基于Census变换的自适应权值Hamming距离立体匹配算法

传统的Census+Hamming距离立体匹配算法往往由于将邻域像素等同对待,从而缺少足够的匹配信息,造成较高的误匹配率。对此提出了一种自适用加权的Hamming距离算法,通过引入邻域像素空间距离,使在距离测算时将邻域像素分等级计算,丰富了匹配图像的信息。并且使用梯度图像像素之间的距离作为聚合代价计算的权值,实验证明其对于噪声有一定的抗干扰性,并且能够很好地反映纹理等信息,同时引入稀疏聚合窗口来减少算法的复杂度。最后进行亚像素插值增大匹配的正确性。通过对比试验证明,此算法不仅能够提高匹配的准确性和抗干扰性,还能减少算法的复杂度,适用于实时的立体匹配。     

基于融合代价和优化引导滤波的立体匹配算法

现有局部立体匹配算法与全局立体匹配算法相比,计算量更小、速度更快,能达到实时匹配的要求,但存在误匹配率较高、视差结果精度较低等问题。提出一种新的局部立体匹配算法,依据像素梯度信息、像素梯度的平均值及标准差计算多指标梯度代价,使算法对图像局部结构的表达更加全面。根据像素的灰度差异程度划分等级,提出7等级编码的精细化Census变换匹配代价,以有效识别图像信息之间的细微差异,弥补Census变换在相似纹理区域精度较低的不足。将多指标梯度代价和精细化Census变换匹配代价按一定权重进行融合,形成初始匹配代价,从而充分发挥两种代价的优越性。在代价聚合阶段,对引导滤波的线性系数进行自适应优化,解决固定参数引起图像局部过于平滑或平滑不足的问题,并使用优化后的引导滤波模型进行代价聚合,改善代价聚合的效果。使用胜者为王算法计算视差获得初始视差图,最后通过左右一致性检测和加权中值滤波进行视差优化,得到更为理想的视差图。在Middlebury V3立体评估平台上的实验结果表明,所提算法在非遮挡区域的加权平均误匹配率为15.7%,与Cens5、IGF、ISM等算法相比具有较高的精度。     

多测度融合的树形滤波立体匹配算法

针对立体匹配算法中匹配精度不高的问题,提出一种基于树形滤波的立体匹配算法.利用像素边缘信息自适应改变Census变换窗口,融合颜色、边缘和改进后的Census信息作为匹配代价,对图像进行均值分割,以聚类区域计算树边权重,建立最小生成树,利用树形滤波器进行代价聚合,使用左右一致性检测细化视差,得到精确视差图.实验结果表明,该算法具有更优的匹配精度且生成的视差图具有良好的边缘保持特性,能够较好适应各种复杂场景.     

基于改进Census变换的立体匹配算法

针对基于传统Census变换的立体匹配方法精度不高的问题, 提出一种基于坐标模板Census变换的立体匹配方法。该方法首先设计一个坐标为高斯分布的变换模板指导Census变换; 其次, 以Census变换结果之间的Hamming距离作为匹配代价求取初始视差, 同时使用SSE4. 2指令提高Hamming距离计算效率; 再次, 使用非局部代价聚合方法优化视差结果; 最后, 获得精度较高的视差图像。实验结果表明, 该算法具有较好的匹配精度和较高的匹配效率。     

基于自适应权重的改进Census立体匹配算法

针对传统Census算法对噪声敏感且在弱纹理区域匹配精度低的不足,提出一种基于自适应权重的改进算法。在代价计算阶段,通过空间相似度加权计算得到参考像素值,设定阈值限定参考值与中心点像素的差异,使算法能够判断中心点是否发生突变并自适应选择中心参考像素值。在代价聚合阶段,引入多尺度聚合策略,将引导滤波作为代价聚合核函数,加入正则化约束保持代价聚合时尺度间的一致性。在视差计算阶段,通过胜者通吃法得到初始视差图。在视差优化阶段,对初始视差图做误匹配点检测及左右一致性检测,并对遮挡区域进行像素填充得到最终的视差图。基于Middlebury标准图的实验结果表明,该算法平均误匹配率为5.81%,对比于传统Census算法抗干扰性提升显著,并能在平均误匹配率表现上达到主流经典算法的性能水准。     

融合多特征表示和超像素优化的双目立体匹配

针对目前许多局部双目立体匹配方法在缺乏纹理区域、遮挡区域、深度不连续区域匹配精度低的问题,提出了基于多特征表示和超像素优化的立体匹配算法。通过在代价计算步骤中加入边缘信息特征,与图像局部信息代价相融合,增加了在视差计算时边缘区域的辨识度;在代价聚合步骤,基于超像素分割形成的超像素区域,利用米字骨架自适应搜索,得到聚合区域,对初始代价进行聚合;在视差精化步骤利用超像素分割信息,对匹配错误视差进行修正,提高匹配精度。基于Middlebury立体视觉数据集测试平台,与自适应权重AD-Census、FA等方法得出的视差图进行比较,该算法在深度不连续区域和缺乏纹理区域的匹配效果显著改善,提高了立体匹配精度。     

双目区域视差快速计算及测距算法

目的 双目测距对水面无人艇自主避障以及视觉侦察具有重要意义,但视觉传感器成像易受光照环境及运动模糊等因素的影响,基于经典Census变换的立体匹配代价计算方法耗时长,且视差获取精度差,影响测距精度。为了提高测距精度并保证算法运行速度,提出一种用于双目测距的快速立体匹配算法。方法 基于传统Census变换,提出一种新的比特串生成方法,在匹配点正方形支持窗口的各边等距各选3个像素点,共选出8个像素点,这8个像素点两两比较生成一个字节的比特串。将左右视场中的匹配点与待匹配点的比特串进行异或,得到两点的汉明距离,在各汉明距离中找到距离最小的像素点作为匹配像素点,两像素点的横坐标差为视差。本文采用区域视差计算的方法,在左右视场确定同一目标区域后进行视差提取和滤波,利用平均视差计算目标的距离。结果 本文算法与基于传统Census变换的立体匹配视差获取方法相比,在运算速度方面优势明显,时间稳定在0.4 s左右,用时仅为传统Census变换算法的1/5。在Middlebury数据集中的图像对teddy和cones上进行的算法运行时间对比实验中,本文基于Census变换改进的算法比已有的基于Census变换的匹配算法在运行时间上快了近20 s。在实际双目测距实验中,采用本文算法在1019 m范围内测距误差在5%以内,根据无人艇的运动特点和避障要求,通过分析可知该算法的测距精度可以满足低速无人艇的避障需求。结论 本文给出的基于改进Census变换的匹配算法在立体匹配速度上有大幅提高,提取目标视差用于测距,实际测距结果表明,本文算法能够满足水面无人艇的视觉避障要求。     

面向无人机自主导航的立体匹配算法

无人机自主导航是无人机发展的必然趋势,立体视觉技术作为一种优秀的环境信息测量技术能够为无人机自主导航提供关键信息.但是,导航图像存在幅度失真,现有立体匹配方法的匹配精度较低,针对Census变换舍弃了图像像素色彩信息而造成的误匹配问题,本文提出了一种Census变换和图像色彩信息相结合的联合匹配算法,并经过理论分析提出了正交积分的方法以提高算法的实时性.首先,将Census变换和图像色彩信息联合,构造初始匹配代价;然后,采用改进的自适应窗口作为代价累积窗口,并使用正交积分思想提高累积速度;最后,经过视差提精,获得最终的视差图.实验结果表明:本文算法对幅度失真图像的匹配误差比单独使用Census变换提高了40%～50%,算法的运算时间提速了3～12倍,与Census变换和图像灰度单独作为匹配代价时相比,该方法具有更高的匹配精度,对幅度失真有很强的鲁棒性,能够较好地应用于无人机自主导航场景中.     

多特征融合和自适应聚合的立体匹配算法研究

针对局部立体匹配在光照失真和弱纹理区域匹配精度低的问题,提出了一种多特征融合的代价计算和自适应十字窗口聚合的立体匹配算法。引入HSV颜色空间分量,结合改进后的Census变换和梯度信息作为匹配代价计算方法,排除了视差边界异常值的影响,增强了算法对光照失真的稳健性;提出了基于梯度信息和可变颜色阈值的自适应窗口代价聚合方法,提高了在弱纹理区域的匹配精度;通过视差计算和多步骤的视差精细得到了最终的视差结果。实验结果表明,所提算法较AD-Census算法在无光照失真条件下误匹配减少了3.24%,能有效解决视差边界和弱纹理区域错误匹配的问题,对光照失真稳健性好且能有效抑制噪声干扰。     

一种对光照条件不敏感而快速的局部立体匹配

针对绝大多数立体匹配算法的相似性测度过分依赖于图像灰度统计特性的问题,提出了一种对光照变化不敏感的立体匹配算法.首先,研究了Census非参数变换并分析了其局限性;其次,为了在立体匹配时能够考虑像素的空间位置信息,对于变换窗口内与中心像素的相对位置大于一个单位的各邻域像素,将其灰度值通过周围4个像素的灰度值插值获得:最...     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.