改善水驱开发效果提高注水效率探析

水驱开发是影响油田注水效率的关键因素,其可影响油田的含水量,含水量升高会引起注采系统无法适应,降低油田质量与产量。因此需要对水驱开发技术进行改善,以提高注水有效率与油田有效产出率。通过采取测试管理,整改采油井与注水井精细地质方案编制,还要延长周期注水,加强浅、深调技术应用力度,从而对区块的注采系统进行适时调整,控制注水速度与含水上升速度,从而减少无效产出的情况,最大限度地发挥节水节能效果。     

明15块整体微生物采油提高开发效果研究

1前言1.1研究的目的意义通过对明15块剩余油等基础研究,并进行潜力分析,明确油藏潜力分布,挖潜剩余油。以整体微生物采油技术为主线,结合补孔、分注和调剖、转注等手段完善注采井网,提高储量水驱控制程度。采取改善剖面技术集成配套工艺技术,提高水驱储量动用程度,改善水驱效果,达到控制综合含水、降低自然递减,改善区块开发效果的目的。充分发挥老油田明15块的资源潜能,不断提高该块油藏的开发水平,关键的技术措施之一就是利用微生物提高采收率技术。在文明寨油田明十五块沙二下进行整体微生物采油技术研究,目的是应用微生物采油技术,提高…     

不稳定注水适应性分析

不稳定注水是提高水驱开发效果的一种有效手段,原有成果主要从油藏特性、注水制度等方面研究。随着水驱程度日益深入、地下注采状况更为复杂,有必要全面研究不稳定注水增效机理。根据现场实践,结合水驱后期剩余油分布特征,提出了主要从井网、注采关联出发的不稳定注水适应性分析。研究认为,应优先选择注采关联相对独立的井组、选择位于油层边部及井网相对不完善区井组。选择层间差异较大的井组实施不稳定注水。实践证明,考虑井网后的不稳定注水,现场实施效果更好。     

敖包塔油田综合治理效果探讨

针对敖包塔油田欠注井多、油层条件差、剩余油潜力分布零散及措施增油难度大等问题,采取了一系列注采关系完善、注水结构及产液结构调整等对策,认识到改善各类油层的水驱效果,有效控制产量递减、含水上升速度是改善低渗透油田开发效果的关键。     

花土沟油田精细注水开发实践及认识

花土沟油田为典型的长井段薄互层复杂断块油藏,非均质性严重,油水关系复杂,注采对应差,注水单层突进,地层压力下降快,产量递减幅度较大。为了改善该油藏的水驱开发效果,在精细油藏描述的基础上,通过实施改善水质、井网完善、层系细分、水井分注、剩余油挖潜等精细注采调整工作,达到“注好水、注够水、精细注水、有效注水”目的,注采井数比由1：2.7提高到1：1.7,水驱控制程度和动用程度明显提高,地层压力稳中有升,自然递减率由14.37%降低到8.7%,综合开发效果得到了明显提高。     

精细注采调整提升文138-1块油藏管理水平

针对文138-1块油藏开发中存在的主要问题,通过开展小层沉积微相及相控剩余油研究,在＂点弱面强、温和注水＂的注水开发思路指导下,配套完善了该油藏注采井网,提高了水驱控制和动用程度,油藏递减大幅度下降。与调整前对比,区块日产油增加了20t,采油速度增加了0.45个百分点,采出程度增加了1.5个百分点;同期对比,自然递减减缓了46.62个百分点,综合递减减缓了39.47个百分点。经过精细注采调整,文138-1块油藏保持了持续的高产稳产。     

喇北东块一区水驱综合调整挖潜做法及效果

目前喇北东块一区已进入特高含水期开发阶段,剩余油分散,挖潜难度越来越大。为了进一步改善特高含水期水驱开发效果,我们以注好水、注够水,提高有效注水、强化提液挖潜、增加可采储量为原则,以精细调整、精细挖潜为手段,不断拓宽特高含水期控水挖潜新途径,努力控制产量递减与含水上升速度,不断提高水驱开发效果。本文针对水驱开发中存在的问题,应用精细油藏研究成果,分析水驱井的开采状况,分析剩余油分布状况,积极寻找剩余油富集区。通过对水井采取压裂、细分、测调等措施,改善注水井的注水状况;同时对油井采取补孔、压裂等措施,进行综合调整,有效挖潜剩余油,从而改善特高含水期水驱开发效果。     

富昌区4067井区注水效果评价

瓦窑堡采油厂属于受岩性控制、受构造低部位弱边底水影响的、弹性及溶解气复合驱动的构造-岩性油藏。目前采油速度为0.55,产量递减快,含水率迅速上升。通过对注采井网,注采压力系统、注水利用状况及水驱效果评价,针对不同注水开发问题,提出井网完善,提高地层补充能量,控制注水量的综合调整方法与思路。     

鄯善油田不同含水阶段开发对策探析

本文针对鄯善油田不同含水阶段的开发特征及面临的问题,通过完善注采井网和层系,提高水驱储量控制程度;加大注采结构调整力度,采用单砂体细分、井组细分调控等技术,对不同剩余油类型开展精细分层注水调控研究,利用侧钻井精准挖掘井间剩余油,从而达到控制油田含水上升,改善油田开发效果的目的。     

莱36单元进行二次井网完善后的水驱开发效果分析

随着井网完善程度降低,断块地层能量供应不合理,潜力区地层压降逐年增大,影响了莱36单元的水驱开发效果。通过阐述完善注采井网的必要性和可行性,提出了在对断块油藏特性、注采关系再认识的基础上,通过大修、转注、调剖等手段,完善注采井网,提高水驱控制程度。通过平面上改向注水,纵向上强化潜力层注水,提高莱36单元注水有效波及体积,改善水驱效果。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。