洞庭湖区水环境现状调查与分析

为摸清洞庭湖区水体污染现状,揭示各区域水体营养化水平及营养盐的空间分布特征,利用长江水利委员会水文局在湖区的水文-水质综合站网,于2017年8月在全湖24个代表性断面开展了水文-水质同步监测,分析了洞庭湖各区域营养水平和水环境质量状况,计算了出入湖的污染物通量。结果表明,全湖除汨罗江和六门闸为中度富营养化外,其他区域为轻度富营养化,洞庭湖总体营养水平呈恶化趋势;藕池河北支(东洞庭湖入口之一)总氮含量显著高于其他区域,其次是东洞庭湖出口处;沅水总磷含量显著高于其他区域,其次是大通湖、东洞庭湖出口处和藕池河;六门闸(东洞庭入口之一)高锰酸盐指数含量显著高于其他区域,其次是大通湖、沅水;汨罗江叶绿素a含量显著高于其他区域,其次是东洞庭湖出口处和六门闸。根据地表水环境质量标准进行单因子数据分析及评价,总氮总磷两项营养指标的污染比较严重,使得全湖水质类别为Ⅳ类或者Ⅴ类,甚至为劣Ⅴ类。空间分布上,入湖污染负荷主要来源是沅水,其次是长江三口之一的松滋河;长江干流监利至螺山段污染负荷的主要来源为洞庭湖。经综合考虑,对洞庭湖实施水资源保护和综合治理已刻不容缓。     

Management issues of the Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe region

Lake Peipsi is the fourth largest lake in Europe and the largest international lake in Europe. Lake Peipsi is shallow, eutrophic, biologically very productive and is bordered by many wetland areas along its coasts. Large peat deposits in the Lake Peipsi basin are protected under national legislation. The lake is most important as a resource for recreation and fisheries. The fish stock in Lake Peipsi is one of the richest in Europe. The most critical environmental issues for the Peipsi watershed are eutrophication and unregulated fishing in the lake. During the Soviet period, large collective farms dramatically accelerated eutrophication. Despite the drop in fertilizer use during the last 10 years and a decrease in the number of domestic animals in the watershed, the impact of the earlier agricultural pollution is still significant. Untreated sewage has also been dumped in the Narva River tributary as a result of an international dispute concerning water supply and wastewater treatment. People living in the Lake Peipsi region have faced traumatic changes as a result of the re‐establishment of the border between Russia and Estonia in 1992. The establishment of an international border on the waters of the lake has resulted in fishermen losing access to many of their traditional fishing areas. Political and economic transformations of the last 10 years have seriously interrupted information exchange between different institutions and organizations concerned with the health of the lake. The Centre for Transboundary Cooperation facilitates international communication and cooperation between the Estonian and Russian governments and promotes public participation in environmental, social and economic development and decision‐making. The centre is in the process of guiding the development of a watershed management plan for the Lake Peipsi watershed and a vision for watershed development that is truly sustainable.     

控制滇池生态环境的关键

滇池水污染、生态恶化 ,近 10年综合治理仍未能逆转。认为导致滇池生态恶化的原因主要有三方面 :一是入湖污染物量超过水环境承载能力 ,水污染和水体富营养化 ;二是城市发展超过水资源承载能力 ,难以保证生态环境用水 ;三是滇池逐步演化成半封闭湖泊 ,加上数十年污染负荷剧增 ,加速了生态环境变化由量变到质变的进程。改善滇池生态环境的关键措施有 :综合治理 ,有效控制污染物 ;引水济昆 ,缓解流域水资源匮乏 ,从根本上提高滇池流域水资源及水环境承载能力。     

长湖水质演变特征及水环境现状评价

利用湖北省长湖2001-2011年的水质监测资料,分析了长湖年际及月际的水质演变规律。结果表明,2005年长湖水质达到最差,然后呈逐渐好转趋势,至2011年,长湖水质已有明显改善。在1个水文年内,长湖的水质优劣顺序依次是：丰水期,平水期,枯水期。利用模糊综合评价方法对2011年长湖水质状况进行评价,结果表明,该年3个水期长湖水质状况的最大隶属等级为Ⅰ类,水质较好。利用卡尔森指数法对长湖2011年丰水期进行富营养化评价,结果表明,除习家口水域外,全湖水体基本上处于中度富营养化水平。对长湖水环境压力进行分析,结果表明,长湖的生态系统正面临衰退困境,而主要污染物的年入湖量已大大超出长湖的纳污能力。     

2008~2014年滇池水质时空变化特征分析

滇池位于昆明市南部,是该市重要的水源地,支持着昆明市现代工业、农业、旅游业等的发展,分析其水质的时空变化十分重要。利用2008~2014年水质监测数据,分析了滇池主要污染物、富营养化指数和浮游植物丰度的时空变化特征。结果发现：滇池总磷、总氮、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数年尺度上整体呈减小的趋势,不同监测点的变化趋势存在一定的差异;富营养化指数年尺度上表现为减小的趋势,年内变化差异较大,6~8月富营养化指数较高,其他月份富营养化指数较低;浮游植物丰度年尺度上呈下降趋势,年内变化表现为6~8月浮游植物丰度较大,其他月份丰度较小。滇池的草海及邻近区域主要污染物、富营养化指数和浮游植物丰度大于外海部分。得益于滇池治理力度的加强,近年来滇池水质得到较大改善。     

The ecological history of Lake Erie as recorded by the phytoplankton community

Lake Erie's water quality has fluctuated since European settlement due to cultural eutrophication and the effects of invasive species. Our attempts to understand the cause-and-effect linkages between observed ecosystem changes and various stressors are evolving. Non-indigenous species, pollutants, land-use and climate change that can alter a lake's physical and chemical environment can manifest rapid changes in community composition and abundance of phytoplankton. As such, for many decades researchers have used phytoplankton data from Lake Erie to track environmental changes. We provide a chronological account of previous and ongoing assessments of pelagic algae to summarize past and present environmental conditions of Lake Erie. This review necessarily focuses on diatom-based assessments as their preserved remains in sediments have been used to hind-cast human-induced impacts and recovery. Because of their uniqueness, this review summarizes where possible the long-term trends according to the western, central and eastern lake basins. Overall, this historical assessment summarizes a period of significant eutrophication throughout most of the 20th century, followed by water quality improvement due to nutrient reductions and establishment of filter-feeding dreissenids. Recent data suggest new issues associated with blooms of diatoms and blue-green algae. The challenges facing Lake Erie underline the need for continued monitoring and evaluation of historical records that will help us distinguish natural from anthropogenic changes, and to reveal the causes and extent of environmental insults in order to make management decisions.     

太湖水质及富营养化变化趋势分析

以太湖1997~2006年系列监测资料为依据,对太湖近10年的整体水质状况、富营养化状况以及主要污染指标进行了评价分析。结果表明:太湖水质污染以有机污染为主,水体状况呈逐渐恶化的趋势,富营养化程度逐年加剧,太湖治污工作不容乐观。     

白洋淀水环境质量评价

由于流域人类活动和气候干旱化的影响,白洋淀水体污染与富营养化日趋严重。通过对白洋淀湖水化学成分的分析,并运用与湖泊富营养化关系最为密切的Chla、TN、TP、CODMn和SD作为评价参数,采用综合营养指数法确定湖水营养类型。湖水水质监测数据分析表明,白洋淀为重碳酸类钠组Ⅱ型水的偏碱性湖泊,综合营养指数法确定湖水为中-富营养级湖泊水体。主成分分析法结果显示,湖泊污染的主要因子是TP。借助硅藻及其组合分析了湖泊富营养化状况,发现白洋淀硅藻属种以耐营养种梅尼小环藻Cyclotellameneghiniana(20.43%)和Cyclostephanos tholiformis(25.40%)为组合特征,表明湖泊水体已处于富营养化状态,水环境状况堪忧。     

Effects of Anthropogenic Influences on the Trophic State,Land Uses and Aquatic Vegetation in a Shallow Mediterranean Lake: Implications for Restoration

Lake Pamvotis, NW Greece is a shallow Mediterranean eutrophic lake that has changed drastically over the past 50 years. Strong effects, resulted mainly from anthropogenic causes, in the hydrological regime are shown for this area using long term hydrological data and a GIS system for extracting land cover/use changes. A set of aerial imagery acquired in 1945 through 2002 were used to monitor and assess the spatial and temporal changes in land cover/use, focused mainly on the lake’s surface area and its surrounding ecosystem (Natura 2000 area). The significance of the changes in land cover/use distribution within Pamvotis wetland is further discussed depicting the role of the anthropogenic influence on the fragile ecosystem that resulted in the shrinkage of lake’s habitats extent. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the long-term changes on macrophyte community composition, species occurrence and relative abundance with water quality and water level changes over the past century, using historical data, aerial photos and GIS techniques. The results showed that for the last 25 years annual water level fluctuation ranged from 70 to 159 cm. Water level starts decreasing in mid June and increasing again gradually from November until March–April. Intra annual water level fluctuation seems to be affected by land use for agricultural purpose through intensive irrigation and the summer drought as well. A dramatic decline of the submerged vegetation is apparent mainly attributed to anthropogenic pressures. Regarding the land cover/use changes, the most notable and significant alterations are concerning the urban development around the lake, the disappearance of wet meadows and the extension of reed beds. Finally it seems that water budget data as well as the response of the key eutrophication parameters are affected from both hydrological alterations and point/non-point pollution sources.     

太湖进出水量变化对水环境的影响

利用环太湖水文巡测资料和湖西区、澄锡虞区主要入湖口门水质资料,对2000年前后的太湖水环境进行对比分析。结果表明,2000年以来太湖湖西区和澄锡虞区由于受引长江水的影响,入湖水量大增,导致河网污染物大量入湖,使输入太湖的污染物量远远超过其本身的纳污(自净)能力,太湖富营养化有加剧的趋势。建议严格强化陆域控源减排,优化"引江济太"调度方案,适度控制引长江水量,以减少竺山湖、梅梁湖、太湖西部沿岸区乃至整个太湖的污染物入湖量。     

淀山湖富营养化现状及生态修复措施分析

根据2008—2010年淀山湖水质监测数据,评价该湖富营养化趋势。结果显示,2008年后,淀山湖的富营养化程度呈改善趋势,但水体富营养化存在区域差异。主要表现在:①2008—2010年的整个湖区水体中主要的富营养化指标TN、TP、SS、Ch-la质量浓度均呈下降趋势;②淀山湖上游来水区水体中TN、TP质量浓度比下游出水区高,综合营养状态指数同样也高;③淀山湖每年夏季暴发蓝藻水华的水域面积在不断减小。结果表明,淀山湖东南区域富营养化程度最轻,水生植物对水体净化、生态系统恢复具有重要价值;淀山湖的生态系统在逐步恢复。为使生态系统能巩固并形成良性循环,一些影响因素亟待解决。     

Opportunities for combining data of Estonian and Russian monitoring to reflect on water quality in large transboundary Lake Peipsi

Lake Peipsi, one of the world’s largest lakes, is shared between Estonia and Russia. The water quality in different parts of the lake has so far been assessed independently. Here we explore opportunities for combining data of Estonian and Russian monitoring. For that, we 1) analysed the compatibility of data for some water quality variables; 2) estimated the potential effects of the differences in sampling frequency; 3) provided a few regression models to calculate the missing data for months not sampled by the Russian side. Data of the concurrent Estonian and Russian sampling indicated a good compatibility. Estonian data analysis suggested that water quality assessment results are sensitive to sampling frequency. For example, total phosphorus (TP) in the largest basin showed a long-term decreasing trend in three month data that disappeared when data for other months were added. Disregarding some months may lead to under- or overestimation of certain factors with no consistency in the response of different basins. Hence, data of the whole ice-free period are recommended for an adequate water quality assessment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that monthly values of the water quality variables of the same year are autocorrelated. Based on this, we filled the gaps in the long-term data and compiled a dataset for the whole lake that enables its most comprehensive use in water quality assessment and management. Long-term data revealed no water quality improvement of Lake Peipsi. Further reduction of the external nutrient load is needed. Eutrophication is sustained by high internal phosphorus load.     

巢湖生态环境现状及保护对策分析

巢湖是全国五大淡水湖之一,是长江下游重要的生态湿地,具有多种重要生态功能。采用配对样本T检验、Mann-Kendall非参数检验和单因子评价法分别对巢湖水位变化趋势、9个常规监测点的水质监测数据及5个补充监测点的监测数据进行分析评价。结果发现:(1)巢湖水位近年来显著抬升,且11月至次年6月水位表现为显著或极显著增加趋势。巢湖水位显著抬升能明显扩大湖泊环境容量、提高水体自净能力、促使江湖生物交换,对减轻水体富营养化、抑制湖区蓝藻暴发、改善水环境质量具有重要作用。(2)巢湖水质总体较差,主要污染指标为TN、TP、氨氮。其中,氨氮超标与城镇生活污水和工业废水等点源污染排污有关,TN和TP超标与农村生活污水、农田退水、畜禽养殖等面源污染及城镇生活和工业废水等点源污染排放有关。在对巢湖水位现状及变化趋势、水质及污染源现状、湿地资源现状及巢湖主要环境问题分析的基础上,提出了相应的生态环境保护对策,对于巢湖水环境治理和生态保护具有重要的意义。     

Fish and fishing in Lake Peipsi (Estonia/Russia) since 1851: Similarities and differences between historical and modern times

The first survey data on the fisheries in Lake Peipsi were collected by natural scientist Karl Ernst von Baer as a result of the world's first special fishery expedition in 1851–1852. In the current study, all available numerical datasets on fishing in Lake Peipsi from 1851 to 2018 have been drawn together in order to analyse the long-term changes in the lake’s fish assemblages. As the study indicates, the overexploitation, catching of juvenile fish and predator–prey imbalance have been common problems associated with fisheries in Lake Peipsi for the last two centuries. Similar to many inland waterbodies worldwide, total catch of fish from Lake Peipsi has decreased about four times since the mid-19th century, and the catch of lake (dwarf) smelt, a previously dominant species, has periodically fluctuated with long-term gradual reduction. The decline of cool-water fish, such as vendace, burbot and Peipsi whitefish during the last two centuries, and the domination of Eurasian perch, common bream and pike-perch in the catches of the last 20 years mark considerable structural shifts in fish assemblages. Of the multiple stressors (e.g., nutrient enrichment, increased water temperature, overfishing) triggering shifts in fish assemblages, the impact of climate warming, especially extreme weather events such as heatwaves, seems to be the strongest during the last three decades. However, none of the fish species have completely disappeared from the lake during the last century although the share of cool-water fish in the total catch has declined about tenfold since the 1930s.     

太湖流域典型支沟生态环境调查研究——以新沟河为例

为应对太湖流域水污染问题,我国2005年开始实施了引江济太工程,提高了太湖湖区和引排干流的水体自净能力和水环境容量,而对于太湖流域众多分支河网水质的直接改善作用有限,该部分相关研究与关注也较少。以引江济太工程主要通道新沟河为例,选取典型支沟(湖)开展多种生态环境因子的调查与分析。研究结果表明:支沟(湖)均为Ⅳ类以下水质,其中大部分为劣Ⅴ类,主要特征污染因子为氮磷营养盐等;浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度相对较高的河段出现在北阳湖、西横河西段等区域。总体上支沟(湖)生态环境情况空间分布特征明显,环境质量健康程度如水质级别、富营养化程度、生物物种多样化和均匀化等指标,均与不同区域的水体交换能力和环境容量表现出显著的相关性。从污染源的角度来看,支沟(湖)的生态环境威胁主要来自于生活污水排放与富营养化等陆源污染。     

骆马湖水环境变化趋势及对策研究

随着经济发展、城市化率的提高，加之滨湖开发，骆马湖的水质呈现一定的恶化趋势，生态系统遭受破坏，水体富营养化发展有越来越严重的趋势。通过对骆马湖营养化程度和污染原因的分析，提出了一些对策措施和解决办法，以期实现湖泊的生态、环境与经济的协调发展。     

杭州下沙金沙湖水质污染防范体系研究

湖泊富营养化防治体系设计是人工湖建设的关键内容,也是实现人工湖水质目标的根本保障。以人工开挖的杭州下沙金沙湖为研究对象,针对该湖湖区河道水质较差的环境问题,提出集成湖泊污染控制、湖泊生态引水、湖泊形态设计与湖泊生态系统建设的水质污染防范体系,并对各部分的设计思路、确定方法和主要结论进行了阐述,最后采用湖泊建成后的实测水质资料,对湖泊水质目标实现情况进行了检验。设计思路和分析方法可为其他类似工程提供参考。     

Prioritization of pollution potential zones for conservation activities of a lake system

Many coastal lakes are under serious threats due to increased pressures associated with population growth, accelerated eutrophication, invasive species and toxic contamination. The extent of the pollution depends almost entirely on the characteristics and processes taking place in the lake basin. The objective of this study was to identify the pollution potential zones (very high, high, medium and low) in the Akkulam–Veli (A–V) Lake Basin (Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) using GIS‐enabled, multithematic overlay analysis. The primary characteristics considered were geomorphology, lithology, land use, soil, slope and population density. The results of this study indicated the major portion of the lake basin exhibits very high or high pollution potential zones, with the drains passing through the very high pollution potential zone being mainly responsible for the contamination of the lake water. High population density, predominant commercial use and settlement with mixed tree crop, level and gentle slope (low slope) are the factors responsible for the very high pollution potential. The organic pollutants in the lake system increase with the increased extent of the very high pollution potential area. This analysis approach will help authorities to identify the underlying causes of lake water quality degradation and plan and implement effective measures for protecting the lake. This process can also be utilized by scientists elsewhere to facilitate lake protection.     

Impacts of wind waves on sediment transport in a large,shallow lake

Lake Okeechobee is a large, shallow subtropical lake, located in south Florida. Over the last several decades, Lake Okeechobee has experienced accelerated eutrophication due to excessive phosphorus loads from agricultural run‐off. Recycling of phosphorus from bottom sediments through resuspension is critical to addressing eutrophication of the lake and for water quality management. The present study investigates the impacts of wind waves on sediment transport in Lake Okeechobee, using measured data and the Lake Okeechobee Environmental Model (LOEM). The LOEM was fully calibrated and verified with more than 10 years of measured data in previous studies. Analysis of the measured data indicates significant wave height (SWH) and suspended sediment concentration are closely correlated to the wind speed in the lake. The nonlinear interaction of high‐frequency wind waves with relatively low‐frequency currents in the boundary layer plays a key role in sediment deposition/resuspension. Without considering the effects of wind waves, the bottom shear stress can be greatly underestimated. The spatial variations of key variables for sediment modelling, including SWH, water depth, orbital velocity, current velocity, bottom shear stress and sediment concentration, are discussed. In general, the near‐bottom wave velocity (and the associated bottom shear stress) is greater than or the same order of magnitude as the near‐bed current velocity (and the associated bottom shear stress) in this shallow water system. Although the sediment zones of Lake Okeechobee were described in previous studies, few published papers discussed its formation mechanisms. The findings of the present study include that the multiyear averaged bottom shear stress with wind‐wave effect plays a key role in forming the spatial patterns of the sediment zones. The study results are currently being used in lake management and in developing strategies for reducing phosphorus in the lake.     

湖泊纳污能力动态特征分析及计算

受天然因素和人工调控的综合作用，湖泊水文过程和其他自然因子显现出动态变化的特征，这些因子的变化直接影响着纳污能力的动态变化，同时水体污染源也具有明显的时间变化特征。本文分析了湖泊纳污能力的动态特征，提出选择典型水文年和将湖泊与人湖河道作为一个整体进行模拟是进行湖泊动态纳污能力计算的关键。以枯水年作为代表水文年，采用二维数学模型进行太湖纳污能力动态变化的模拟，得到了纳污能力总量和逐月的量值。该研究对提高湖泊水库污染物总量控制的适应性具有一定的意义，也可供河流纳污能力研究进行参考。