盘形制动系统颤振临界速度的计算及分析

建立干摩擦的单自由度盘形制动系统动力学模型,基于微分包含理论建立其数学模型,采用数值方法计算系统发生颤振运动的临界速度,并讨论阻尼比、动摩擦因数以及最大静摩擦因数与动摩擦因数之差对临界速度的影响。结果表明:系统发生颤振的临界速度随着阻尼比的增大而减小;随动摩擦因数的增大而增大;在动摩擦因数确定的情况下,随最大静摩擦因数与动摩擦因数之差增大而增大,但最终趋于恒定,在阻尼比ζ=0.001情况下最大静摩擦因数为动摩擦因数1.115倍左右时临界速度不再发生变化。     

盘式制动系统参数对制动颤振的影响分析

为了研究盘式制动系统参数对制动颤振的影响,建立了二自由度的动力学模型,利用Matlab进行数值仿真,分别研究了制动初速度、制动压力、阻尼和刚度等因素对制动系统动力学特性的影响。根据得到的位移曲线和相图可以看出:随着制动初速度的增大,系统黏滞阶段持续时间减少,并逐渐进入稳定运动状态;制动压力相对较小时,制动系统处于稳定状态,随着制动压力的增大,摩擦片和制动盘的振动幅值也随之增大,振动强度变大;在阻尼增大的过程中,摩擦片和制动盘均由起初的纯滑动运动状态进入稳定运动状态,且达到稳定运动状态的时间也逐渐缩短;摩擦片在相对较小的制动刚度下即可达到稳定状态,而制动盘则需要有较大的刚度才能达到稳定状态。     

制动参数对制动系统稳定性的影响

以汽车的制动盘与摩擦片构成的制动系统为研究对象,建立了基于Stribeck摩擦模型的制动系统动力学模型。采用数值仿真的方法就制动系统的初速度、制动压力、阻尼和刚度等制动参数对系统稳定性的影响做了定性的分析,提出了提高系统稳定性的方法。研究结果表明:随着制动初速度的增大,系统的振动幅值也变大,但系统达到稳定状态的时间越短;系统的振动幅值随着制动压力的增大而减小,适当地提高压力可以减小振动;系统的阻尼越大,系统越快达到稳定状态;系统的刚度越大,系统达到稳态运动所需的时间就越长,达到稳定前振动的幅值随着刚度的增大而变小。     

点接触弹流摩擦副动特性研究

弹流油膜具有显著的弹簧、阻尼特性,对高副机械零件和系统的动特性具有重要影响。研究弹流摩擦副的动特性,揭示弹流摩擦副动力学特性的变化规律,对改进和提升整个机械系统的动力学设计具有重要意义。基于弹流润滑理论和机械振动学,建立点接触弹流摩擦副的摩擦学-动力学耦合模型,采用数值方法求解弹流摩擦副在简谐激励下的振动响应;通过简谐激励下弹流摩擦副的阻尼环识别出弹流摩擦副的刚度和阻尼,用参数控制的方法研究载荷、速度、材料参数及椭圆度等对弹流摩擦副刚度和阻尼的影响。结果表明：在研究的速度和载荷范围内,摩擦副的刚度和阻尼随载荷和椭圆度的增大而增大,随速度和材料参数的增大而减小,其中载荷对点接触EHL摩擦副的刚度和阻尼的影响最为显著,相比阻尼,摩擦副的刚度随载荷、速度和材料参数的变化幅度要大得多。在数值算例的基础上,给出弹流摩擦副的刚度和阻尼关于载荷、速度和材料参数的拟合公式。数值比较结果表明,给出的拟合公式具有满意的精度,可快速计算弹流状态下点接触摩擦副的刚度和阻尼。     

爬行物理模型的建立与仿真分析

建立了爬行的物理模型(2自由度质量—弹簧—阻尼系统),根据模型所描述的动力学系统建立了状态参量的数学表达式,仿真分析了系统的刚度(水平、垂直方向)、阻尼比、质量和静动摩擦因数的差值对爬行评价指标的影响,从而得出：增大水平方向的刚度,减小阻尼比、系统的质量和静动摩擦因数的差值,增大驱动速度,适当地提高垂直方向的刚度,控制系统垂直方向的振幅可明显地减小爬行,并给出了表明仿真结果正确性的试验例证。     

Velocity dependent friction laws in contact mode atomic force microscopy

Friction forces in the tip–sample contact govern the dynamics of contact mode atomic force microscopy. In ambient conditions typical contact radii between tip and sample are in the order of a few nanometers. In order to account for the large interaction area the dynamics of contact mode atomic force microscope (AFM) is investigated under the assumption of a multi-asperity contact interface between tip and sample. Thus, the kinetic friction force between tip and sample is the product of the real contact area between both solids and the interfacial shear strength. The velocity strengthening of the lateral force is modeled assuming a logarithmic relationship between shear-strength and velocity. Numerical simulations of the system dynamics with this empirical model show the existence of two different regimes in contact mode AFM: steady sliding and stick–slip where the tip undergoes periodically stiction and kinetic friction. The state of the system depends on the scan velocity as well as on the velocity dependence of the interfacial friction force between tip and sample. Already small viscous damping contributions in the tip–sample contact are sufficient to suppress stick–slip oscillations.     

Lubricated friction between incommensurate substrates

This paper is part of a study of the frictional dynamics of a confined solid lubricant film—modelled as a 1D chain of interacting particles confined between two ideally incommensurate substrates, one of which is driven relative to the other through an attached spring moving at constant velocity. This model system is characterized by three inherent length scales; depending on the precise choice of incommensurability among them it displays a strikingly different tribological behavior. Contrary to two length-scale systems such as the standard Frenkel–Kontorova (FK) model, for large chain stiffness one finds that here the most favorable (lowest friction) sliding regime is achieved by chain-substrate incommensurabilities belonging to the class of non-quadratic irrational numbers (e.g., the spiral mean). The well-known golden-mean (quadratic) incommensurability which slides best in the standard FK model shows instead higher kinetic friction values. The underlying reason lies in the pinning properties of the lattice of solitons formed by the chain with the substrate having the closest periodicity, with the other slider.     

微极流体对错位轴承的润滑性能研究

错位轴承比普通径向轴承表现出了更好的性能,因此对错位轴承的静态性能和动态性能的研究具有重要意义。推导了微极性润滑时错位圆和错位椭圆轴承的动静特性方程,采用有限差分法计算微极错位圆和错位椭圆的静特性,同时采用偏导数法计算其动特性,研究耦合数和特征长度对轴承性能的影响。结果表明：随耦合数增大,错位圆和错位椭圆轴承承载力和摩擦力增大、摩擦因数减小、刚度系数和阻尼系数绝对值增大,轴承稳定性提高;随特征长度增大,错位圆和错位椭圆轴承承载能力和摩擦力减小、摩擦因数先减小再增大、刚度系数和阻尼系数绝对值减小,轴承稳定性降低;相比于牛顿流体,微极流体的承载力更大,摩擦因数更小;微极流体会加大轴承的阻尼系数和刚度系数的绝对值,并且会提高轴承的稳定性;与错位圆轴承相比,错位椭圆轴承承载力大、摩擦力大但是摩擦因数小、稳定性更好。     

超临界二氧化碳动静压径向可倾瓦轴承实验台设计与实验研究

针对超临界二氧化碳(S-CO₂)动力机组在启动和停止阶段气体轴承产生非常大的摩擦磨损,以及气体轴承承载力低、刚度低、阻尼小、稳定性较差等问题,设计并改进一种新型动静压S-CO₂润滑径向可倾瓦轴承结构。设计并搭建S-CO₂润滑轴承实验台,针对于实验台转子刚启动和极低转速工况,对新型S-CO₂润滑动静压径向轴承在静压状态下的动态特性进行实验研究,得到轴承的动态刚度和动态阻尼,并分析静压对轴承动态性能的影响。实验结果表明,设计的S-CO₂动静压径向可倾瓦轴承在启停阶段,在轴瓦与轴颈之间产生了足够的静压压力,可将二者完全分隔开,从而能减少启停阶段的摩擦磨损;随着静压压力的增大,轴承X、Y方向上的整体刚度、主阻尼都增大,且2个方向的主刚度系数差别不大,而交叉刚度和交叉阻尼都接近于0。研究结果为进一步揭示S-CO₂润滑径向轴承动压状态特性提供参考。     

Kinetic friction characterizations of the tubular rubber seals

In this paper, both the kinetic friction characterizations and the stick–slip motion phenomena for the tubular rubber seals are studied. First, the kinetic friction model of the rubber seal is established to explain the kinetic friction mechanism of the tubular rubber seals. Second, both the measurement principle and the test instrument for the kinetic friction properties of the tubular rubber seals are developed, and then both the normal force curve and the friction force curve are obtained. Finally, the influences of the sliding velocity and the compressive displacement on the kinetic friction properties and the stick–slip motion of the tubular rubber seals are analyzed. The results will play an important role for designing and evaluating advanced rubber seal components.     

Stick–slip friction in dissimilar polymer pairs used in automobile interiors

The static and dynamic friction of dissimilar pairs of plastics used in automotive interiors was measured as a function of normal load, system stiffness, and surface roughness. Glass fiber filled polypropylene (FPP) was slid on polycarbonate (PC) and glass fiber filled styrene–maleic–anhydride copolymer (SMAC) in a single pass, unidirectional sliding test. The friction was characterized by the value of static coefficient of friction (COF) and the number of stick–slip cycles during sliding. It was found that the FPP/PC and FPP/SMAC pairs had fewer instances of stick slip than FPP/FPP, PC/PC, and SMAC/SMAC pairs except for one of the SMAC polymers. The surface texture which had the smallest average radius of peak curvature, had the lowest value of static COF. The decrease in the static COF of polypropylene (PP) caused by the addition of glass fiber was most likely caused by the increase in elastic modulus and hardness.     

The effect of glycosaminoglycan depletion on the friction and deformation of articular cartilage

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been shown to be responsible for the interstitial fluid pressurization of articular cartilage and hence its compressive stiffness and load-bearing properties. Contradictory evidence has been presented in the literature on the effect of depleting GAGs on the friction properties of articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of depleting GAGs on the friction and deformation characteristics of articular cartilage under different tribological conditions. A pin-on-plate machine was utilized to measure the coefficient of friction of native and chondroitinase ABC (CaseABC)-treated articular cartilage under two different models: static (4 mm/s start-up velocity) and dynamic (4 mm/s sliding velocity; 4 mm stroke length) under a load of 25 N (0.4 MPa contact stress) and with phosphate-buffered saline as the lubricant. Indentation tests were carried out at 1 N and 2 N loads (0.14 MPa and 0.28 MPa contact stress levels) to study the deformation characteristics of both native and GAG-depleted cartilage samples. CaseABC treatment rendered the cartilage tissue soft owing to the loss of compressive stiffness and a sulphated-sugar assay confirmed the loss of GAGs from the cartilage samples. CaseABC treatment significantly increased (by more than 50 per cent) the friction levels in the dynamic model (p < 0.05) at higher loading times owing to the loss of biphasic lubrication. CaseABC treatment had no effect on friction in the static model in which the cartilage surfaces did not have an opportunity to recover fluid because of static loading unlike the cartilage tissue in the dynamic model, in which translation of the cartilage surfaces was involved, ensuring effective biphasic lubrication. Therefore the depletion of GAGs had a smaller effect on the coefficient of friction for the static model. Indentation tests showed that GAG-depleted cartilage samples had a lower elastic modulus and higher permeability than native tissue. These results corroborate the role of GAGs in the compressive and friction properties of articular cartilage and emphasize the need for developing strategies to control GAG loss from diseased articular cartilage tissue.     

谐波齿轮传动非线性动力学建模及仿真研究

由于结构的特殊性,迟滞刚度和动态摩擦属于谐波齿轮传动的固有属性.传统模型将刚度考虑为定刚度或分段刚度模型,摩擦考虑为静态摩擦模型,这样的简化会导致谐波齿轮传动的动态分析精度下降.为了提高谐波齿轮传动的动态分析精度和传动性能,考虑非线性迟滞刚度和动态摩擦现象,提出了一种基于记忆特性迟滞刚度和LuGre动态摩擦的谐波齿轮传...     

Numerical analysis of stick-slip instability by a rate-dependent elastoplastic formulation for friction

In various fields of engineering, it is important to clarify friction-induced vibration, such as stick-slip motion, for a wide range of scales from microscopic elements to continental plates. In the present study, we apply a rate- and state-dependent friction model [30] (Hashiguchi and Ozaki, 2008), which can rationally describe the reciprocal transition between the static friction and the kinetic friction by a unified formulation, to the simulation of stick-slip instability for a one-degree-of-freedom spring-mass system under various conditions. It is verified that the various basic experimental findings on stick-slip motion can be pertinently described by the present approach. Moreover, the effect of the dynamic characteristics of the system, such as the mass, stiffness and driving velocity, is discussed, and parameters prescribing the rate of reciprocal transition of static-kinetic frictions and the preliminary microscopic sliding on the instability of the stick-slip motion are also discussed.     

Identification of nonlinear dynamic coefficients in plain journal bearings

This work proposes a framework to the numerical identification of nonlinear fluid film bearing parameters from large journal orbital motion (20–60% of the bearing clearance). Nonlinear coefficients are defined by a third order Taylor expansion of bearing reaction forces and are evaluated through a least mean square in time domain technique. The journal response is obtained from a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of a plain journal bearing on high dynamic loading conditions. The model considers fluid–structure interaction between the fluid flow and the journal. The case in study considers a laboratory test rig. Results indicate that nonlinear coefficients have an important effect on stiffness and damping. It was found a change on nonlinear behavior occurred when the Oil Whirl phenomenon starts, which it is not seen in classical linear models.     

考虑稀薄气体有效黏度的微轴承弹流润滑研究

气体稀薄效应和轴瓦弹性变形对微流体设备中气体微型轴承润滑特性影响显著.根据Veijola提出的稀薄气体有效黏度模型,采用有限元法建立柔度矩阵计算轴瓦表面弹性变形量,并推导考虑有效黏度与弹性变形影响的修正Reynolds方程.通过联立求解超薄气膜润滑修正Reynolds方程、稀薄气体有效黏度方程和三维轴瓦弹性方程,分析轴...     

Statistical Linearization on 2 DOFs Hydropneumatic Suspension with Asymmetric Non-linear Stiffness

Most references on hydropneumatic suspension analysis regard it as harden Duffing spring and take the white noise as the system input, which is quite different from real physical model. It will introdu...     

湍流润滑动静压气体径向滑动轴承性能研究

以动静压气体径向滑动轴承为研究对象,考虑湍流润滑,基于有限差分方法求解引入湍流因子改良的可压缩雷诺润滑方程,计算湍流润滑动静压气体径向滑动轴承的压力分布,获得轴承承载力、静态刚度、交叉刚度、主刚度、交叉阻尼和主阻尼等表征动静压轴承静动态特性的基本参数,并分析偏心率、槽深、槽数、长径比等结构参数及轴颈转速和供气压力等工况对轴承静动态性能的影响规律。结果表明：连续性狭缝湍流润滑动静压气体径向滑动轴承的静态特性优于非连续性狭缝;轴承承载力随着偏心率、长期径比的增大而增大,随着槽区长度、槽深的增大而减小,槽数对承载力影响不大;轴承静态刚度随着偏心率的增大先增大后减小,随着长径比、槽深、槽数的增大而增大,随着槽区长度的增大而减小;较大的转速和供气压力有助于提升轴承的承载力和静态刚度;随着偏心率的增大,交叉刚度逐渐增大,主刚度先增大而减小,而交叉阻尼和主阻尼均增大。     

Numerical and Compact Model of Metal Mesh Foil Bearings

Metal mesh foil bearings (MMFBs) are novel gas foil bearings with lower manufacturing costs and higher inherent material energy dissipation ability than traditional bump-type foil bearings. To improve the design guidelines of MMFBs and predict bearing performance, a compact theoretical model is presented by considering the metal mesh substructure as assembled springs and dry friction joints. The proposed analytical model considers the effects of several factors such as relative density, wire diameter, geometrical size, and radial interference of the metal mesh substructure. The predicted stiffness coefficients, which take the dry friction effect into account, show strong nonlinear characteristics with the increasing displacement and have a significant difference between the loading and unloading process. A series of static load tests are conducted to verify the theoretical model of MMFBs. The hysteresis loops of static load versus bearing deflection with respect to the different relative densities predicted by this model are demonstrated by experimental data. The minimum film thickness, journal eccentricity, and attitude angle with respect to different relative densities, rotational speeds, and applied loads are presented and analyzed. The predicted results of the dynamic force coefficients show that the equivalent viscous damping coefficient and relative density have significant effects on bearing dynamic performance. Furthermore, the influence of radial thickness, wire diameter, and radial interference on bearing static and dynamic performance is discussed.     

Non-obstructive particle damping using principles of gas-solid flows

Non-obstructive particle damping is a type of nonlinear damping related to the velocity amplitude of a vibrating structure. Many scholars have spent considerable time researching the damping and energy dissipation mechanism due to interparticle collision and friction, and they achieved corresponding results by using the principles of gas-solid flows and discrete element method. However, the damping mechanism due to kinetic dissipation between particles and gas has been entirely ignored. In this paper, a mathematical evaluation of the damping mechanisms due to kinetic dissipation is performed by using the principles of gas-solid flows. For systematic research into the application of non-obstructive particle damping technology in engineering practice, the improved model is perfectly embedded into finite element software by using co-simulation technology, in which MATLAB invokes a COMSOL file and controls the calculation process. A frequency analysis of the experiment verifies that the prediction accuracy of the improved model is obviously increased. Moreover, energy dissipation was explored by using the principles of gas-solid flows. Results indicate that particle damping technology can effectively control the structure vibration at a higher-order frequency. However, the energy dissipation mechanism takes effect at a lowerorder frequency.