溅射纳米晶Ni20Cr涂层的高温氧化行为

利用溅射法在Ni20Cr合金表面制备相同成分的纳米晶涂层,研究了该合金与纳米晶涂层在空气中1000℃的恒温氧化和抗循环氧化行为.结果表明,纳米晶涂层恒温氧化时生成单层连续氧化膜,氧化产物以Cr2O3为主,有少量的NiCr2O4存在.经1000℃循环氧化,纳米晶涂层生成的氧化物致密且颗粒细小,氧化膜相对较完整.溅射纳米晶...     

Fe20Cr4.5Al微晶和含Y2O3弥散氧化物微晶涂层的高温氧化性能

采用自行研制的高频电脉冲沉积(HFESD)设备在Fe20Cr4.5Al合金表面分别制备了Fe20Cr4.5Al微晶涂层与Fe20Cr4.5Al-Y2O3弥散氧化物微晶涂层.在1000℃和1100℃静态空气中,对合金基体和施加涂层试样进行了200 h的恒温氧化实验.结果表明在两种实验温度条件下,含有Y2O3弥散氧化物颗粒的微晶涂层,完全消除了Al2O3氧化膜中的凸脊,细化了氧化膜的晶粒,抑制了氧化膜的剥落,大大地提高了氧化膜的致密性和粘附性.单一的微晶涂层则部分抑制了凸脊状氧化膜的形成,氧化膜由脊状氧化物和细晶氧化物混杂组成.涂层对氧化增重的影响则与氧化温度-氧化膜的生长速率有关,在1000℃下,涂层试样的氧化增重均有所降低,其中弥散氧化物微晶涂层试样的氧化增重最低;在1100℃下,施加微晶涂层和弥散氧化物涂层对氧化增重影响很小.微晶和Y2O3弥散氧化物颗粒在提高Al2O3氧化膜保护性方面具有"协同效应".     

Fe20Cr4.5Al微晶和含Y2O3弥散氧化物涂晶涂层的高温氧化性能

采用自行研制的高频电脉冲沉积（HFESD）设备在Fe20Cr4.5Al合金表面分别制备了Fe20Cr4.5Al微晶涂层与Fe20Cr4.5Al-Y2O3弥散氧化物微晶涂层。在1000℃和1100℃静态空气中，对合金基体和施加涂层试样进行了200h的恒温氧化实验。结果表明：在两种实验温度条件下，含有Y2O3弥散氧化物颗粒的微晶涂层，完全消除了Al2O3氧化膜中的凸脊，细化了氧化膜的晶粒，抑制了氧化膜的剥落，大大地提高了氧化膜的致密性和粘附性。单一的微晶涂层则部分抑制了凸脊状氧化膜的形成，氧化膜由脊状氧化物和细晶氧化物混杂组成。涂层对氧化增重的影响则与氧化温度－氧化膜的生长速率有关，在1000℃下，涂层试样的氧化增重均有所降低，其中弥散氧化物微晶涂层试样的氧化增重最低；在1100℃下，施加微晶涂层和弥散氧化物涂层对氧化增重影响很小。微晶和Y2O3弥散氧化物颗粒在提高Al2O3氧化膜保护性方面具有“协同效应”。     

DD98M纳米晶AlSi渗层制备及抗高温腐蚀性能研究

采用磁控溅射技术在DD98M合金表面制备了同成份的纳米晶,采用多弧离子镀技术在DD98M纳米晶涂层表面沉积了AlSi涂层,对上述制备态纳米晶+AlSi复合涂层进行了真空扩散处理,得到了外层为β-NiAl层、内层为γ'-Ni_3Al层的双层结构复合涂层。研究了合金、DD98M纳米晶涂层及复合涂层在1050℃恒温氧化及900℃下Na_2SO_4+25%K_2SO_4混合熔盐体系中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:1050℃恒温氧化时,DD98M合金表面生成NiO,α-Al_2O_3,Ta_(0.8)O_2,CrTaO_4及NiAl_2O_4等组成的混合氧化物膜,氧化膜开裂剥落严重。纳米晶涂层表面生成α-Al_2O_3和少量NiAl_2O_4组成的混合氧化物膜,复合涂层表面形成了均匀致密的单一α-Al_2O_3膜。纳米晶涂层和复合涂层大幅提高了合金的抗恒温氧化性能。在900℃下Na_2SO_4+25%K_2SO_4熔盐中,DD98M合金20 h后即发生了灾难性腐蚀,沉积态纳米晶及其预氧化涂层提高了合金的抗热腐蚀性能,复合涂层大幅提高了合金的抗热腐蚀性能。     

K52合金纳米晶涂层的1 000℃氧化行为

对K52合金及其溅射纳米晶涂层在常压空气中进行了1 000℃抗氧化试验,用x射线衍射(ⅪRD)、扫描电镜能谱仪(SEM/EDX)、透射电镜(TEM)和电子探针(EPMA)等方法,对涂层形貌、组织和组成相以及氧化物的成分等进行了测定.研究结果表明:K52纳米晶涂层的抗高温氧化性能优于其基体合金.这主要由于纳米晶涂层表面生成了均一、致密的的a-AlzO3膜,而铸态合金则生成了疏松的Cr2O3和TiO2的混合氧化膜.讨论了氧化膜的形成机理.     

溅射纳米晶IN738合金涂层的抗循环氧化行为

研究了高温合金IN738及其溅射纳米晶涂层的抗循环氧化行为,结果表明：纳米晶涂层在950℃的抗循环氧化性能比铸态合金好,纳米晶涂层氧化时形成双层的外氧化膜,其内层为连续的Al2O3氧化层,具有了的保护性和粘附性,提高了合金抗循环氧化性能。     

NiCrAlY涂层对单晶镍基合金高温氧化行为的影响

通过对有无NiCrAlY涂层镍基单晶合金进行不同温度的恒温氧化动力学曲线测定及组织结构观察,研究了纳米晶NiCrAlY涂层对高Cr单晶镍基合金高温氧化行为的影响。结果表明：在高温氧化期间,无涂层试样发生明显的氧化、内氧化和内氮化,在表层为Al2O3、Cr2O3的混合氧化物,在次表层氧化物中富含元素Ta,而元素Al贫化,并在近基体区域存在内氧化物;随氧化温度升高,元素Al的贫化区尺寸增大,其中,富Ta相可抑制基体中元素Al向外扩散,延缓合金的氧化速率。合金在氧化初期增重迅速,而恒温氧化增重动力学曲线呈现起伏波动的原因,归结于表面氧化膜的形成与剥落。高Cr单晶合金经溅射NiCrAlY纳米晶涂层,可有效改善合金的抗氧化性能;有涂层试样在不同温度的恒温氧化动力学曲线仅在氧化初期有轻微增重而后趋于平稳,其形成的Al2O3氧化膜不发生明显的剥落,仅在基体近涂层/基体界面区域存在少量AlN内氮化物。     

溅射Ni16Co26Cr10Al纳米晶涂层的1000℃抗氧化性能

利用磁控溅射技术在铸造Ni16Co26Cr10Al合金上溅射了相同成分的纳米晶涂层.1000℃氧化试验结果表明由于溅射Ni16Co26Cr10Al纳米晶涂层晶粒尺寸细小,促进了保护性氧化物形成元素Al向氧化前沿的快速扩散和保护性Al2O3层的快速形成,使得溅射Ni16Co26Cr10Al纳米晶涂层表现出比M38合金更优异的抗氧化性能.     

一种新型细晶Ni3Al涂层抗高温氧化性能研究

通过600℃/2 h真空退火,使复合电沉积的Ni-14.1 mass%Al膜(平均粒径为1 μm)合金化,获得一种新型细晶Ni3Al涂层.对比研究了该涂层与粗晶Ni3Al合金900℃下50 h恒温氧化过程.结果表明,细晶涂层可快速生长连续Al2O3膜,导致NiO的生长受到明显抑制.与粗晶合金相比,该氧化膜粘附性更强.其...     

高Cr镍基合金的高温内氧化和内氮化行为

通过对镍基合金进行不同温度的恒温氧化试验、横断面的组织形貌观察及微区成分分析,研究一种高Cr镍基合金在恒温氧化期间的氧化物分布特征、内氧化及内氮化行为。结果表明:该高Cr镍基合金在850、900、950和1 000℃空气中氧化100 h期间,合金表层发生元素的外氧化,且在外氧化膜中出现分层结构,由表及里各层中的主要氧化物分别为Al2O3、Cr2O3、NiCr2O4和NiAl2O4、Cr2O3、CrTaO4和Al2O3;合金在900℃以下为完全抗氧化级,900~1 000℃为抗氧化级。该合金在各温度的恒温氧化期间,均发生元素Al的内氧化和内氮化;与外氧化膜相邻的区域为元素Al的内氧化区,远离外氧化膜的基体内部形成元素Al的内氮化区;随恒温氧化温度的升高,内氧化区和内氮化区的深度增加,内氧化物和内氮化物的尺寸增大。其中,在内氧化物、内氮化物周围形成元素Al的贫化区,在贫化区内发生-′相的分解及贫乏。     

Effects of aluminum on the oxidation of 25Cr-35Ni cast steels

The oxidation kinetics and morphological development during reaction of two cast austenitic steels at 1000°C in pure dry oxygen at 20 kPa are reported. Both steels contained approximately 25 wt.% Cr and 35 wt.% Ni and, in addition, one steel contained 3.3 wt. %. Both steels oxidized to form external scales consisting mainly of Cr₂O₃ with a thin outer layer of manganese rich spinel. Scale growth kinetics were parabolic, and somewhat faster rates were observed for the aluminum bearing steel. In both steels, deep internal oxidation occurred at the site of primary (interdendritic) carbides. The kinetics of this process were parabolic, and rate control was attributed to oxygen diffusion along the interface between internal oxide and matrix metal. In the aluminum-free steel, interdendritic carbides were converted to chromium rich oxide, but when aluminum was present, a sheath of aluminum rich oxide formed around the carbides. In this latter case, the rate of interdendritic penetration was somewhat slower. The aluminum bearing steel also formed large numbers of rod-shaped Al₂O₃ precipitates within the austenitic dendrites. Deepening of the Al₂O₃ precipitate zone also proceeded according to parabolic kinetics at a rate consistent with rate control by diffusion of oxygen along the oxide-alloy interfaces.     

Oxidation characteristics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo

Static oxidation kinetics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo (atomic percent) were investigated in air over the temperature range of 650–1000°C using thermogravimetric analysis. The oxidation kinetics were complex at all exposure temperatures and displayed up to two distinct stages of parabolic oxidation. Breakaway oxidation occurred after long exposure times at high temperatures. Oxidation products were determined using x-ray diffraction techniques, electron microprobe analysis, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Oxide scale morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces and cross-sections of oxidation specimens. The oxides during the parabolic stages were compact and multilayered, consisting primarily of TiO₂ doped with Nb, a top layer of Al₂O₃ and a thin bottom layer of TiN. The transition between the first and second parabolic stage is linked to the formation of a TiAl layer at the oxide-metal interface. Porosity also formed in the TiO₂ layer during the second stage, causing degradation of the oxide and breakaway oxidation.     

等离子喷涂NiCrCoAlY涂层氧化控制研究

利用等离子喷涂技术制备了NiCrCoAlY粒子和涂层,研究了等离子喷涂过程中NiCrCoAlY粒子的氧化行为以及屏蔽气体对NiCrCoAlY涂层抗高温氧化性能的影响。结果表明,粒子在飞行过程中存在对流氧化和扩散氧化两种氧化机制,对NiCrCoAlY粒子来说,在距喷嘴55 mm以内的射流中心处以对流氧化为主,在距离喷嘴55 mm以外将以扩散氧化为主;除飞行中的氧化外,粒子在喷涂过程中还发生形成涂层后的氧化,NiCrCoAlY粒子以飞行中的氧化为主;添加屏蔽气体能减少喷涂过程中涂层的氧化,提高涂层的抗高温氧化性能     

The Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on the Oxidation Behavior of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy

The oxidation kinetics of DD100 nickel-base single-crystal alloy, with (221) and (100) surface orientations were tested in this study by thermogravimetry. A pronounced anisotropy in both the cyclic and isothermal oxidation resistance of DD100 alloy was observed. The (221) crystallographic surface of DD100 had a slower oxidation rate than the (100) surface when isothermally exposed to stationary air at 950°C, whereas the opposite results were obtained at 1050°C. When cyclically oxidized at 1100°C, the weight loss of samples with (221) surfaces was significantly greater than that of (100) surfaces, so that the cyclic-oxidation anisotropy was more remarkable at 1100°C than at 950°C. The different spatial alignment of the / interface is thought to be responsible for the anisotropic oxidation behavior of the nickel-base single crystal alloy.     

纯钛TIG焊接接头的高温氧化行为

对纯钛氩弧焊焊接接头在550 ℃下氧化不同时间（2,4,6,8 h）以及在不同温度（650,750,850,950 ℃）下氧化4 h的氧化动力学、氧化形态和氧化产物进行了研究。结果表明,在550 ℃下,氧化时间对焊接接头氧化行为的影响有限,而氧化温度对纯钛焊接接头的氧化行为有显著影响,且温度越高,氧化越严重。在低温下,纯钛焊接接头的氧化动力学接近准线性定律,随着温度升高,氧化速率呈指数增长。此外,焊接接头表面产生的氧化产物是具有锐钛矿和金红石结构的TiO₂,温度对TiO₂的类型没有明显影响。纯钛焊接接头的氧化过程可描述为：氧气在表面被吸收;氧化物优先在缺陷区形核;氧化物横向生长、增厚。在较高温度下,氧化膜中出现裂纹或空隙,成为O原子传输通道,导致O和Ti原子的高扩散速率和氧化速率。     

High temperature oxidation of metals under time-dependent gas pressure

A theoretical study on the high-temperature oxidation of thick oxide films grown under a time-dependent gas partial pressure is reported. The diffusion across the film is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction, and Wagner's hypotheses were used as the starting point for our reasoning. A general formulation for the oxidation under no time constant gas pressure, in terms of a time-dependent answer function is given. The effect of an external electric field on the reaction rate is also reported when a constant current density,J, is applied to the oxide scale. If the oxide is a good electronic conductor atJ=0 andt , we found that the reaction rate assumes formally the well-known Wagner's expression of the rate constant but with a gas partial pressure at oxide/gas interface which is a time function. If the oxide is a good ionic or electronic conductor, the effect due to an external electric field,J 0, on the reaction rate is the same as predicted by the Wagner's theory.     

Preferential oxidation of carbon during the initial stage of oxidation of an Fe-0.8%C alloy at 400°C

The preferential oxidation of carbon in an Fe-0.8%C alloy during the first 60 min of oxidation in air at 400°C was studied by a thermogravimetric method and by measuring the quantity of evolved carbon oxides. The morphology of the external oxide surface depended on the type of exposed phase—a rosettelike oxide grows over ferrite, whereas the oxide surface over cementite is relatively smooth. A possible mechanism for the preferential oxidation of carbon and its subsequent cessation is proposed.Formerly of Institute of Materials Engineering, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland.     

V/Nb对Ti-45Al-9(V, Nb, Y)合金抗氧化性能的影响

βγ-TiAl合金具有良好的高温变形能力,为TiAl合金的发展开辟了新的途径。成功制备了不同x=V/Nb(x=1,1.5,2,3.5)的βγ-TiAlTi-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金,研究了上述合金在800℃静止空气中的氧化行为。结果表明:当x=1时,Ti-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金中形成条带状、连续致密的Al2O3氧化层,显著提高了合金的抗氧化能力。随着x=V/Nb的增加,Al2O3氧化层厚度变薄,合金的抗氧化能力下降。     

铸造镍基合金K444在900℃空气中的长期氧化行为

用热重法研究镍基高温合金K444在900℃下氧化1000 h的动力学。结果表明,K444合金氧化动力学遵从抛物线规律,以x射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析及电子探针成分分析测定氧化膜的组成,结果表明氧化膜由多层组成,外层为TiO₂,内层以Cr₂O₃为主还包括内氧化层和贫Υ′层。观察到沿晶界偏聚的碳化物氧化,提出了氧化饥制。     

Oxidation resistance of eight heat-resistant alloys at 870°, 980°, 1095°, and 1150°C

Oxidation testing of heat-resistant alloys is described. The testing procedure utilized weight-gain measurements using one specimen, which was withdrawn and weighed at intervals of 1 week, for 10–18 weeks. The specimen was placed in a porcelain cup during exposure and covered upon cooling to retain spalled oxide. Weight gain was used to determine the kinetics of oxidation and was extrapolated to 3000 hr. The specimen was withdrawn at the end of the exposure, weighed, cathodically descaled, and reweighed. The ratio of oxygen ions to metal ions was determined for each alloy and test temperature. This ratio approaches the stoichemetric ratio for Fe₃O₄ or Cr₂O₃. The ratio for each test is used to convert weight gain to weight loss. The amount of adherent oxide was determined as well as the total amount of oxide, leading to an expression for oxide adherency. The oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys increased with increasing Cr and Ni, with Cr being the most critical element. Additions of Si, Al, or Ce were shown to extend the usefulness of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys.