HXD1机车牵引电机转轴组件断裂失效分析

HXD1型电力机车的牵引电机转轴和小齿轮轴采用圆锥过盈配合传动结构(下称转轴组件),使用中该组件出现了早期断裂失效.本文通过理化检测、断口和配合面宏/微观形貌观察等失效分析技术对失效组件进行了分析.结果表明,材料成分、组织和显微硬度正常,小齿轮轴和电机转轴的失效形式分别为高周疲劳断裂和微动疲劳断裂.造成组件失效的原因和过程是,小齿轮轴近齿端油槽-油孔交界线处有较大的结构应力集中,油槽底部周向加工刀痕造成附加应力集中,在应力集中和旋转弯曲疲劳载荷作用下油孔边两个应力集中点萌生了疲劳裂纹并扩展;随小齿轮轴裂纹的不断扩展转轴组件结构刚度减小,继而诱发了与小齿轮轴匹配的电机轴配合面的微动疲劳,电机轴疲劳裂纹萌生于微动区的边缘处;电机转轴先于小齿轮轴完全断裂.基于本文的分析结果提出了提高组件抗疲劳断裂的技术措施.     

硅油风扇离合器转轴装配断裂失效分析

硅油风扇离合器转轴在装配时发生断裂,通过对断裂的风扇转轴进行宏观分析发现,断裂起源于转轴中心的孔洞,并且在未断裂转轴的底部中心同样存在孔洞。通过金相方法进一步确认了风扇转轴内部孔洞的存在,并分析了孔洞缺陷的性质,从而找到了风扇转轴早期断裂失效与零件内部存在严重的铸造缩孔缺陷有直接关系。另外转轴显微组织异常粗大有过热现象,加剧了转轴早期断裂失效的发生。最后针对导致转轴断裂的原因提出了预防改进措施。     

机车用电机转轴断裂原因分析

大功率机车用主发电机转轴在运行过程中发生断裂.对失效的转轴进行了化学成分分析、力学性能试验和金相分析.结果表明,由于转轴在热处理时淬火温度没有达到规定的Ac3以上30～50℃,造成奥氏体均匀化不充分而导致疲劳强度大幅度下降,成为其疲劳断裂的主要原因.     

60Si2MnA钢弹簧压力试验断裂原因分析

某60Si2MnA钢弹簧在压力试验过程中发生断裂失效,采用断口宏微观分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析、金相分析等方法对其断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:弹簧表面存在较多的酸洗腐蚀坑,在压力试验过程中成为应力集中点,于腐蚀坑底萌生微裂纹,微裂纹不断扩展最终导致弹簧断裂失效。最后根据弹簧断裂原因提出了改进建议。     

电力机车电机转轴组件断裂分析

通过宏观及微观分析方法对电机转轴组件发生非正常早期断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:在腐蚀环境及循环应力的共同作用下,电机转轴组件产生局部腐蚀开裂及疲劳扩展,导致了组件的最终失效,属腐蚀疲劳断裂,且电机转轴先于其内套小齿轮轴发生断裂。     

某地铁受电弓拉杆球铰轴承失效原因

某地铁受电弓拉杆球铰轴承在运行过程中发生失效断裂。采用宏观分析、断口分析、金相检验、硬度测试及化学成分分析等方法对球铰轴承的失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:该受电弓拉杆球铰轴承的断裂模式属于高周低应力疲劳断裂。球铰轴承在服役过程中承受频繁的振动和交变载荷作用,折角处的微裂纹成为疲劳裂纹源区,裂纹在交变载荷作用下不断扩展,最终导致球铰轴承失效断裂。     

轴齿轮断裂原因分析

某轴齿轮在使用仅一个月后就发生断裂,经化学成分分析、断口分析、金相检验及硬度测试等方法对轴齿轮断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:断裂位于轴齿轮φ80 mm和φ165 mm圆弧过渡处的退刀槽位置,由于该部位在热处理后的精加工时出现了尺寸偏差,生产厂家盲目采取补焊进行挽救,造成该处表层组织形成了较大的内应力并产生了较多的小裂纹;加之该处为应力集中点,在使用过程中的应力作用下补焊产生的小裂纹迅速扩展并导致轴齿轮最终发生断裂。     

某油井油管短节断裂原因分析

某油井生产11个月后发生油管短节断裂失效事故。通过对失效油管短节的宏观和微观形貌观察、显微组织分析、力学性能测试、化学成分分析,查明了其断裂失效原因。结果表明:该油管短节断裂主要是由于在油井生产工况下,油管内壁发生了多裂纹源的应力腐蚀开裂,然后在腐蚀和机械载荷的共同作用下,裂纹不断扩展并相互连接,当裂纹穿透管壁后表现为腐蚀疲劳开裂,最终导致油管短节断裂失效;油管短节加工工艺不当,提高了其断裂失效的概率。     

旋转机械转轴裂纹的征兆及诊断

旋转机械转轴裂纹的征兆及诊断旋转机械转轴若存在裂纹，在运行中很可能造成转轴的突然断裂，导致灾难性的设备事故。因此，近年来对转轴裂纹的征兆及诊断方法的研究越来越受到重视。经过大量的对转轴裂纹的最基本特征的理论研究和模拟实验。发现转轴裂纹最明显的征兆是：...     

进料泵传动轴断裂分析

采用显微组织分析、扫描电镜分析和拉伸试验等方法对进料泵传动轴的断裂进行了失效分析。结果表明,泵轴断裂属疲劳失效,轴中段键槽处在制造过程中存在淬火裂纹是导致疲劳断裂的主要原因。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.