Budyko’s Based Method for Annual Runoff Characterization across Different Climatic Areas: an Application to United States

Runoff data knowledge is of fundamental importance for a wide range of hydrological, ecological, and socioeconomic applications. The reconstruction of annual runoff is a fundamental task for several activities related to water resources management, especially for ungauged basins. At catchment scales, the Budyko’s framework provides an extremely useful and, in some cases, accurate estimation of the long-term partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff as a function of the prevailing climatic conditions. Recently the same long-term partitioning rules have been successfully used to describe water partitioning also at the annual scale and calculate the annual runoff distribution within a simple analytic framework in arid and semi-arid basins. One of the main advantages of the latter method is that only annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration statistics, and the Fu’s equation parameter ω are required to obtain the annual runoff probability distribution. The aim of this study is to test the limit and potentialities of the aforementioned method under different climatic conditions. To this aim, the model is applied to more than four hundred basins located in the United States. Catchments were grouped into five different samples, following the subdivision of the continental region in five homogeneous climatic zones according to Köppen-Geiger classification. The theoretical probability distribution of annual runoff at each basin has been compared with that derived from historical observations. The results confirm the capability of the tested technique to reproduce the empirical annual runoff distributions with similar and satisfactory performances across different areas, revealing a good option also in cases characterized by climate and hydrological conditions very different from those hypothesized during the original analytical model design, thus extending the geographical and conceptual limits of applicability of the framework.     

An Integrated Approach for Partitioning the Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface Runoff

Climate change and human activities have been identified as the two main reasons for the change in runoff. To better understand the factors causing runoff change, this paper develops an integrated approach which combined the elasticity coefficient approach (including a non-parametric model and six Budyko framework based models) and the hydrological modelling approach (using SIMHYD models) for partitioning the impacts of climate change and human activities on surface runoff. The Guanzhong River Basin(GRB), which is the sub-basin of the Wei River basin in China is chosen as the study area. In this study, trends in runoff, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) from 1958 to 2008 are analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test and change-points in the annual runoff from 1958 to 2008 are sought using the Fu formula, Mann-Kendall test and double mass curve. The calibrated and validated rainfall-runoff model SIMHYD is used to simulate the runoff in the GRB during 1958–2008. Seven different methods are used to calculate the elasticity coefficient and then the elasticity coefficient methods are used to evaluate the contribution of climate change and human activities. Combining all these results, the contribution of climate change and human activities to runoff change is 34.1?~?47.3 and 52.7?~?65.9 %, respectively. The study provides scientific foundation for understanding the causes of water resources decrease and significant information for water resources management under the influence of climate change and human activities.     

Quantifying the Relative Contribution of Climate and Human Impacts on Runoff Change Based on the Budyko Hypothesis and SVM Model

The Wei River Basin (WRB), the largest tributary of the Yellow River in China, has experienced a noticeable decrease in annual runoff during the last 50 years. Quantifying the relative contributions of climate change and human activities on runoff changes is thus important for local water resources management and sustainable water resources utilizations. In this study, the heuristic segmentation method was first adopted to detect the change points of annual runoff at Linjiacun and Huaxian stations which lies in the middle and lower reaches of the basin, respectively. Then, the Budyko hypothesis and SVM-based model were applied to attribute the detected runoff changes to climate change and human activities. Results showed that: (1) two change points were detected for the annual runoff at the Linjiacun station (1971 and 1993), and Huaxian station (1969 and 1993); (2) based on the Budyko hypothesis, the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to runoff changes at Linjiacun and Huaxian stations are 42.2 %, 57.8 % and 30.5 %, 69.8 %, respectively, whilst those based on the SVM-based model are 45.3 %, 54.7 % and 34.7 %, 65.3 %, respectively. The high consistence between the two approaches indicates that human activities are the dominate factor on historical runoff changes in the WRB.     

基于Budyko假设的环境变化对流域径流影响的界定

受气候变化和人类活动的共同影响,流域环境的变化导致流域径流发生了很大的变化,对流域水资源管理提出了新的挑战。区分和界定气候变化与人类活动对流域径流的影响,对减缓和适应环境变化的有关措施和行动具有重要的科学支撑价值,也是流域水资源可持续管理中亟待解决的关键问题之一。目前基于水文模型的划分方法在年以上尺度的分析中存在均化效应和附加误差,且由于参数较多相对比较复杂,存在的不确定性因素较多。本研究基于Budyko假设理论建立一种区分气候变化和人类活动对流域径流影响的界定方法,并选取黄土高原三川河流域进行应用分析,通过与VIC模型分析结果比较研究表明,对于年以上尺度径流变化分析,该研究中建立的方法具有较好的适用性。由于气候变化和人类活动对流域径流的影响缺乏真值,该方法丰富了这一问题的研究理论,增进了对该区域环境变化影响的认识。     

基于SWAT模型的浏阳河流域径流对土地利用和气候变化的协同响应

气候和土地利用同时作用于流域径流,影响着流域水资源的量和质。以浏阳河流域为例,基于SWAT模型和情景分析方法定量评估未来流域内土地利用和气候变化对径流的作用。首先采用元胞自动机-马尔科夫(CA-Markov)模型模拟浏阳河流域2020和2050年的土地利用空间格局,其次在World Clim数据库中获得未来流域内气候变化数据,最后采用SWAT模型定量评估未来不同情境下土地利用和气候变化对径流的影响。研究结果表明:未来浏阳河流域林地比例下降、城市建设用地和耕地比例增加;气候呈暖干趋势; 2020和2050年,土地利用变化时,浏阳河榔梨站模拟径流将分别减少2. 42和0. 96 m~3/s;气候变化时,榔梨站模拟径流将分别减少3. 02和1. 13 m~3;土地利用和气候变化综合影响下,榔梨站模拟径流将分别减少8. 54和4. 27 m~3/s;说明浏阳河流域径流的变化对气候响应更加敏感,土地利用和气候变化对径流的影响呈非线性协同作用。     

土地利用变化对牤牛河流域径流的影响

土地利用变化对流域水资源配置及其循环过程有显著的影响,了解土地利用与径流的关系是流域水文学研究的重要内容。以牤牛河流域为研究区,基于SWAT分布式水文模型,利用流域DEM、土地利用、土壤、气象等数据,结合GIS和RS技术,并采用极端土地利用分析方法,对流域土地利用变化的径流响应进行定量研究与分析。结果表明:流域内1998年与2009年土地均以耕地、林地、未使用地为主,约占总面积的90%;相同的气象条件下,两期土地利用情景下年、月均径流量变化趋势一致,2009年土地利用情景下的年、月径流量较1998年略小,年均径流量减少605.5万m3;7,8月份月径流模拟减少量明显;土地植被覆盖度增大径流量减小,反之则增大;在极端土地利用情景下,径流量将发生剧烈变化。因此,在不考虑研究期间内气候变化等因素的条件下,土地利用变化是影响流域径流变化的主要因素。     

近47年来降水变化和人类活动对滦河流域年径流量的影响

近47年来,随着流域降水量的减少,以及水利工程的修建、林草地的减少等土地利用方式的改变,在气候变化和人类活动双重因素的作用下,滦河流域年径流量呈现出显著的减少趋势。现基于降水-径流经验统计模型的构建,定量评估了滦河流域降水变化和人类活动对该地区年径流量的影响程度。结果表明:①1983年以前,滦河流域年径流量受环境变化影响较小,1983年以后,年径流量受到气候变化和人类活动影响较为显著;②1984年-2006年期间,受人类活动影响所产生的年均减水量为11.97亿m3,占该时段减水量的84.42%,受降水变化所产生的年均减水量为2.21亿m3,占该时段减水量的15.58%,人类活动的贡献率远大于降水变化。     

黄河流域径流演变归因研究

本文首先分析了黄河流域近43年天然径流量的变化规律,得出了降水、蒸发、土地利用和水利工程调蓄四个主要影响因子的变化规律,利用M-K、聚类分析等多种方法判别了黄河流域及6个集水区天然径流受人类活动影响较小的基准期。根据基于傅抱璞公式的流域尺度水均衡模型区分了降水、蒸发、土地利用和水利工程调蓄四个主要影响因子对于流域天然径流量变化的贡献。结果表明:流域内的天然径流量出现明显的衰减,其中4个主要影响因子中降水改变对于天然径流量的变化贡献最大,土地利用和水利工程调蓄因子的变化对各个集水单元的贡献率因为地区的差异也有很大差异。     

土地利用变化和气候变化对温榆河上游流域径流变化的影响

土地利用和气候是直接影响流域水文水资源的两个主要因素,其影响分离的研究对流域的土地利用规划和水资源管理具有重要意义。以温榆河上游流域为研究对象,在统计分析1980-2014年流域气象因子、土地利用变化趋势的基础上,通过SWAT模型模拟与情景设计相结合的方法,评估了气候变化和土地利用变化对温榆河上游径流变化的影响。结果表明,SWAT模型在温榆河上游流域模拟效果良好,率定期和验证期的决定系数R2分别为0.80、0.77,纳什系数Ens分别为0.79、0.74。流域降雨量和气温呈递增趋势,林地和耕地减少,城乡及工矿和居民用地增加,草地在1995年到2005年间增加,这些变化综合影响了流域的径流变化,使得径流先增加后减少。其中气候变化的贡献率为100.46%,土地利用变化的贡献率为2.09%,气候变化的影响远远大于土地利用变化的影响。因此,如何应对气候变化在温榆河上游流域水资源管理工作中值得重视。     

Characterization of the evolution of runoff-sediment relationship in Min River based on coupling coordination theory

Global climate change and human activities have profoundly affected the hydrological processes in the basin. The study of the characteristics of runoff and sediment variations in the basin and their driving factors is of great significance in promoting the efficient use of water resources and high-quality development in the basin. The determination of the abrupt change point of the runoff-sediment relationship is the key to delineate the base period, and is important to assess the contribution of climate change and human activities to the change of the runoff-sediment relationship. Therefore, this study constructs a binary coupled coordination model of runoff and sediment load to describe the coupled runoff-sediment coordination relationship, and uses the Pettitt method and the double cumulative curve method to test for mutations. The effects of climate change and human activities on changes in runoff and sediment load were assessed using the Budyko framework-based elasticity factor method and the cumulative slope rate of change method. The results show that the annual runoff and annual sediment load in the Min River basin show a decreasing trend between 1970 and 2019, with monthly sediment load changing more significantly than monthly runoff. Annual runoff and annual sediment load were significantly coherent throughout the study period, and there were significant resonant cycles of positive phase on 2-, 3-, 5- and 6-year time scales. The coupling coordination degree of runoff and sediment load is generally at a coordinated developmental stage and is moving from low to high levels of coordination. Relative to the base period, changes in runoff and sediment load during the change period are mainly attributed to human activities. The contribution of human activities to the change in runoff ranged from 78.92% to 66.71%, and the contribution to the change in sediment load reached 93.40% to 94.15%. In contrast, precipitation in climate change has a greater impact on changes in runoff and sediment load than potential evapotranspiration. Land use changes and reservoir construction in the Min River basin have both contributed positively to the reduction of runoff and sediment load. The results of the study will help us to gain a deeper understanding of the processes and driving mechanisms of the runoff-sediment relationship in the Min River basin, and provide a scientific basis for water resources management and sustainable development in the basin.     

气候变化和人类活动对白河流域径流变化影响的定量研究

分析气候变化和人类活动对白河流域径流变化的贡献率,可为流域水资源规划与管理提供依据。以白河流域作为研究对象,首先采用线性趋势法、滑动平均法分析水文气象要素的年际变化趋势,其次采用Mann-Kendall检验、有序聚类检验和滑动t检验探究年径流量的突变年份,最后采用基于Budyko假设的水量平衡法评估气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明:白河流域年径流量呈下降趋势,2008-2017年平均径流量仅为1960-1969年平均径流量的36.5%;年径流量在1979年发生突变,在1986年以后呈显著下降趋势;与基准期相比,变化期流域的干旱指数在增加,2001-2017年流域的干旱更为明显;人类活动是白河流域径流变化的主要原因,1980-2000年、2001-2017年人类活动对径流变化的平均贡献率分别为85.6%、73.6%,说明2000年以后气候变化对径流变化的影响呈上升趋势。     

秃尾河流域植被覆盖变化及其对径流的影响

黄土高原地区水土流失严重,生态环境脆弱。随着退耕还林还草政策的有序实施,区域植被覆盖率从90年代末开始显著提高,但河川径流也随之显著减少,对黄土高原区的水资源安全造成了重要影响。选取陕北秃尾河流域为研究对象,通过分析流域植被变化特征,检验径流序列趋势变化、变异特征以及其与降水、植被指数(NDVI)的相关关系,探讨了降水与植被覆盖变化对径流的影响,并使用基于Budyko假设的弹性系数法对不同时段的贡献率进行了定量分析,指出其影响径流缩减的物理机制。研究结果表明:(1)秃尾河流域植被覆盖格局总体为东南高、西北低,且近年来逐渐趋好,特别是2000年后流域植被覆盖率显著上升,到2013年年均NDVI值已达0.45,其变化主要表现为西北部未利用土地转化为草地和林地;(2)近年来秃尾河流域径流显著持续减少,且以1983和1997年为拐点呈三阶段变化,而降水、潜在蒸散发呈不显著减少,且潜在蒸发量和径流量的下降趋势将可能持续;(3)1984—1997年间流域降水驱动径流减少,两者呈现较强的正相关性,1997年后流域植被覆盖变化显著,表现为与径流的强烈负相关性,并成为引发径流显著减少的主因;(4)由Budyko方程计算得到的下垫面参数n与年NDVI值具有相同的变化趋势,验证了弹性系数法的适用性。定量分析结果表明1984—1997年间气候变化与覆被变化对径流变化呈异向影响,气候变化使径流减少而覆被变化使径流增多,且前者贡献率明显高于后者。之后,覆被改变对径流缩减的影响显著增强,贡献率高达75%以上。由物理解析可知,当前气候环境下植被覆被变化正在逐渐主导流域的径流变化,"地表变绿"可能对流域水安全造成潜在威胁。     

1982—2015年永定河山区植被变化及对天然径流的影响

采用归一化植被指数NDVI和气温、降水、径流等监测资料,在分析永定河山区NDVI时空变化的基础上,通过构建地理加权回归模型,研究了流域内NDVI和降水、平均气温的回归参数及残差的空间关系特征,定量估算了永定河山区NDVI变化对天然径流量衰减的影响。结果表明： 1982—2015年永定河山区在土地利用格局总体变化不大的情况下,年、季尺度的NDVI均显著增加,NDVI和降水、平均气温的空间回归参数及残差的均值、趋势均具有显著的空间异质性,降水、气温等气候因素和人类活动对NDVI均表现为促进作用,但各影响因素趋势变化的时空分布差异显著。永定河山区天然径流量具有显著的衰减趋势,结合Budyko方程发现流域天然径流量对植被变化具有高度敏感性,以植被变化为突出特征的下垫面变化对永定河天然径流衰减的贡献率达到了80%,流域植被保护和水土保持对天然径流量衰减的这种影响应给予高度重视。     

Assessments of Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Runoff with SWAT for the Huifa River Basin,Northeast China

The impacts of climate change and human activates on the runoff for Huifa River Basin, Northeast China, have been investigated with the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), which is calibrated and verified for the baseline period 1956–1964, and then used to reconstruct the natural runoff from 1965 to 2005. The results indicate that both climate change and human activities are responsible for the decrease of observed runoff in Huifa River. The climate change could result in a decrease or increase of runoff depending on precipitation, temperature, radiation variation, as well as land cover changes. Its impacts on annual runoff are -36.7, -59.5, +36.9 and -45.2 mm/a for 1965–1975, 1976–1985, 1986–1995 and 1996–2005, respectively, compared with the baseline period 1956–1964. Human activities, on the other hand, generally lead to a decrease of runoff and a relatively larger magnitude than climate change after 1985. It has decreased the annual runoff by -32.9, -46.8, -67.8 and -54.9 mm/a for 1965–1975, 1976–1985, 1986–1995 and 1996–2005, respectively. Human activities contributed more to runoff decrease in wet years due to regulation and storage of the water projects. The results of this study could be a reference for regional water resources management since there are quite a number of reservoirs in the Huifa River basin.     

基于Budyko弹性系数法的佳芦河流域径流变化归因识别

气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响是一个综合过程,因此径流动态变化及其归因识别和定量表征对区域水资源开发管理至关重要.以佳芦河流域为研究区,选用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、有序聚类法等分析了研究区水文要素的主要变化特征;采用基于Budyko水热耦合平衡理论的弹性系数法,定量分析了径流深变化对各驱动因素的响应程度.结...     

大清河流域年径流系数变化趋势及影晌因素分析

选取大清河水系的4个典型子流域为研究对象,运用滑动平均和M-K检验分析了1956 2005年的年径流系数变化趋势和突变特点。分别运用降雨径流相关法和多元线性回归法分析了气候和下垫面要素对年径流系数的影响程度。结果表明,降雨因素是径流系数变化的主导因素,同时下垫面要素中的草地、耕地和建设用地对径流系数的变化具有一定的影响。这使大清河流域的水资源和水生态环境将承受更大的压力,也是其下游的白洋淀的入淀水量减少的主要原因。     

泾河流域土地利用/覆被变化对径流情势的影响

通过建立泾河流域SWAT分布式水文模型,重点模拟分析了河流径流情势对土地利用/覆被变化的响应,对比了不同气候条件及人类活动综合影响下研究区水文过程的变化。结果表明:1996年以前土地利用/覆被变化是影响水文过程的主要人类活动影响源,径流量年际变化平稳,属有小幅增加的正偏;年内影响以枯水季节为主,年内分配更趋均匀,径流集中度降低,集中期略有滞后,且趋于平稳;土地利用/覆被变化导致流域蒸散发量、冠层和落叶层截留量减小,入渗量增加,河川基流量和地表径流量相应增大,并在时域上耦合形成了水文过程的新变化;1996年以后,气候条件驱动下泾河年径流量呈现明显的增大趋势,人类活动亦从以土地利用/覆被变化为主转变为以人类水事活动为主的综合影响模式,且人类水事活动超过气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化成为影响水文过程变化的主因。     

The Impacts of Climate Variability and Future Climate Change in the Nile Basin on Water Resources in Egypt

This paper describes the application of hydrologic models of the Blue Nile and Lake Victoria sub-basins to assess the magnitude of potential impacts of climate change on Main Nile discharge. The models are calibrated to simulate historical observed runoff and then driven with the temperature and precipitation changes from three general circulation model (GCM) climate scenarios. The differences in the resulting magnitude and direction of changes in runoff highlight the inter-model differences in future climate change scenarios. A 'wet' case, 'dry' case and composite case produced +15 (+12), -9 (-9) and + 1(+7) per cent changes in mean annual Blue Nile (Lake Victoria) runoff for 2025, respectively. These figures are used to estimate changes in the availability of Nile water in Egypt by making assumptions about the runoff response in the other Nile sub-basins and the continued use of the Nile Waters Agreement. Comparison of these availability scenarios with demand projections for Egypt show a slight surplus of water in 2025 with and without climate change. If, however, water demand for desert reclamation is taken into account then water deficits occur for the present-day situation and also 2025 with ('dry' case GCM only) and without climate change. A revision of Egypt's allocation of Nile water based on the recent low-flow decade-mean flows of the Nile (1981-90) shows that during this period Egypt's water use actually exceeded availability. The magnitude of 'natural' fluctuations in discharge therefore has very important consequences for water resource management regardless of future climate change.     

大通河上游径流演变及驱动因素定量分析

近60年来,位于青藏高原东北边缘祁连山区的大通河上游气温、降水和潜在蒸散发均显著增加,同时在冰川消融50%、冻土退化、源头797km2沼泽退化等多重因素影响下,年径流深以6.0mm/(10a)趋势增长;基流分割表明,径流突变以来基流总量和占比均增加,8月基流量由谷值转变为峰值,汛后和枯水期基流显著增加;采用基于Budyko假设的气候弹性系数法对径流增量进行驱动因素定量分析,径流突变之后相对于基准期而言,年径流深变化+33.6mm,其中降水影响+18.3mm,潜在蒸散发变化影响-3.0mm,冰川融化对径流增量的影响至多为+10.0mm,剩余项+8.3mm为冻土退化和误差项的综合影响。由于各要素影响机制、持续时间各不相同,未来水文情势尚不明朗。     

泾河长系列水沙变化规律与归因研究

近些年泾河径流量及来沙量大幅减少,在一定程度上影响到流域的水资源开发利用,为了厘清水沙减少程度及变化特征,探寻其变化背后的驱动因素,采用联合滑动t检验、距平累积曲线法和Copula等方法,从不同层面对泾河长系列水沙规律进行了研究。同时,建立分布式水文模型,分情景对泾河流域径流泥沙对气候和土地利用变化的响应进行了模拟。结果表明:气候变化对径流和泥沙减少的贡献率约为21. 20%和6. 08%;土地利用变化对径流泥沙减少的贡献率约为4. 04%和11. 08%;泾河流域径流泥沙变化除受气候变化影响外,还与土地利用(覆被)类型、面积比重等有关。研究结论表明:人为拦蓄和引水是河川径流减少的主要原因,而泥沙减少的主因除了退耕还林还草之外,通过淤地坝等水保措施直接拦沙也起到了重要作用。