Selective hydrogenation catalyzed by polymeric palladium and platinum complexes

An organic polymer containing a diphenylbenzyl-phosphine functional group, combined with PtCl₂ or PdCl₂, gives a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst which is analogous to the homogeneous catalysts PtCl₂(Pø₃)₂ and PdCl₂(Pø₃)₂. In the hydrogenation of soybean methyl ester, this catalyst is highly selective, the products being monoene and diene, with almost no increase in the content of saturated ester.     

Conversion of polyunsaturates in vegetable oils tocis-monounsaturates by homogeneous hydrogenation catalyzed with chromium carbonyls

Chromium carbonyl complex catalysts were used to selectively hydrogenate polyunsaturates in vegetable oils into products retaining 90% to 95%cis configuration and their liquid properties. The product from soybean oil contained 42–69% monoene, 10–40% diene and 0–4% triene. The product from safflower oil contained 73–82% monoene and 8–17% diene. About 45–55% of the double bonds in monoenes from hydrogenated soybean oil remained in the C₉ position, and the rest was distributed between C₁₀, C₁₁, and C₁₂. Preliminary oxidative and flavor stability evaluations showed that these hydrogenated soybean oils compared favorably with a commercial sample of hydrogenated-winterized soybean oil. Liquid fatty acids prepared by saponification of hydrogenated soybean and safflower oils (IV 90–100) had analyses about the same as those of commercial oleic acid. Presented before the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 156th American Chemical Society National Meeting, Atlantic City, N.J., September 1968.     

Stereoselective hydrogenation of model compounds and preparation of tailor-made glycerides with chromium tricarbonyl complexes

Studies on the mechanism of stereoselectivity of chromium tricarbonyl catalysts with model compounds provided the basis for the preparation of simulated fats. These synthetic fats were prepared by taking advantage of the unique property of chromium carbonyl complexes to catalyze hydrogenation of polyunsaturates tocis-monounsaturates. Oils simulating the composition of peanut oil were produced by hydrogenating soybean oil stereoselectively to an IV of 94. Simulated olive oil was made the same way from either soybean or safflower oil hydrogenated to an IV of 82–84. Stereoselective 1,4-reduction of eleostearate in tung oil produced oils that had a high proportion of linoleate and that simulated safflower oil. The oleo-disaturated glyceride structure of cocoa butter was also simulated by selectively hydrogenating linoleate in cottonseed oil stearines and in fractionated high-palmitate stearines. Dilatometric and chromatographic studies showed that thecis-monoene-disaturated glyceride is the major component (60–70%) in the synthetic cocoa butter. One of 10 papers to be published from the “Symposium Hydrogenation” presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970. No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Some recent developments in the homogeneous catalyzed hydrogenation of olefins

It has been found that the amount of double bond isomerization accompanying homogeneous olefin hydrogenations over tris (triphenylphosphinechlororhodium is markedly influenced both by the duration of hydrogen presaturation of the catalyst and the presence of oxygen in the reaction mixture. These results are compared to those obtained over a heterogeneous catalyst, 5% rhodium on chareoal. One of 10 papers to be published from the Symposium “Hydrogenation”, presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970.     

Kinetic modeling of the homogeneous hydrogenation of avermectins catalyzed by in situ formed RhCl(Ph3P)3 complexes

On the basis of kinetic modeling, this study provides some insight into the hydrogenation kinetics of avermectins B_1a and B_1b (Av_i, i = B_1a and B_1b) with the in situ formed Wilkinson's catalyst from the dinuclear chloro-bridged Rh(I) complex [RhCl(COD)]₂ (COD = 1,5-cyclo-octadiene) and triphenylphosphine (Ph₃P). More significantly, this paper is the first attempt to derive describing kinetic models. The kinetic behavior was studied in a temperature range of 313–343 K, at a hydrogen pressure of 275.7 kN m⁻². A significant induction period strongly dependent on the temperature was noticed during the in situ generation of the catalytic species. After improving a previous kinetic model describing Wilkinson's hydrogenation catalytic cycle, kinetic models for the in situ synthesis of the catalytic species were developed on the basis of reaction pathways assuming that the COD ligand replacement occurs via substitution by PPh₃ or via reductive elimination of COE (COE = cyclo-octene). Estimates of the kinetic parameters characterizing both reaction routes were uncoupled from those of the catalytic cycle steps. Among the rival kinetic models tested, a simple model featuring the PPh₃ insertion in the bidentate COD ligand as rate determining step (RDS) and the competitive replacement of the COD ligand by both PPh₃ and Av_i proved fair enough to describe the synthesis process in the presence of these macrocyclic lactones. A very high activation barrier characterizes the in situ synthesis of the catalytic complexes, and the presence of avermectins in the reaction medium interferes with the course of the catalytic species synthesis due to the formation of too stable intermediate complexes. From these observations, high reaction temperature and the absence of avermectins in the synthesis medium of the species responsible for the catalysis are two necessary conditions for improving the performance of this catalytic hydrogenation system.     

Mn/Ti-Zr复合氧化物催化苯甲酸甲酯选择性加氢

以五水合硝酸锆和钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用共沉淀法制备Ti-Zr-O氧化物载体,采用浸渍法制备了Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂;采用XRD、N2物理吸-脱附、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD和TG对Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂组成、结构和反应条件对苯甲酸甲酯(MB)加氢性能的影响,以及催化剂的长周期稳定性、失活和再...     

Sn~(4+)修饰的PEG-Pd催化氯代硝基苯选择性加氢反应

考察了PEG-Pd(PEG:聚乙二醇,Pd 0.2%)催化剂催化对氯硝基苯的加氢反应中,添加第二金属组分以及Sn4+含量对反应的影响。结果表明,添加一定量的Sn4+对反应选择性有着显著的影响。不添加Sn4+离子,会有严重的脱氯反应发生;加入Sn4+离子后,在Sn与Pd的摩尔比为0.8,温度60℃,氢压1.0 MPa的条件下,经过60 min反应,对氯硝基苯转化率为99.6%,而对氯苯胺选择性由不加Sn4+离子时的68.5%上升到96.1%。对取代位置不同的其它氯代硝基苯,该催化体系同样表现出很高的催化活性和氯代苯胺选择性。     

Mn/Ti-Zr复合氧化物催化苯甲酸甲酯选择性加氢

以硝酸锆和钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用共沉淀法制备Ti-Zr-O氧化物载体,采用浸渍法制备了Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂;采用XRD、N2物理吸附、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD和TG-DTA对Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂组成、结构和反应条件对苯甲酸甲酯（MB）加氢性能的影响,以及催化剂的长周期稳定性、失活和再生行为。结果表明：TiO2含量和Mn负载量分别为12% 和8% （二者均以Ti-Zr-O氧化物的质量为基准,下同）时制备的Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂性能最优,该催化剂在θ = 390 ℃, p = 1.0 MPa,n(H2)∶n(MB) = 9∶1和重时空速（WHSV）= 0.5 h-1的优化条件能够实现98.0% 的苯甲酸甲酯转化率和89.7%的苯甲醛和苯甲醇选择性;苯甲酸甲酯加氢反应的活性和选择性分别与Mn/Ti-Zr表面MnOx物种的氧化还原性和催化剂的酸性密切相关。此外,Mn/Ti-Zr催化剂具有良好的结构稳定性,在反应1000 h后仅因积碳而丧失11% 的活性,且轻微失活的催化剂可以通过焙烧恢复其初始活性和选择性。     

Isomerization of unsaturated fatty esters by iron pentacarbonyl. Preparation of iron tricarbonyl complexes of polyunsaturated fats

Iron pentacarbonyl is a powerful isomerization agent of unsaturated fatty esters. Highly conjugated fats are obtained when polyunsaturated fatty esters are treated with an excess Fe(CO)₅ to form complexes followed by decomposition of the complexes with FeCl₃. Iron tricarbonyl complexes were prepared in 80 to 95% yields from methyl linoleate, linolenate and polyunsaturated fatty esters of soybean, linseed and safflower oils by heating at 180–185C with 2 moles Fe(CO)₅ per mole ester under nitrogen pressure. Decomposition of these complexes with FeCl₃ resulted in 90 to 97% conjugation of the polyunsaturated fatty esters mainly in the alltrans configuration. Isolatedtrans unsaturation reached levels of 18 to 30%. Methyl oleate yielded 74%trans unsaturation but no complex of iron carbonyl was obtained. Presented in part at AOCS meeting in Houston, 1965. No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by thermoregulated ionic liquid-regulating ruthenium complexes

A sulfonated chiral diamine ligand anion-based functionalized ionic liquid has been synthesized. Then the new ionic liquid-regulating ruthenium complexes were prepared successfully and employed as efficient catalysts for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of various ketones. The catalysts were highly efficient for the hydrogenation of a wide range of substrates bearing different functional groups and could be separated easily from the reaction mixture by thermoregulated phase separation, which can be efficiently recycled five times without significant changes in catalytic activity and enantioselectivity.     

Carbon dioxide/propylene oxide coupling reaction catalyzed by chromium salen complexes

A series of chromium/Schiff base complexes N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamino chromium^III X were prepared and employed for the alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide with racemic propylene oxide in the presence of (4-dimethylamino)pyridine. The effect of the complex structure and reaction conditions on the catalytic activity, the poly(propylene carbonate)/cyclic carbonate (PPC/PC) selectivity, and the polymer head-to-tail linkages was examined. The experiments indicated that N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamino chromium^III (NO₃) exhibited the highest PPC/PC selectivity as well as polymer head-to-tail linkages and N,N′-bis(3,5-dichlorosalicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediimino chromium^III (NO₃) possessed the highest catalytic activity among these chromium/Schiff base complexes. The structure of the produced copolymer was characterized by the IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR measurements. Almost 100% carbonate content of the resulting polycarbonate were obtained with the help of these effective catalyst systems under facile conditions.     

十聚钨酸盐选择性催化H_2O_2氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛

合成了6种十聚钨酸盐化合物,考察了它们在无溶剂、无卤素、无相转移催化剂条件下用30%H2O2氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛反应中的催化活性。结果表明,该体系是一种高效的环境友好催化体系。6种十聚钨酸盐在反应过程中显示了较高的活性,其中以十聚钨酸十六烷基吡啶盐的催化活性最好,在温度90℃下,反应1.5 h,苯甲醛的收率和选择性分别达到93.5%和98%。时间、H2O2加入量、温度、催化剂加入量等条件对催化剂活性有明显的影响,适宜的反应条件为:n(苯甲醇)∶n(催化剂)∶n(H2O2)=10∶0.05∶11,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为1.5 h。     

Selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde catalyzed by palladium nanoparticles immobilized on ionic liquids modified-silica gel

In this paper, preparations of supported Pd catalysts by immobilization of Pd(OAc)₂ on silica gel that was modified by N-3-(-3-triethoxysilylepropyl)-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids ([(TESP)MIm][X], X = Cl⁻, ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$, ${\text{BF}}_4^{-}$, and ${\text{PF}}_6^{-}$), and together with their catalytic applications for hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, were investigated. Depending on the ionic liquid involved, palladium can exist in the form as either palladium carbene complex (X = Cl⁻) or palladium nanoparticles with size less than 10 nm ($\text{X}={\text{NO}}_3^{-}$, ${\text{BF}}_4^{-}$, and ${\text{PF}}_6^{-}$), which, in turn, lead to different catalytic activities in respect to hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. Supported Pd nanoparticles were demonstrated to be high active and reusable catalysts for selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to hydrocinnamaldehyde, due to the stabilization effect of ionic liquids. Keeping the yield of product as 100%, they can be reused for nine times with neither Pd leaching nor activity loss, and offer the value of TON as high as nearly 500,000.     

Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated fats: Group VIB metal carbonyl complexes

Carbonyl complexes of Cr, Mo and W have been studied as soluble catalysts for the hydrogenation of methyl sorbate and of methyl esters from soybean oil. With methyl sorbate, relative catalytic activity decreased in the approximate order: mesitylene-Mo(CO)₃, cycloheptatriene-Mo(CO)₃, cycloheptatriene-Cr(CO)₃, bicyclo (2,2,1) hepta-2,5-diene-Mo(CO)₄, chlorobenzene-Cr(CO)₃, methyl benzoate-Cr(CO)₃, mesitylene-W(CO)₃, benzene-Cr(CO)₃, toluene-Cr(CO)₃, mesitylene-Cr(CO)₃, and hexamethylbenzene-Cr(CO)₃. Order of catalytic activity was related to thermal stability of the complexes during hydrogenation. With mesitylene-M(CO)₃ complexes, selectivity varied in the order Cr>Mo>W. Under certain conditions the mesitylene complexes of W, Cr and Mo reduced methyl sorbate respectively to methyl 2-, 3-, and 4-hexenoates as main products. The more active and thermally stable Cr(CO)₃ complexes catalyzed effectively the hydrogenation of linoleate and linolenate in soybean oil esters with little or no stearate formation. The hydrogenated products formed with the benzoate complex at 165–175 C contained 50–67% monoene, 18–30% diene, 2–7% conjugated diene, and only 3–7%trans unsaturation. Linolenate-linoleate selectivity values varied from 3 to 5 and linoleate-oleate selectivity from 7 to 80. Monoene fractions had 40–50% of the double bond in the C-9 position; the rest of the unsaturation was distributed mainly between the C-10 and C-12 positions. Conjugation is apparently an intermediate step in the hydrogenation of linoleate and linolenate. The Cr(CO)₃ complexes are unique in catalyzing the hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty esters to monounsaturated fatty esters of lowtrans content. Presented at AOCS-AACC Joint Meeting, Washington, D.C. April, 1968. No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Selective hydrogenation of m-dinitrobenzene to m-nitroaniline catalyzed by PVP-Ru/Al2O3

Selective hydrogenation of m-dinitrobenzene to m-nitroaniline (m-NA) catalyzed by polylvinylpyrrolidone stabilized Ru/Al₂O₃ (PVP-Ru/Al₂O₃) was studied experimentally. The effects of solvents, metal cation additives and reaction conditions were examined. The highest total yield of m-NA was obtained with 97.9% selectivity at 100% conversion when Sn⁴⁺ used as modifier (the molar ratio of m-DNB to catalyst was 477:1, the molar ratio of Sn⁴⁺ to ruthenium was 1:4) under suitable conditions.     

Selective hydrogenation of nitrile‐butadiene rubber catalyzed by thermoregulated phase transfer phosphine rhodium complex

Hydrogenation of polymer having C?C double bond can be carried out with the metal–organic complex as catalyst, which has the property of themoregulated phase transfer. In this study, a new complex RhCl[PPh[(OCH₂CH₂)_5≤n≤6CH₃]₂]₃ (Rh/AEOPP) was synthesized with a good yield, which was further used as catalyst to selectively hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber (HNBR). This is the first time that Rh/AEOPP complex was synthesized and applied in nitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) hydrogenation. The result shows that hydrogenation degree of product (HNBR) can be extended to 90%, when the condition is [Cat] = 3% (based the weight of NBR), L₂: Cat (Weight Ratio) = 2, [NBR] = 5% (based on the weight of xylene solution), P (H₂) = 1.5 MPa, T = 155°C, and t = 8 h. Also, by adjusting temperature, the catalyst could be easily separated from products with 89% catalyst complex recovery. In addition, ¹H‐NMR and infrared (IR) spectra showed that C?C double bonds in NBR was successfully hydrogenated without causing reduction of the CN group. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: XII. Trialkyl aluminum-copper stearate homogeneous catalysts

The reaction of copper stearate with triethylaluminum (TEAL) formed a soluble catalyst that promoted the selective hydrogenation of the linolenyl groups in soybean oil. This homogeneous catalyst was more active than copper-chromite. The activity was enhanced by the addition of silica, alumina or titania. Ethyl alcohol accelerated the hydrogenation when it was added in small amounts and retarded hydrogenation when increased amounts were added. More active and, in some cases, more selective catalysts were formed when TEAL was replaced by trialkylaluminum compounds containing longer chain length in the alkyl groups. Among other organometallics tested, diethylmagnesium and diisobutylaluminum ethoxide formed catalysts with activity comparable to heterogeneous catalysts (K_Le/K_Lo=2.8~5.2) was less than that obtained with copper-chromite (12~14), but greater than that of commercially used nickel catalysts (2). Isomerization, as measured by the percentage oftrans isomers formed, was similar to that of heterogeneous copper catalysts (%trans/ΔIV=0.6~0.7). Presented at the AOCS meeting in New Orleans, May 1981.     

Homogenous catalytic conjugation of polyunsaturated fats by chromium carbonyls

Various arene-Cr (CO)₃ complexes and Cr(CO)₆ are effective soluble catalysts for the conjugation of polyunsaturated fats. Methyl benzoate-Cr(CO)₃ is one of the most active catalysts. The following conjugation levels were obtained: methyl linoleate, 65%; methyl linolenate, 45%; the polyunsaturates in soybean and safflower oils, 73%; and in linseed oil 48%. Conjugated dienes from linoleate were predominantlycis,trans in configuration. Their double bonds were distributed between C₅ and C₁₆ of the fatty acid chain. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation are side reactions, which seem to limit the yield of conjugated dienes from methyl linoleate. A conjugation mechanism is proposed that involves allyl-HCr(CO)₃ complexes as intermediates undergoing 1,3- and 1,5-hydrogen shifts. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1969. No, Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Photo-activated metal carbonyl complexes as stereoselective catalysts for the homogeneous hydrogenation of dienes

Significantly increased activity of Cr(CO)₆ was achieved for the stereoselective homogeneous hydrogenation of methyl sorbate andtrans,trans-conjugated fatty esters at ambient temperature and pressure by exposing the catalyst to UV irradiation (3500 Å) in a solvent mixture of cyclohexane-acetonitrile (20:1). In this solvent mixture, methyl sorbate was converted quantitatively at ambient conditions into methylcis-3-hexenoate, and methyltrans-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate into methylcis-10-octadecenoate (99.9%). These products are expected by 1,4-addition of hydrogen. Under these conditions no hydrogenation of methyl linoleate occurred. Under the same conditions, cycloheptatriene-Cr(CO)₃ showed lower activity than Cr(CO)₆, and Mo(CO)₆ and mesitylene-Mo(CO)₃ showed no significant activity toward conjugated substrates. When Cr(CO)₆ and Mo(CO)₆ were irradiated at 2537 Å they caused the geometric isomerization of methyl sorbate without hydrogenation, but had no effect on methyl linoleate. A hydrogenation mechanism is proposed for Cr(CO)₆ that involves CH₃CN- and H₂-Cr(CO)₃ complexes as intermediates for the stereoselective 1,4-addition of hydrogen totrans,trans-conjugated dienes.