide issues. Reduction in water leakage in distribution networks as well as the associated energy saving and environmental impacts have recently received increased attention by scientists and water industries. Pressure management has been proposed as a cost-effective approach for reduction in water leakage. This study conducted a real-world water pressure regulation experiment to establish the pressure-leakage relationship in a district metering area (DMA) of the water distribution network in Beijing, China. Results showed that flow into the DMA was sensitive to inlet water pressure. A 5.6 m reduction in inlet pressure (from 38.8 m to 33.2 m) led to an 83 % reduction (12.1 l/s) in minimal night flow, which is a good approximator of leakage. These reductions resulted in 62,633 m³ of water saved every year for every km pipe, as well as associated savings of 1.1?×?10⁶ MJ of energy and 68 t of CO₂ equivalent greenhouse gas emissions. The results of this study provide decision makers with advice for reducing leakage in water distribution networks with associated energy and environmental benefits.     

Influence of Intermittent and Continuous Modes of Water Supply on Domestic Water Consumption

In developing countries, water distribution systems are designed for continuous water supply (CWS) with peak factor between 2.0 and 3.0. While in practice, water is supplied for restricted hours in the morning and evening hours for various reasons. One of the assumption is that under intermittent water supply (IWS), water consumption in residential areas is less compared to CWS. A study was conducted in four Indian cities to evaluate influence of IWS and CWS on domestic water consumption. The selected water distribution system (WDS) represents specific situation in each city. Water consumption data was repeatedly collected through water meter readings in all the cities. The same WDS was switched over to CWS for few months with prior information to the residents. Water consumption was again measured under CWS mode of operation. Statistical analysis of water consumption was done for all the four cities under both modes of operation. The study indicates that domestic water consumption depends on adequacy of water supply, under IWS mode of operation. Water consumption do not change appreciably under CWS, if consumers water demand is satisfied under IWS.     

韩国水资源与水环境管理总体计划

对韩国水资源与水环境管理总体计划情况做了介绍，对韩国的地形地貌和水文特性进行了简要说明，对5个水资源长期总体计划的要点进行了回顾，对洪水预报与径流，冲刷与淤积，供水与排水，生态水力学与河流恢复四类水问题的历史和发展趋势进行了描述，通过对韩国水资源协会会刊的分析，对水资源研究进行了分类，对通过改进水资源技术解决缺水问题的21世纪探索性研究计划，按照基本概念和研究课题进行了介绍。     

Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon

Cameroon is blessed with abundant water resources. Rapid population increase, unplanned urbanisation, intensive industrial and socio-economic development have led to poor and unsustainable management of these resources. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a promising approach in ensuring sustainable management of Cameroon’s water resources. It entails management of water for various purposes and not for a single purpose which therefore involves different stake holders aiming at achieving sustainable water resources management. This paper seeks to evaluate recent efforts to implement in IWRM in Cameroon by examining the institutional framework for IWRM in Cameroon, conditions for the implementation of IWRM and proposes reforms for improving IWRM in Cameroon. The paper concludes that reforms such as public participation at local council levels, recognition of water as both an economic and a social good, putting IWRM within the larger context of Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) and the exploitation of mathematical models within hydrological basins will improve IWRM in Cameroon.     

长江科学院流域水环境和水生态研究回顾与展望

简要介绍了长江科学院在流域水环境与水生态研究方向近 10 年来取得的主要科研成果。重点阐述了在健康长江、生态需水及生态调度、水利水电工程的生态环境影响、水域纳污能力计算与评价、水环境监测及突发性水污染应急事故、水环境模拟、面源污染监控与防治等方面的创新研究成果,最后对流域水环境和水生态的研究进行了展望。     

Sensor Partitioning Placements via Random Walk and Water Quality and Leakage Detection Models within Water Distribution Systems

A novel sensor partitioning placement model is presented to evenly distribute sensors to water distribution systems (WDS) for monitoring leakages and contamination. First, random walk community detection (RWCD) is used to divide WDS into different partitions. Then, an extended period leakage detection (EPLD) model is presented. The total leakage detection and the average time of leakage detection are used as objective functions for pressure sensor placement. Next, the extended period water quality detection (EPWQD) model is presented. The total intrusion detection, the average percentage of clean water, and the average time of water quality detection are used as objective functions for water quality sensor placement. Evolutionary algorithm (EA) modules are applied to optimize the locations of pressure and water quality sensors. Seven networks are employed to verify the practicability of the model. The results show that leakage and intrusion detection rate is up to 85% during 24 h, and the average percentage of clean water is up to 0.9 in these cases. Finally, the model compares the leakage zone identification (LZI) and the water quality sensor placement strategy (WQSPS) models. The total detection number, the total average time of detection, and the total average percentage of clean water have been improved. Therefore, this model is a high-potential way of sensor placement.

Graphical Abstract

     

长江科学院流域水环境与水生态研究进展及展望

简要介绍了长江科学院流域水环境研究所创建十年来的发展历程,系统总结了10 a来的主要进展和创新成果。①建立了功能齐全的水环境及水生态实验室,通过国家计量认证体系的指标有130余项,覆盖了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)规定的109项指标,建成了先进的流域水环境数值模拟平台,建成了河湖生态修复技术中试试验场;②特色研究成果包括:基于水沙过程的多面源营养物质输移机理与生态防治、水沙调控下大型水库磷输送特征、长江流域典型水域特殊污染物赋存特征及生态风险、长江源区主要鱼类栖息地形成机制、高原河湖水环境变化特征、饮用水水源地水质监测分析和保护管理、农村水电生态环境影响评价与对策、河湖水系连通的生态水文过程模拟和风险评价等;③主要的技术成果包括:湖库富营养化水体移动式水质净化系统、微电流电解抑藻技术、镉污染土壤生态水利修复技术、农村分散式供水的微电流电解灭菌技术、选铜尾砂改性及资源化利用技术等。最后,分析了水环境研究所发展中存在的不足,针对新时期面临的形势,对下一步研究重点进行了分析和展望。     

Water megaprojects in deserts and drylands

Water megaprojects reconfigure the conception and use of desert landscapes. Driven by limited water resources, increasing demand and growing populations, projects are framed by statements of water delivered, end-users served and local benefits. Decision-making processes, socio-economic costs and environmental implications receive less attention. Research examines the motivations involved and evaluates the challenges of water megaprojects in deserts, including the Great Manmade River (Libya), the South-to-North Water Transfer Scheme (China), the Central Arizona Project (United States) and the Greater Anatolia Project (Turkey), and assesses related projects exemplifying the diversity of water projects in drylands. Their viability and efficacy depends on human motivations and interpretations.     

基于耗水视角的水资源承载能力及其支撑流域调水规模研究

为科学地评价流域水资源承载能力,提出耗水视角下水资源支撑的最大经济规模和最大人口规模指标,构建了考虑流域节水、调水的水资源承载能力评判模型。以汉江流域为例,分别对流域不同水平年、不同调水规模情景下的水资源承载能力进行综合评判。结果表明:2020年、2030年规划水平年,流域在实施南水北调中线工程一期调出水量95亿m³、引汉济渭工程调出水量10亿m³ 后,流域水资源不仅仍能维持本流域发展,还能向外流域调出的最大水量分别为19.7亿m³和15.6亿m³。然而,2030年加大调水规模,实施南水北调中线工程调出水量130亿m³后,流域水资源不足以维持流域内社会经济的可持续发展,需要考虑外流域补水。在此基础上,基于协同学理论,构建考虑耗水因素的水资源承载系统序参量,建立协调度评估模型,以汉江流域襄阳地区为例从宏观层面评估水资源支撑流域社会经济发展态势。结果表明,襄阳地区水资源承载能力协调态势在2011—2017年间由较不协调逐步发展为基本协调,在考虑节水情况下水资源承载能力整体趋于良性发展。研究成果可为汉江流域远景跨流域引调水规模研究和确定长江补水规模提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

Relating Crop Water Consumption to Irrigation Water Supply by Remote Sensing

A new set of irrigation performance indicators based on remote-sensing estimates of evapotranspiration is introduced. These evapotranspiration indicators are the relative evapotranspiration or crop stress and the water efficiency as well as their uniformity. With a remote-sensing evapotranspiration algorithm (SEBAL) maps of actual crop water consumption are derived. These maps are one of the inputs in the evapotranspiration indicators, together with GIS data (digitized irrigation unit boundaries) and field data (irrigation delivery schedule and water flow). This approach is applied on the Rio Tunuyan irrigation scheme, Mendoza, Argentina, which is served by surface water and privately owned ground water pumps. A homogeneous pattern of actual crop water consumption is detected from the highest irrigation level till the lowest (farm) level (coefficient of variance from 8.6% to 6.1% and 14.0% of secondary, tertiary and pixel level, respectively). Considering that a rotational irrigation schedule at tertiary and farm level is present, the results indicate that ground water supply through extraction and capillary rise equalize the spatial patterns in crop water consumption. The latter is proved by a comparison between (i) the areal water consumption from remote-sensing measurements, (ii) the areal water supply and (iii) additional field information on ground water extraction and capillary rise.     

水资源与节水的分析

1　水资源现状分析1 1　供需矛盾从未来的发展趋势看,由于社会对水的需求不断增加,而自然界所能提供的可利用的水资源又有一定限度,突出的供需矛盾使水资源成为社会经济发展的重要制约因素。近年来,由于全球人口增长和社会经济发展,需水量增长速度惊人,用水的浪费、水资源的污染及地下水严重超采,使水资源日益短缺,水资源问题已经成为严重的社会问题。根据联合国预测,水将成为本世纪最有争议的城市问题。全世界将有10亿多人得不到清洁的饮用水,17亿人缺乏起码的公共卫生用水。水量短缺严重,供需矛盾尖锐将是全球水资源的主要表现之一。1 2　…     

Water and Energy Relations in Lithuania

Water and energy links have changed considerably over the course of the centuries. Since ancient times water has been used in Lithuania for domestic needs (preparing meals, thirst slaking and hygienic necessities) and in agriculture for watering plants, etc. When handicrafts and industries began to develop, water power was used for working purposes: to turn the wheels of mills, sawmills' mechanisms and wool-carding workshop equipment and later to generate electricity. The first small hydropower plant started working in 1900. In 1935 there were 96 small hydropower plants or mixed hydrostations from 309 electricity-producing ones. In the Soviet period (1940-90) water and energy links quickly changed and their development on a large scale depended on the general needs of the Soviet empire. An attempt is made in the paper to discuss briefly the development of water and energy relations in the fields of electricity production, dam quality, water use and wastewater treatment, polder systems and irrigation during the last decade in Lithuania.     

Impacts of Combined Technical and Economic Measures on Water Saving in Agriculture under Water Availability Uncertainty

In Emilia Romagna region (northern Italy), the Water Protection Plan (WPP) — a tool designed to reach the objectives of the Water Framework Directive — established different measures to achieve a good quantitative status of water bodies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the combined economic, agronomic and environmental impacts of four measures of the WPP on the “Renana” reclamation and irrigation scheme, and to quantify the water conservation in agriculture under the uncertainty of water availability. To this purpose, a mathematical stochastic model able to represent uncertainty in water availability was designed and implemented. Some data were collected from farms, and local sources were used as well to test the model. Each analyzed measure was simulated in a single scenario, and subsequently combined with other measures. The performed simulations are the following: application of volumetric water pricing (Scenario WFD1), awarding incentives for farmers to improve on-farm irrigation efficiency (Scenario WFD2a), combination of WFD1 and WFD2a (Scenario WFD2b), reduction of water abstraction in case of water shortage (Scenario WFD3a), combination of WFD1 and WFD3a (Scenario WFD3b), increasing distribution efficiency in the channel system (Scenario WFD4a) and combination of WFD1 and WFD4a (Scenario WFD4b). Results have shown that scenarios WFD2a and WFD4a generate a higher income for farmers and produce a positive ecological impact (water use and soil cover) but tend to increase total water use. Scenarios WFD1 and WFD3a have the opposite effects since they reduce farmers’ income but decrease water use as well. Only WFD1 could be favorable for the Board governing the scheme (RIB) in terms of economic returns. Finally, results have shown that combined scenarios WFD2b and WFD4b, respectively, could modify the trade-off between economic and environmental objectives and could be more effective since they significantly reduce water consumption and minimize losses in farmers’ income.     

虚拟水与水安全

虚拟水是水资源领域的新概念,近年来,在与水相关的国际会议上成为讨论的热门话题.初步探讨了虚拟水和虚拟水贸易,认为虚拟水作为非真实意义上的水,是通过商品交易或服务来实现的,虚拟水贸易主要表现在粮食贸易上,虚拟水与水安全和国家安全有着密切关系.虚拟水的提出,改变了原有的一些思维方式,拓宽了水资源研究的领域,树立了水资源管理的新理念,最终提供了一条解决干旱地区缺水的新途径.