教育部:计算机等级证书可代自考成绩

全国计算机等级考试(NCRE)已经开始与高等教育自学考试课程衔接了。这是记者近日从全国考办获悉的。凡获得NCRE一级合格证书者,可以免考《计算机应用基础》或《计算机应用技术》课程;凡获得NCRE二级C语言程序设计(笔试和上机)合格证书者,可以免考《高级语言程序设计》课程;凡获     

独立学院C语言等级考试教学探讨

C语言是独立学院理工科非计算机专业学生在获取学士学位证书时必须参加等级考试的二级考试语种之一,历年考试通过率反映出,C语言的学习有一定难度,二级考试通过率普遍不高。如何使C语言教学能够更有效地让学生掌握要点,提高编程能力,顺利通过等级考试,这是一个很值得深思的问题。从独立学院学生的学习特点、C语言学习中存在的困难、C语言教学方法思考几个方面,依次对独立学院C语言等级考试教学进行了探讨,期望不断寻求更好的教学方法。     

独立学院C语言等级考试教学探讨

C语言是独立学院理工科非计算机专业学生在获取学士学位证书时必须参加等级考试的二级考试语种之一,历年考试通过率反映出．C语言的学习有一定难度,二级考试通过率普遍不高。如何使C语言教学能够更有效地让学生掌握要点,提高编程能力,顺利通过等级考试,这是一个很值得深思的问题。从独立学院学生的学习特点、C语言学习中存在的困难、C语言教学方法思考几个方面．依次对独立学院C语言等级考试教学进行了探讨,期望不断寻求更好的教学方法。     

全国计算机等级考试二级C要点研究与应试策略

"二级C"是全国计算机等级考试科目之一,工科专业学生的报考数量越来越多,但通过率一直不高。为了提高C语言教学质量和"二级C"的通过率,在分析"二级C"考试题型及考点分布的基础上,探讨考试要点及应试策略。     

基于NCRE的C语言模板式教学的实践与思考

本文基于NCRE和C语言的部分特点,尝试了一种全新的模板式教学方式,使学生能快速掌握C语言,提高编程能力,顺利通过NCRE考试。     

教育部考试中心在本刊对NCRE难点试题权威分析

为帮助报名参加9月份NCRE考试的考生积极备考,本刊与教育部考试中心合作,由全国计算机等级考试官方对2007年4月考试的试题进行分析,依靠官方统计数据,选择出考生容易出错或得分率很低的重点和难点真题试题进行深入分析。相信通过分析这些试题,对大家熟悉NCRE考试和提高自身的水平,一定会有帮助。上期,我们刊登二级Java语言和C语言的分析总结,这期,将刊登二级Access和二级C 。     

以NCRE为载体提升C语言教学质量研究

介绍了C语言教学和全国计算机等级考试的现状,提出了以考促教的教学理念,详细阐述了以计算机等级考试为载体提升C语言教学质量的方法和过程。     

全国计算机等级考试无纸化模式对计算机教学的导向

该文针对全国计算机等级考试将采用无纸化考试模式进行分析,对今后如何加强计算机教学,进一步提高学生的计算机操作技能,努力提高学生计算机等级考试的通过率提出了一些建议及改进的具体措施。     

《C语言程序设计》教学方法探析

《C语言程序设计》是江苏省计算机等级考试二级语言备选课程之一,其数据类型繁多,结构复杂,是一门难学也难教的课程。笔者在从事C语言的教学中体会到必须以程序设计为主线,在教学中寓概念于实例,在应用中掌握要点,从培养学生实际运用C语言的能力出发,使学生在有限的课堂学习时间内熟练掌握这门课程。     

高职院校VFP教学方法探讨

随着用人单位对高校毕业生"一专多证"的看重,高职院校越来越重视计算机等级考试科目的教学改革,VFP这门课程应该紧密围绕全国计算机二级考试大纲以考促教,提高学生二级考试通过率,同时增加学生上岗就业的机会。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).