高硅铝合金无缸套发动机缸体缸孔珩磨加工数控机床关键技术研究

基于高硅铝合金无缸套发动机缸体缸孔材料的磨削特点,开发了一种数控双主轴珩磨机床。该机床采用二工位双主轴的珩磨加工布局,由以下模块组成:主轴箱、立柱、立柱下滑台、工件装夹工作台等;采用主轴珩磨双进给机构及珩磨头油石双涨机构;采用基于运动控制卡的全闭环控制系统,系统硬件平台采用工控机和通用工业运动控制卡,运用基于差压式珩磨在线气动测量系统,实现加工量的闭环控制;软件平台采用Windows系统,采用VC++开发工具编制珩磨工艺加工程序。     

硅片磨床伺服进给系统仿真模型与分析

在硅片磨削时,硅片加工质量与硅片磨床的进给系统性能密切相关。为了提升硅片磨床进给系统的精度和稳定性,提出了采用上位机、运动控制卡、伺服驱动器、位置传感器进行闭环控制进给的技术方案。研究了伺服系统和机械系统两者之间的相互耦合关系,建立了动力学模型,搭建了基于PID控制的三闭环控制系统,采用MATLAB中Simulink模块对进给系统进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,磨床进给系统速度波动量在1%以下满足硅片磨削对进给精度的要求。     

用于直接驱动机床主轴的大推力圆筒型永磁直线电机的研究

根据机床主轴进给性能指标的要求,计算圆筒型永磁直线电机的主要尺寸参数,然后通过有限元分析对电机的输出性能进行优化。最后设计基于各相独立电流环控制的控制方案,完成机床主轴直线电机进给系统的总体设计。设计的大推力圆筒型永磁直线电机能实现机床主轴的直接进给驱动,具有效率高,精度高,动态响应快等优点。     

圆盘锯齿刀超声切削Nomex蜂窝芯力热分析

为探究Nomex蜂窝芯圆盘锯齿刀超声切削过程中切削参数与切削力热的映射关系,开展圆盘锯齿刀超声切削Nomex蜂窝芯复合材料仿真及试验研究,分析主轴转速、进给速度、切削宽度和切削深度对切削过程中切削力热的影响,建立了切削温度随进给速度、主轴转速的一次回归模型。结果表明:所建立仿真模型最大误差为11.2%,可有效预测切削力与切削温度;三向切削力随着切削宽度,切削深度,进给速度的增大而增大,随着主轴转速的增大而减小;进给速度与主轴转速对切削温度影响显著;实际加工中,应采用大切削深度与切削宽度增加切削效率,采用小进给速度和主轴转速以降低切削温度,减少刀具磨损。     

基于灰色理论的铁氧体切割工艺参数优化

针对铁氧体的高精度环形金刚石线锯切割工艺参数优化问题,以其切割后的面形精度和表面粗糙度作为评价指标,采用正交试验法研究主轴转速、进给速度和张紧力等工艺参数对切割表面质量的影响,并基于灰色理论对多工艺目标进行数据分析和综合评判,得到工艺参数组合优化方案为：主轴转速,1 000 r/min;进给速度,1.0 mm/min;张紧力,90 N。切割试验结果表明：用优化后的参数组合得到的面形精度PV为7.37μm、表面粗糙度Ra为0.882μm,加工表面质量提高,验证了铁氧体切割工艺参数优化的有效性和实用性。     

M224型半自动内圆磨床数控化改造技术

M224半自动内圆磨床是一种采用液压和机械联合进给的机床,存在结构复杂、定位精度低、维护难度高等问题.文章以此磨床为研究对象,采用"人机界面+PLC+交流伺服"的硬件实现方案,对磨床径向工作台(X轴)进行了数控化改造;采用PLC通讯控制变频器的方案实现了对砂轮主轴的控制;并且对工件主轴、冷却泵的原控制方案进行了改进.实际使用情况表明,改造后大大简化了机床的结构,提高了机床的定位精度,并使机床具有了良好的操作性能.     

基于田口方法的筒形件强力旋压参数优化

强力旋压工艺参数的选取对筒形件的成型精度和质量有着很大的影响。选择进给率、主轴转速、旋轮成形角为试验因素,以旋轮所受的最大三向力和壁厚均值为评价指标,设计正交试验并对试验数据进行分析。采用田口方法对筒形件强力旋压工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,影响轴向力和切向力的主次顺序都为:主轴转速>旋轮成形角>进给率;影响径向力的主次顺序为:主轴转速>进给率>旋轮成形角;影响壁厚精度的主次顺序为:进给率>主轴转速>旋轮成形角。得到的优化参数组合是进给率为0.3 mm/res,主轴转速为300 rpm,旋轮成形角为20°。     

桥梁斜拉索锚具大螺距螺纹加工专用机床关键技术的研究

针对桥梁斜拉索锚具大螺距螺纹的结构特殊性,设计一台采用双层空心主轴、进行差动进给的拉索螺纹专用加工机床;研究了机床的整体方案,确定了机床的总体布局及机床参数,并设计确定机床外形尺寸、主轴、夹具等;同时根据螺纹切削力公式估算出切削力,根据切削力计算出机床的切削功率等.     

数控铣削工艺参数对覆膜砂砂型表面品质的影响

以覆膜砂砂坯为研究对象,进行了覆膜砂砂坯铣削加工实验,研究了主轴转速、进给速度、铣削深度、铣削宽度等工艺参数对砂型表面粗糙度Ra的影响,并采用正交实验和极差分析了各个因素对加工砂型表面品质的影响。结果表明,铣削工艺参数对加工后砂型表面品质有显著的影响。砂型表面粗糙度随着进给速度和铣削深度增加而增加,随着主轴转速的增加而减少,铣削宽度对其影响不明显;影响程度大小顺序为:铣削深度进给速度主轴转速铣削宽度,通过降低铣削深度和进给速度,提高主轴转速,可提高砂型加工表面品质。     

OP—3型自动更换主轴箱组合机床

三菱重工业株式会社试制了一台OP—3型自动更换主轴箱组合机床(图1)。该机床用于加工推土机转向系统离合器壳体。 机床采用卧式的配置方案,六个主轴箱贮存在椭圆形环架中。机床采用了刚性较好的专用机械动力头,进给系统采用了滚珠丝杠,并从主轴传动系统中获得进给运动。因此可以进行螺孔加工。主轴箱7(图2)的尺寸约1米×1米,以四个支承块5的小平面和动力头接触,用两个φ60毫米伸缩式定位销进行定位,用四个夹紧油缸4通过Г形压板6夹紧。据称主轴箱重复定位精度可达0.01毫米。六个主轴箱共有主轴346根。为了提高加工精度,据介绍主轴箱的镗孔位置精度都控制在±5微米之内。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。