喷雾干燥-氢还原制备超细/纳米晶W-10Cu粉末及其烧结行为

采用喷雾干燥-氢还原法制备超细/纳米晶W-10Cu(质量分数,%)复合粉末,并经过压制和烧结制备W-Cu复合材料,系统研究烧结温度和保温时间对该材料性能和组织的影响,以及在1 100～1 300℃温度范围内的烧结激活能。结果表明,W-10Cu还原粉末晶粒度仅为30～60 nm;在1 200℃烧结时开始发生明显的致密化行为;随烧结温度升高相对密度增大,当烧结温度升高到1 300℃时W-10Cu复合材料的相对密度为90%,但当温度达到1 460℃时有所降低。1 420℃保温90 min时材料相对密度高达99.1%,且此时晶粒度仅为1.8μm。W晶粒尺寸为30～60 nm的W-10Cu复合粉末在1 100～1 300℃烧结的平均激活能为129.14 kJ/mol。烧结温度为1 420℃时W-10Cu的电导率随保温时间延长先增大后减小,保温90 min时最大达到19 MS/m,超过国标有关规定。     

溶胶喷雾干燥法制备的W-Cu纳米复合粉末的烧结致密化与晶粒长大

采用溶胶喷雾干燥法制备W-25Cu、W-30Cu纳米复合粉末,在1 300~1 420℃下烧结15~120 min,得到W-25Cu和W-30Cu复合材料,对该复合粉末的致密化和钨晶粒长大行为进行研究。结果显示,随烧结时间延长或烧结温度升高,W-25Cu和W-30Cu复合材料更加致密,在1 420℃下烧结120 min后接近全致密,相对密度分别为98.09%和99.13%。W-25Cu、W-30Cu复合材料在1 380℃烧结30~120 min的晶粒长大符合溶解–析出机制,烧结温度对晶粒长大的影响较成分影响更大。在1 420℃烧结120 min后,W-25Cu和W-30Cu的晶粒尺寸分别为1.17μm和1.13μm。     

Mo-Cu合金制备及其致密化行为研究

采用高能球磨的方法制备Mo-Cu复合粉末,系统研究了高能球磨对粉末形貌、烧结性能以及烧结坯显微组织的影响,并在此基础上对Mo-Cu致密化机理进行了初步探讨.研究结果表明:Mo-Cu液相烧结不同于传统的液相烧结,而与纯Mo的固相烧结致密化行为相似,Mo-Cu液相烧结致密化过程主要由固态骨架烧结所控制;球磨时间、烧结温度、烧结时间对于粉末烧结性能有很大影响.球磨时间24 h,在1050℃固相烧结60 min并于1300℃液相烧结90 min得到烧结坯致密度最高,相对密度为98.2%,烧结坯显微组织分布比较均匀,Cu相弥散分布于Mo骨架之间,无Cu富集现象,晶粒细小且尺寸相当.     

细晶钨铜复合材料制备工艺的研究

将W-20Cu混合粉末在行星式高能球磨机中机械合金化(MA),经过一定时间球磨后可以得到W晶块尺寸为30 nm左右的纳米粉末;采用XRD分析了粉末晶粒尺寸,测定了粉末的粒度、比表面、松装密度和振实密度等性能;研究了MA W-Cu20粉末烧结后的显微组织。研究结果表明,球磨后粉末在1 200～1 300℃时烧结即可达到近全致密,相对密度在99.5％以上,拉伸强度达到780MPa以上,延伸率大于3.5％,钨晶粒尺寸在1～2 μm左右。     

细晶钨铜复合材料制备工艺的研究

将W-20％Cu混合粉末在行星式高能球磨机中机械合金化(MA)。经过一定时问球磨后可以得到W晶块尺寸30nm左右的纳米粉末。测定了粉末晶粒尺寸、粉末的粒度、比表面、松装密度和振实密度等性能。粉末的晶块尺寸用XRD分析得出。研究了MA W-2096Cu粉末烧结后的显微组织。研究表明，球磨后粉末在1200～1300℃下烧结即可达到近全致密，相对密度在99．596以上，拉伸强度达到780MPa以上，伸长率大于3．5％，钨晶粒尺寸在1～2μm左右。     

纳米晶W-25Cu复合粉末烧结行为的研究

研究了机械合金化工艺制备纳米晶W-25Cu复合粉末的烧结致密化和晶粒长大行为,并考察了一种新型晶粒长大抑制剂对抑制W晶粒长大的作用,探讨了其作用机理。结果表明,烧结致密化和晶粒长大强烈依赖于烧结温度和时间。经1200℃烧结30min后,烧结相对密度和W晶粒尺寸为97.7%和310nm。新型晶粒长大抑制剂抑制W晶粒长大效果明显。     

高能球磨工艺对钨铜复合材料组织的影响

采用机械合金化方法将W-15%Cu混合粉末在行星式高能球磨机中球磨,研究了不同球磨时间对钨铜复合材料组织的影响,利用XRD及SEM分析了不同球磨时间的粉末和烧结后的样品,结果表明,随着球磨时间的延长,粉末的晶粒尺寸不断减小,烧结后样品的相对密度不断提高.球磨60h的混合粉末在1350℃烧结后的相对密度达到98.8%.     

高能球磨Ti/Al复合粉体的反应烧结致密行为

研究高能球磨Ti/Al复合粉反应烧结过程的致密行为 ,并进行反应烧结热力学和动力学分析。结果表明 ,与增加烧结压力、提高烧结温度或延长烧结时间的作用相同 ,高能球磨对Ti/Al粉末体反应烧结过程的致密化具有促进作用 ,且效果更加显著。球磨时间越长 ,烧结体越致密。球磨 3h的Ti/Al复合粉坯料经6 30℃× 2h预烧、12 5 0℃× 8h无压烧结后 ,获得的TiAl基合金试样的致密度高达 99 87%。球磨对Ti/Al粉末体反应烧结时致密化的促进作用 ,主要是由于Ti、Al反应组元及其晶粒尺寸的细化 ,晶格畸变能增加 ,从而显著提高了烧结驱动力和烧结动力学因子 ,缩短了反应扩散距离 ,抑制了kirkendall孔隙的形成。     

高能球磨制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料

采用高能球磨法制备Al2O3/Cu复合粉末,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究高能球磨时间对复合粉末的物相、晶粒尺寸和表面形貌的影响。结果表明,随球磨时间的增加,基体Cu的晶粒不断被细化,在球磨初期,晶粒尺寸减小很快,当晶粒尺寸小于20 nm时,细化速率变缓而趋于稳定;Cu颗粒形貌由树枝状变为层状,并向椭球体转变;纳米Al2O3颗粒逐渐嵌入Cu颗粒体内,且分散均匀,从而获得纳米Al2O3颗粒弥散分布的Cu基复合粉末。并探讨了高能球磨对放电等离子体烧结Al2O3/Cu复合材料导电性能和力学性能的影响,研究认为高能球磨可以促进基体的晶界强化和弥散强化,而晶界的增加并不会导致电阻率的显著增大,影响电阻率的主要因素为Al2O3的体积分数、孔隙和杂质的固溶。     

W-20%Cu超细复合粉末的制备和烧结

采用喷雾干燥-氢气还原法制备出W-20%Cu超细复合粉末,并对由该复合粉末所制得的压坯进行了烧结,利用SEM、XRD等分析手段对复合粉末的特性和烧结体的组织进行了表征和观察.试验结果表明:用该方法制备的W-20%Cu超细复合粉末颗粒细小,平均尺寸在200nm左右;喷雾干燥后的氧化物复合粉末在还原后产生了新的合金相(Cu0.4W0.6),还原后的复合粉末由Cu0.4W0.6相和Cu相组成,而且两相的晶粒度达到纳米级,其中Cu0.4W0.6相的晶粒约为33nm,Cu相的晶粒约为63nm;复合粉末具有很高的烧结特性,经烧结后合金相对密度达到98%以上,而且金相组织分布均匀.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

参与式农业基地建设行动方案设计

为了编制实用性强的基地建设行动方案,首先,确定参与式发展的主体,搭建一个"决策框架";其次,针对行动目标,提出不同参与主体,如管理者、农民、消费者等团队与个人的目标及行动内容;最后,工作应向重塑伙伴式合作关系,挖掘农民自我发展潜力,完成三大角色的转换,打造农业基地文化等方向推进.