快卸卡箍螺栓断裂原因分析

通过断口形貌观察、X射线能谱分析、金相检验和硬度检测等试验方法,对某燃油供油导管快卸卡箍螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析,并与螺栓冲击断口和氢致疲劳断口进行了比较分析。结果表明:该快卸卡箍螺栓断口特征与冲击断口和氢致疲劳断口明显不同,其断裂性质为应力腐蚀断裂,裂纹起源于螺栓光杆段的侧表面;螺栓表面加工粗糙且没有防护对裂纹的萌生有一定的影响。对螺栓表面进行防腐处理可有效避免该类故障的再次发生。     

发动机凸轮轴正时带轮紧固螺栓断裂原因分析

某汽车发动机凸轮轴正时带轮紧固螺栓在台架耐久试验中发生断裂。通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验以及断口分析等方法对螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:该紧固螺栓的断裂模式为疲劳断裂;螺栓未紧固到设计要求的预紧力,导致其在使用过程中发生松动,在交变应力作用下螺栓螺纹旋合部位萌生裂纹,最终导致螺栓发生疲劳断裂。     

柴油机用高强度螺栓断裂失效分析

某柴油机用30CrMoSi钢高强度螺栓在使用过程中发生断裂。通过化学成分分析、金相检验、断口分析、硬度测试等方法对螺栓断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺栓断裂为早期疲劳断裂,螺栓螺纹根部存在加工缺陷以及螺栓材料中存在较多的非金属夹杂物是导致其疲劳断裂的主要原因。最后针对螺栓断裂原因提出了预防措施。     

发电机组轮毂变桨轴承螺栓断裂原因分析

某风力发电公司的变桨轴承螺栓在使用半年后发生断裂。采用金相检验、化学成分分析、硬度测试及断口分析等方法对该螺栓断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:裂纹起源于螺帽与螺杆连接的R角处,该处为应力集中部位,在螺栓松动后,垫片在交变载荷的作用下不断撞击螺栓R角处并在螺杆表面造成损伤,当损伤达到一定程度后,再加上螺杆表面存在脱碳现象,造成表面裂纹的萌生,裂纹在交变载荷的作用下扩展,导致螺栓发生疲劳断裂。     

8.8级紧固螺栓断裂原因分析

8.8级螺栓在使用过程中发生断裂,通过化学成分分析、力学性能试验、断口形貌分析以及金相检验等方法对断裂螺栓进行了分析。结果表明:失效螺栓的断裂为多源疲劳断裂,主要原因是螺纹表面脱碳层的存在导致构件的抗疲劳性能下降。     

掺稀泵压盖螺栓断裂原因

采用宏观和微观形貌分析、材料性能试验、金相检验、螺栓载荷校核等方法对某掺稀泵压盖螺栓断裂原因进行分析。结果表明：高周疲劳导致掺稀泵压盖螺栓断裂,螺栓螺纹表面脱碳层的厚度超标、材料性能下降等对螺栓的疲劳断裂具有促进作用。     

35CrMo螺栓断裂分析

通过宏观检验、断口分析、金相检验、显微硬度测试等方法,对35CrMo螺栓断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺栓外侧牙底存在大量热处理裂纹和滚压过程中造成的折叠,在动载荷作用下逐渐扩展,最终导致螺栓发生了疲劳断裂。     

循环水泵泵轴联轴器螺栓断裂分析

采用化学成分分析、室温力学性能测试以及金相检验对某电厂材料为35CrMo钢的循环水泵泵轴联轴器螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于该螺栓在热加工成型后未按要求进行调质处理,导致其硬度和强度偏低,加上螺栓头部形状不规则以及螺栓头部与螺杆连接部位没有过渡圆弧造成应力集中,使螺栓在循环水泵运行过程中泵轴轴系的周期性振动下发生疲劳断裂。     

活塞式压缩机联轴器连接螺栓断裂原因分析

某型号活塞式压缩机联轴器的连接螺栓在停车维修拆卸时发现断裂。通过化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验、断口分析及能谱分析对断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：螺栓根部存在结构不连续的退刀槽,导致螺栓应力集中产生初始裂纹,在长期服役后发生疲劳断裂。     

直升机主桨毂顶盖连接螺栓断裂原因

某直升机主桨毂顶盖连接螺栓在定检时发现一根已断裂。采用宏观观察、微观分析、金相检验、能谱分析、硬度测试及受力分析等方法对连接螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:主桨毂顶盖连接螺栓的断裂性质为疲劳断裂。主桨毂顶盖连接螺栓侧面存在磨损,断裂螺栓的偏斜角度增大从而受到较大的附加弯矩,附加弯矩产生较大的剪切应力,叠加使用过程中的循环应力,使得连接螺栓沿根部发生疲劳断裂。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...