跨流域调水中的生态补偿问题及其建议

跨流域调水工程已经成为解决地区水资源分布不均问题的重要手段,然而,跨流域调水工程的兴建必然会给生态环境造成影响。为促进水资源的可持续利用和生态环境的协调可持续发展,研究跨流域调水工程中的生态补偿问题具有重要意义。本文分析了5个国外著名跨流域调水工程中生态补偿的成功经验,并根据我国水资源禀赋属性,提出了建立政府主导、市场为补充的生态补偿综合机制,健全生态补偿的法律制度,优先兴建解决水质型缺水问题的跨流域调水工程,建立生态监测评估系统,在工程设计阶段考虑生态补偿,增强全社会的节水环保意识等5个方面的建议,这将为我国跨流域工程规划、设计与运行管理提供借鉴。     

引黄济青输水工程衬砌破坏机理及对策

跨流域调水输水工程中广泛采用了明渠混凝土板衬砌,由于种种原因,出现了不同程度的破坏.结合引黄济青工程实际,探讨输水工程衬砌破坏的机理及治理对策,以期对同类工程起到一定的借鉴作用.     

Consideration of Trends in Evaluating Inter-basin Water Transfer Alternatives within a Fuzzy Decision Making Framework

Evaluation of water supply schemes is an essential task for meeting the goals of inter-basin water transfer project system management. In general, water supply operation involves multi-objective and multifactor optimization and decision. In recent years, multicriterion decision making (MCDM) has emerged as an effective methodology due to its ability to combine quantitative and qualitative criteria for selection of the best alternative. This paper presents a new optimization method using fuzzy pattern recognition to appraise the water supply decision schemes in inter-basin diversion systems. The proposed method is capable to incorporate not only the will of the decision-makers but also the future development trend of water resources and water supply demand and makes the optimization results more reasonable and applicable. One case study for the Xi-River-to -Tanghe Reservoir Water Transfer Project System in China is presented to demonstrate the application of this method.     

国外大型调水工程渠道运行控制综述

与常规的以经验为主的运行方式相比，考虑了水动力学影响、以多渠池串联的整个渠道系统为研究对象的渠道运行控制在增加调水工程的安全性、降低运行成本、提高输水效率等方面能取得更佳的效果。国外关于调水工程渠道控制的研究起步较早，基于非线性偏微分圣维南方程组发展了多种离散化、线性化等简化方法，建立了相应的控制模型，并从不同角度确定了其控制方法以及控制算法。参考已有的研究思路和方法，总结国外渠道运行控制的成果，对我国南水北调工程的运行控制有着重要的借鉴意义。     

王快-西大洋水库跨流域调水工程研究

随着社会经济的发展,地下水位逐年下降,供需水矛盾日趋尖锐。参考王快—西大洋水库连通工程、回补一亩泉地下水工程、改扩建输水渠道工程发展规划,对该工程状况进行分析和预测。对保定市的国民经济可持续发展,有一定的参考价值。     

推进跨流域调水 提高区域水资源保障能力

随着沧州市工业化、城镇化快速发展,水资源短缺更加严峻,水污染严重、水生态环境恶化等问题依然突出.文中提出了加快实施跨区域调水,对有限的水资源进行合理调配,进一步优化水资源宏观战略配置格局.     

Evaluating Water Transfer Projects Using Analytic Network Process (ANP)

This article introduces the analytic network process (ANP) as an effective tool for ranking water transfer projects. Water resources are the main basis of stable development around the world. Uneven water distribution and the shortage of water in some areas have caused water managers to consider interbasin water transfer as a solution to these water problems. Due to the many different conflict criteria in ranking water projects, ranking execution projects is one of the most critical and difficult tasks in water management. Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) is a collection of methodologies to compare, select, or rank multiple alternatives that typically involve incommensurate attributes. Many decision problems cannot be structured hierarchically because they involve the interaction and dependence of higher-level elements in a hierarchy on lower-level ones. This study deals with ranking water transfer projects as a MADM problem. Due to the fact that many of the criteria are related to each other, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) is proposed for ranking projects. Ten water transfer projects in Karun River are investigated. Thirty influential factors are identified. They are classified under benefit, cost and risk criteria. The objective of this investigation is ranking alternatives with respect to different criteria in network form. Finally, sensitivity analysis is introduced.     

加利福尼亚州水资源调配工程

加利福尼亚州多年平均降水量不足600mm，且降水时、空分布严重不均。降水量北部高、南部低，冬、春两季降水集中而夏、秋两季显著偏少。19世纪中期的第一次淘金热潮和二战结束后的第二次经济淘金热潮，为加州注入了大批世界各地的移民。由于人口的大量增加，城市化进程的速度大大加快，灌溉农业也因此得到快速发展。随着城市生活、工业和农业需水量的大幅度增加，加州南部及沿海地区的供水危机日趋紧张。为解决严重的水资源供需矛盾，合理地进行水资源优化配置。提高水资源的利用效率，自20世纪初开始，美国联邦政府、加州政府和加州地方政府（机构）分别主持。先后兴建了7项长距离调水工程，构建了一个较为合理和完整的加州水资源配置体系。阐述了加州水资源状况和调水工程体系建设的背景，并重点对调水工程建设的基本概况进行了系统介绍。     

跨流域调水工程的水资源保护问题

海河流域水资源紧缺与水污染形势严峻 ,跨流域调水已成为解决缺水问题的根本途径 ,其水资源保护问题十分重要。引滦入津及引黄入卫济冀是海河流域两项大型跨流域调水工程 ,极具典型与代表意义。分析总结工程运行以来的水资源保护工作经验与存在的问题 ,提出可供实际借鉴的意见     

跨流域调水生态补偿研究述评

跨流域调水生态补偿研究是尝试从生态补偿市场角度解决跨流域调水工程的持续发展问题。从内涵、目的、标准、实施机制、保障制度这5方面分别对国内外相关研究进行了归纳总结,梳理了对跨流域调水生态补偿的认识过程,总结了国内外研究进展、研究侧重点与研究不足并评述了国外典型案例,基于此对国内外研究进展进行了比较。发现跨流域调水生态补偿只是近些年才得以重视,但国外已经形成了从内涵到保障制度的初步理论体系,与国外相比较,我国研究尚处于初级阶段,应从跨流域调水生态服务的特点与生态补偿的市场特征来进行相应研究是今后研究的重点。     

Impact of Water Projects on River Flow Regimes and Water Quality in Huai River Basin

Research on the impact of water projects (dams or floodgates) on river hydrology and the surrounding environment is important in river basin management. However, it is a difficult scientific issue due to its complexity. Huai River Basin is a unique region in China with high densities in both population and water projects and is experiencing a serious pollution problem. Based on the extended SWAT model with consideration of dams & floodgates, this paper proposes a quantitative framework to assess the impact of dams & floodgates on the river flow regimes and water quality in the middle and upper reaches of Huai River Basin. The results show that: (1) The dams & floodgates reduced the basin’s annual average flow by 2%, in comparison with the scenario of no water projects in the whole basin during 1991–2000, because of the regulation and storage of dams & floodgates. The flow in the non-flood season reduced 5% while the change of flow in the flood season was not acute. The impact of dams & floodgates on the annual flow are different in wet and dry years. In the wet year (1991), the impact of dams & floodgates is not obvious because the gates were opened to control the floods and their main functions are to change the temporal distribution in a year. In the dry year (1999), the flow reduced remarkably in comparison with the flow without dams & floodgates in the basin because the gates were closed in order to meet the water demand. The flow in the flood season increased by 8% whiles the flow in the non-flood season reduced by 12%. (2) There was a certain impact of dams & floodgates on water quality but they were quite different in the different area. It would be changed from the positive effect to the negative effect from the upriver to downstream. The dams & floodgates in the upper reaches played a positive role to improve water quality. But the ones in the middle and lower reaches played a negative role with contribution from 0 to 0.4. However, the contribution of exceeding pollutant discharge was more than 0.6. (3) The joint operation of dams & floodgates to control water quantity and quality will improve the water environment in Huai River Basin, but the key to improve the basin’s water environment is pollution control. This research will guide the anti-pollution and the united water quantity and quality assessment of dams & floodgates in Huai River Basin. Moreover it will provide a foundation to achieve the integrated basin management and sustainability of Huai River Basin.     

跨流域调水的大尺度分布式水文模型研究与应用

变化环境下区域分布式水循环模拟研究,是地球系统科学中的重大科学问题,也是区域水安全和水资源风险管理需求的重要应用基础。本文开展了以南水北调中线工程联系的跨汉江、黄河和海河多个流域的区域水循环模拟、环境变化影响与水安全研究。重点论述了跨流域调水的大尺度分布式水文模型(LDTVGM)的研究与展望。目的是探讨变化环境下跨流域调水的分布式水循环模型的建立,发展区域水循环动力学-非线性系统-多源不确定性分析与综合的理论与影响评估方法,为分析应对气候变化和高强度人类活动影响的区域水资源安全及应对措施的风险管理,提供科学依据。     

调水工程对区域产业用水系统协调性影响研究

采用系统协调理论分析调水工程对受水区产业用水结构变化的影响。根据受水地区产业用水结构特征,以及系统科学中的协同学理论,应用灰色有序度定量描述产业用水系统的有序性;对产业用水协调度模型加以修正,构建调水影响下系统协调度评价模型;结合协调度分级标准,分析协调度时空尺度上的变化趋势,研究调水工程对产业用水系统协调性的影响。以引江济太调水工程对太湖流域受水区(分别为无锡、苏州、上海、嘉兴、湖州和杭州)产业用水系统协调性的影响为例进行研究。结果表明,引江济太调水工程实施以来,太湖流域受水区产业用水系统总体呈协调发展趋势,然而距离非常协调还有一定的差距。     

Evaluating the Relative Power of Water Users in Inter-Basin Water Transfer Systems

One of the challenging issues in designing and operation of inter-basin water transfer systems is quantifying the relative power of water users. In this paper, a comprehensive set of criteria including regional gross income, water efficiency, presence of alternative water resources, self-sufficiency, existence of agricultural and industrial infrastructures, receiving political support of the government and parliament, and preference-based power is proposed to determine the power of water users in a quantitative way. Then, some well-known Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods, namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Analytical Network Process (ANP), Evidential Reasoning (ER), Method for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Situation (TOPSIS) and Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE II), are utilized to evaluate the power of water users in inter-basin water allocation systems. In this paper, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance are applied to compare the ranking outputs resulting from different MCDM methods. At last, the proposed approach is applied to a large-scale case study of water transfer from the Karoon River basin to the Rafsanjan plain in the central part of Iran.     

加利福尼亚州调水工程的法制建设与资金筹措

加利福尼亚州是美国水资源供需矛盾最为尖锐的地区。为有效解决加利福尼亚州水资源供给不足的难题，该州先后兴建了多项调水工程，在这些调水工程的建设和管理过程中积累了许多值得借鉴的经验。基于加利福尼亚州已有调水工程的实例，对调水工程的法制建设、资金筹措与偿还机制等方面的内容进行了介绍和总结。     

Environmental Impact Assessment of Water Projects in Mexico

Mexico is well ahead of many developed and developing countries in many ways, especially in terms of the numbers of water projects constructed, successful transfer of irrigation districts and development of informal markets for groundwater. However, the deterioration of the natural resources of the country, water resources being one of them, due to improper management is not improving the lifestyle of the vast majority of the population in any significant way. Accordingly, extensive modifications in the planning and management processes, including consideration of environmental and social factors and stakeholder participation, are urgently necessary for the water sector. This paper includes an analysis of the environmental impact statements of water projects in Mexico which are under the responsibility of the national water authority. It concludes that the unsatisfactory quality of the EIS of water projects in Mexico represents a serious limitation for developing any post-project evaluation or impact management. The institutional arrangements necessary for implementing the proposed measures are not defined, and the costs of implementing any recommendation are not properly budgeted for in the cost tables. Finally, not only should the reports be critically analysed, but also the whole process of their preparation and approval should be objectively and critically reviewed. This analysis should indicate clearly the shortcomings of the process, and then outline what steps could be taken to overcome them in order to ensure the sustainability of water projects in Mexico. The emphasis should be on producing a streamlined and implementable process .     

GFS降雨预报在大伙房水库实时跨流域调水决策的应用研究

分析了跨流域调水工程与水库控制运用规划成果存在的问题,阐述了实时调度中考虑预报信息的可行性。以辽宁省东水西调工程为例,通过对浑河流域"05813"洪水的模拟调度来分析规划与实时调度两种方式的差异,结果表明:考虑GFS预报信息的实时预报调度方式可以获得降低防洪安全和增加洪水资源利用率的双重效益,从工程的实时调度中优化了地区水资源的配置。本文的研究思路可以为其他跨流域调水工程的实时运行提供参考。     

调水工程的水价形成机制初探

价格是商品价值的货币表现．水作为一种特殊的商品，其价格变化应随着社会经济的变化而变化．随着社会经济的进一步发展、城市化进程的加快，为了缓解日益紧张的水资源危机、实现水资源的合理配置和有效利用，跨流域、跨区域调水已成为今后一个时期水利工作急需解决的问题，要充分发挥调水工程的功能与效益，必须认真研究水权和水市场的问题，研究调水工程水价的形成机制问题．这不仅影响到水资源的配置，又关系到水利的投入、水利工程的运营管理、工农业生产以及人民群众的生活．总之，一个国家、一个地方，完善的水价政策和良性运行机制是…     

Conflicting Attitudes Toward Inter-basin Water Transfers in Bulgaria

Abstract

Sofia, Bulgaria has suffered from chronic water shortages in recent decades. Since the 1970s, government officials have advocated the construction of a massive complex of dams, tunnels, and diversion structures to transfer water from the Rila Mountains to meet the city's needs. These inter-basin water transfers have been highly controversial, sparking protests by citizens in water export areas, water scientists, and environmentalists. Using a qualitative approach employing focus groups and interviews, this study describes and analyzes the attitudes of ordinary citizens, water scientists, environmental NGO leaders, and government officials toward inter-basin water transfers between the Rila Mountains and Sofia. Apart from government officials, there is little enthusiasm for inter-basin water transfers. Citizens living in water export areas are generally opposed to any water management actions that do not address their needs for a regulated water supply, while those living in Sofia see water transfers as being unnecessary and prohibitively expensive. A high degree of polarization exists between government officials, who view water transfers as being an important tool in water management, and water scientists and environmentalists, who view inter-basin transfers as being unnecessary, prohibitively expensive, and detrimental to local populations and the environment. All participants in the study agree that Sofia's present water supply network is highly inefficient and needs to be modernized. In spite of the shortages, water conservation methods have not widely implemented.