京山河流域水生态系统保护与修复规划

结合京山河流域的自然特点,以流域水资源优化配置和水生态系统有效保护为主线,提出了水资源优化配置和水生态系统保护与修复的对策措施,为维护河流生态系统的健康,为经济社会的可持续发展提供支撑和保障,为京山河水系水生态系统保护和修复工作提供科学依据。     

Water Resource Assessment for the Zambezi River Basin

The Zambezi river drains eight riparian countries: Angola, Namibia, Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique. The Zambezi river is, therefore, an international river basin. It drains an area of about 1,800,000 square km (Okavango-Chobe system included). The surface water resources of the Zambezi river have been assessed on the basis of average, typical dry, and wet year flow conditions. An overview of the water resources of the Zambezi river (surface water only) during the driest, average, and wettest year flow conditions are presented. It is anticipated that this information will form the backbone for the integrated water resource planning and management of the Zambezi river basin. According to the Helsinki Rules on the uses of the waters on international rivers, Article Four states that “Each basin state is entitled, within its territory, to a reasonable and equitable share of the beneficial uses of the waters of an international drainage basin.” Therefore, this information is also going to be useful in the negotiations between riparian countries/states for the equitable sharing of the water resources of the Zambezi river basin.     

淮河流域水质及回顾分析

对 1995～ 2 0 0 0年淮河流域水质进行评价及回顾分析 ,充分利用河道径流量资料 ,分析了淮河流域豫皖边界、皖苏边界、苏皖边界、鲁苏边界和淮河王家坝、颖河界首、洪河班台、涡河付桥闸以及淮河干流 6个断面的输污量及污染成因 ,指出目前的水质改善是高污染水平上的初步控制 ,实现淮河水变清的任务依然艰巨     

长三角农村河流的生态服务功能的实现

对长三角地区的农村河道治理提出了一些具体的方法,目的在于充分发挥农村河流生态系统在生态、亲水、景观等方面的功能,促进资源和社会的可持续发展。     

海河流域水污染现状与水资源质量状况综合评价

海河流域在我国国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。水污染及水环境恶化、水资源短缺 ,已成为制约本流域经济进一步发展、影响人民生活稳定的社会问题。对海河流域水污染现状与水资源质量状况进行了综合评价 ,初步分析论述了水污染造成的恶果和危害 ,以及应当采取的水环境保护措施     

An Indicator Based Assessment for Water Resources Management in Gediz River Basin,Turkey

In this study, a water resources management model that facilitates indicator-based decisions with respect to environmental, social and economic dimensions is developed for the Gediz River Basin in Turkey. The basic input of the proposed model is the quantity of surface water that is greatly allocated to irrigation purposes; therefore, supply and demand interrelations in agricultural water use constitute the main focus of the study. The model has been applied under three different hydro-meteorological scenarios that reflect baseline as well as better and worse conditions of water supply and demand, not only to reach an assessment of water budget, but also to evaluate the impacts of proposed management alternatives under different conditions. The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) software is used as a simulation and evaluation tool to assess the performance of possible management alternatives, which is measured by nine proposed indicators. The results of the study have indicated that the Gediz River Basin is quite sensitive to drought conditions, and the agricultural sector is significantly affected by irrigation deficits that increase sharply in drought periods. Even if the optimistic scenario is assumed to occur, it is not possible to observe a significant improvement in the water budget; however, the negative impacts of climate change can possibly exacerbate the water crisis. The indicators also verified that, efficient water management is crucial to ensure the sustainable use of water resources with respect to environmental, social and economic dimensions.     

海河流域水资源脆弱性及其评价

水资源脆弱性是评价水资源系统对自然条件变动或人类开发利用影响承载能力的重要指标,其评价对于水资源保护工作非常重要。从自然因素、人为因素、综合因素三方面给出13个指标,利用层次分析法确定各指标的权重,综合相关研究及经验确定各指标的标准值,综合进行区域水资源脆弱性评价。以海河流域为例开展了实例研究,海河流域现状的水资源脆弱度为59.7,属于中度脆弱区;在未来气候变化条件下,经过人工水资源调控措施,海河流域2020年、2030年水资源脆弱度分别为58.64、58.63,证明水资源调控措施将会改善海河流域水资源条件。该方法对流域级水资源系统的脆弱性评价有重要意义。     

参与式灌溉管理在疏勒河流域灌区的实践

随着农业种植结构的调整和水利工程管理体制的改革,甘肃省疏勒河流域灌区围绕改善农业生产基本条件、调整农业结构、减轻农民负担、增加农民收入的目标,进行了灌区管理机制的改革,积极推广农民用水户参与式灌溉管理.通过3年的实践,健全了协会的管理职能,明确了协会和用水户的责任、权利、义务,避免了搭车收费现象,促进了节约用水.     

Economic Assessment of Best Management Practices in the Mara River Basin: Toward Implementing Payment for Watershed Services

The Mara River in East Africa is currently experiencing poor water quality and increased fluctuations in seasonal flow. Improved water quality will require upstream farmers and foresters to adopt Best Management Practices (BMPs), which might cost them considerably. This study proposes a Payment for Watershed Services (PWS) mechanism. This is a market-based approach, whereby downstream water users would pay upstream watershed service providers towards the costs of BMPs implementation. This study analyzes the technical feasibility and economic viability of adapting selected BMPs and provides cost estimates of a PWS program. Using three criteria of water quality improvement, economic feasibility, and technical suitability, a detailed economic opportunity cost analysis revealed that farmers would indeed incur economic losses for all BMPs except no-till farming. We also developed a multi-criteria (demographic and environmental) methodology for identifying land areas to be placed under BMPs. More than 122,000 ha of land would require BMPs, including a moratorium on agriculture inside the Mau Forest Complex. The initial per hectare opportunity costs across the five highest ranked BMPs ranged from US$ 272 to US$ 926. Using these cost estimates, the paper draws some valuable policy and management insights on how to finance BMP implementation.     

拓宽思路,科学评价水资源量——以渭河流域蓝水绿水资源量评价为例

对蓝水和绿水的内涵进行了梳理,并对其评价方法进行了综合分析,认为水文模型法是同时评价蓝水和绿水资源量时空变化特征的有效方法。在此基础上以渭河流域为例,构建了渭河流域分布式水文模型SWAT,并采用SUFI-2算法进行参数敏感性分析、参数率定、模型验证以及不确定性分析。根据模型输出结果,分别在水文响应单元、控制流域以及城市/地区尺度上对渭河流域近50年来的蓝水资源量、绿水流和绿水储量进行了综合评价,以期为西北干旱缺水地区的水资源规划与管理以及水资源高效利用提供科学依据。     

黄河流域水资源利用与保护现状评价

根据黄河流域供水量、用水量、耗水量、排水量和入河污染物的基本情况,分析了黄河流域水资源开发利用程度、实际缺水情况和现状水质状况。黄河水资源利用与保护存在水资源总量不足、生态环境日趋恶化、用水效率偏低、水污染形势严峻等问题。为缓解流域水资源的短缺问题,应在建设节水减污型社会的基础上实施跨流域调水。     

河流生态健康评价研究——以潮白河为例

在综述分析前人研究成果的基础上,简要介绍了生态系统健康评价的基础理论,分析了河流生态系统健康的概念内涵和河流生态系统健康评价的基本方法.并以潮白河为研究案例,按照"病态、不健康、亚健康、健康、很健康"5级评价标准,对其进行了生态系统健康评价.结果表明,潮白河(1.473)处于不健康状态.     

基于底栖动物指标的赤水河流域水质生物学评价

针对长江流域现有水质评价方法的不足,在赤水河流域对以底栖动物为指示生物的水质评价方法进行了测试。2010年秋季枯水期,研究小组对赤水河干流及部分支流共10个断面开展了数据采集工作,通过对数据的分析,发现底栖动物群落结构能够反应一定的水质污染状况;对部分生物指数进行了测试,结果表明,ASPT计分系统最适宜用于该区域的水质评价,并可以此为基础构建赤水河流域水质生物学评价体系。     

Development and Application of the River Values Assessment System for Ranking New Zealand River Values

In New Zealand and elsewhere no system has existed for objectively ranking the relative importance of different use (e.g., irrigation and hydro electric power) and non-use (e.g., whitewater kayaking, recreational angling, native birdlife) river values. Development of such a system would provide an opportunity for improved policies and rules around water and river use, development and conservation opportunities, and for understanding tradeoffs when competing and overlapping demands are placed on the same resource. In this paper the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS), a Multi Criteria Analysis based approach, is described and demonstrated by application to the salmonid angling value (and in a more limited way to swimming) in Tasman District rivers of the South Island, New Zealand. The system has 10 steps, and a decision support system which finally helps decide the national, regional or local (or high, medium or low) importance or significance of rivers for particular values. As with any MCA approach there is a wide range of limitations all of which are addressed, and none of which are ultimately fatally detrimental to the system.     

流域机构与黄河水资源统一管理

通过对黄河水资源管理的现状分析，提出黄河水资源统一管理的基本思路，即坚持政府宏观调控，民主协商、水市场调节三有机结合的基本配置模式，以及政府在市场管理和利益调节过程中的宏观调控作用，搞好水资源综合规划，合理优化配置水资源。     

Implementing the EU Water Framework Directive: Experiences of Participatory Planning in the Ribble Basin,North West England

Abstract

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is potentially the most significant piece of water management legislation to be developed by the European Union (EU) in the last forty years. Whilst water legislation is already regarded by many people as the ‘gold plating’ of EU environmental policy, many of the previous regulations and policies have focussed on specific point and non-point source water quality problems and have stipulated stringent standards to be achieved within specified time limits. In sharp contrast, the WFD aims to establish a planning and management framework for sustainable use of water and the ecological restoration of entire river systems, many of which do not fit neatly within the political or administrative boundaries of the Member States. Public participation in planning and management decisions is a key aspect of the WFD. This paper describes the specific requirements of the WFD for public participation and examines their implementation in the Ribble basin in North West England. The Ribble is part of a EU river basin network designed to test the WFD implementation guidelines issued by the European Commission. Particular challenges associated with engaging stakeholders in WFD implementation are highlighted and recommendations for future practice are offered.     

跨流域调水生态补偿研究述评

跨流域调水生态补偿研究是尝试从生态补偿市场角度解决跨流域调水工程的持续发展问题。从内涵、目的、标准、实施机制、保障制度这5方面分别对国内外相关研究进行了归纳总结,梳理了对跨流域调水生态补偿的认识过程,总结了国内外研究进展、研究侧重点与研究不足并评述了国外典型案例,基于此对国内外研究进展进行了比较。发现跨流域调水生态补偿只是近些年才得以重视,但国外已经形成了从内涵到保障制度的初步理论体系,与国外相比较,我国研究尚处于初级阶段,应从跨流域调水生态服务的特点与生态补偿的市场特征来进行相应研究是今后研究的重点。     

The Yellow River Basin: Water Accounting,Water Accounts,and Current Issues

Abstract

There is increasing recognition of the problems facing China in meeting the growing water demand in the Yellow River basin, the “cradle of Chinese Civilization” and a critically important agricultural and industrial region. Meaningful debate on the range and relative costs of options available to policy-makers in addressing the problem depend fundamentally on an accurate understanding of basin water resources. Unfortunately, the ability of outsiders to participate in the de bate and for Chinese, with their long history of water management, to contribute to similar discussions elsewhere in the world is hindered to some extent by a lack of understanding of differences in water accounting systems and concepts. This paper attempts to address this problem by describing the water accounting system used in the Yellow River basin and elsewhere in China. The paper shows that the primary difference between water accounting methodologies in the Yellow River and those typically applied elsewhere is related to supply accounting in general and groundwater accounting in particular. Although not currently included in its water accounting system, Chinese concepts of environmental water use, when included, will also differ substantially from those familiar to outside researchers. In terms of actual Yellow River balances, the paper highlights the apparent declining trend in basin rainfall and runoff and the dramatic growth in industrial and domestic water use. Together declining supply and rising demand will increasingly cause policy-makers to face hard choices in assessing their water planning options. These choices will only become more difficult as managers in the Yellow River, as elsewhere in the world, try to incorporate ecological needs in the water accounting equation.     

Competing Freshwater and Ecological Services in the River Basin Perspective

Abstract

A river basin approach focusing on upstream/downstream conflicts of interest has to involve attention both to the services that water itself provides to society, and to water-related ecosystem services, terrestrial as well as aquatic. Besides “blue water” flow, i.e., liquid water flows in rivers and aquifers, attention has to be paid to “green water” flow, i.e., the water vapor flow involved in plant production. Basically, the rainfall over the basin is what must be shared between those upstream and those downstream. To satisfy societal needs, humans have to manipulate various landscape elements. These manipulations—due to fundamental water functions—will produce side effects (“environmental impacts”). In an integrated basin approach, it is necessary to include side effects of water-impacting land use conversions upstream on water-dependent activities and ecosystem health downstream. A fundamental challenge is therefore to find ways and mechanisms by which reconciliation can be developed among land use, water use, and ecosystem health, and between upstream and downstream activities