催化汽油选择性加氢技术现状及进展

在阐述催化汽油加氢技术的原理后介绍了国内外该技术的现状以及部分工艺,重点介绍了Gardes工艺技术.通过分析对比后发现Gardes工艺技术有以下特点:较高脱硫活性和辛烷值保持能力、整个工艺流程较其他工艺简单,加氢产物直接调和.预计Gardes工艺将成为今后国内生产清洁汽油的主要工艺.     

全馏分催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫装置的工艺设计

中海油惠州炼化分公司(下简称惠炼)新建的50万t/a催化汽油加氢脱硫装置,采用惠炼与北京海顺德钛催化剂有限公司(下简称海顺德)合作开发的全馏分催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫工艺(CDOS-FRCN)技术。该技术催化汽油馏分不需要切割,具有设备投资少、能耗低、脱硫选择性高及辛烷值损失小的特点。尤其适用于处理惠炼催化裂化汽油,在原料硫含量不大于450μg/g的情况下,能够生产硫含量不大于20μg/g的低硫汽油,而且辛烷值损失1.5个单位。     

全馏分催化汽油加氢脱硫工艺的标定与运行分析

中海油惠州炼化为了满足全厂汽油升级至国Ⅳ、Ⅴ标准的要求,新建一套50万吨/年催化汽油加氢脱硫装置。该装置采用全馏分催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术（CDOS-FRCN）,催化剂采用海顺德公司的催化剂专利技术。装置标定情况说明,催化汽油经全馏分加氢精制后,加氢精制汽油硫质量分数达到11 μg/g,硫醇硫质量分数达到10 μg/g,汽油辛烷值损失小于1.5个单位。二反入口温度对脱硫效果和辛烷值损失有很大影响,温度越高,则脱硫率越高,但辛烷值损失偏大。CDOS-FRCN技术能够有效降低汽油硫含量,减少辛烷值损失,可为炼油厂生产硫含量小于50 μg/g甚至10 μg/g的清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案。     

劣质催化裂化柴油加氢转化工艺研究

以高芳烃含量的劣质催化裂化柴油为原料进行加氢转化工艺研究,考察体系压力、裂化温度、精制深度以及操作方式对催化柴油加氢转化工艺的影响。结果表明,随体系压力增加轻、重石脑油收率明显增加而转化柴油相应降低;随裂化温度增加汽油馏分明显增加且辛烷值有所提高,柴油馏分十六烷值呈先增加后降低的趋势;当控制精制油氮含量为35μg/g时,加氢转化工艺得到的产品质量最佳,汽油馏分研究法辛烷值达90以上,为优质的清洁高辛烷值汽油调和组分;从产品质量方面考虑部分循环操作方式最佳,可得到辛烷值超过90的汽油组分与十六烷值在45左右的清洁柴油馏分,加氢转化工艺是劣质催化裂化柴油高附加利用的优质路线。     

汽油加氢辛烷值损失研究及对策

催化汽油加氢装置采用催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫ALG技术,该技术采用全馏分液相加氢、重汽油选择性加氢脱硫和脱硫醇工艺,采用的加氢催化剂ALT-1、AGP-1和APT-21,可将汽油中的硫含量降低到1.0×10-5以下,并且辛烷值损失可控制在3以内,但装置开工以来,产品辛烷值损失较大,并且R5201和R5202经常出现飞温现象,为解决以上几种现象,提出解决方案,以减少辛烷值损失和避免出现飞温现象。     

科技集粹

催化汽油加氢脱硫技术通过验收由乌鲁木齐石化公司科研所承担的DSO催化汽油加氢异构脱硫成套技术开发项目,近日通过专家验收。该项目通过对炼油生产过程中的催化汽油进行加氢异构处理,控制一定的反应条件,使产品的硫含量分别降到150μg/g和50μg/g以下,从而使产品分别达到欧Ⅲ、欧Ⅳ清洁汽油标准规定的硫含量指标。该成果还同时利用催化剂的异构化性能提高所产汽油中异构烷烃的数量,在一定程度上弥补加氢过程中由于烯烃饱和所带来的辛烷值损失。研究结果表明,利用此技术生产满足欧Ⅲ、欧Ⅳ清洁汽油硫含量标准时,催化汽油的抗爆指数损失可…     

汽油选择加氢技术的工业应用

介绍了OCT-M催化汽油选择性加氢技术在中石化洛阳分公司汽油加氢装置的应用情况,该工艺先将全馏分FCC汽油切割为轻汽油馏分和重汽油馏分;对硫含量较高的FCC重汽油进行选择性加氢,加氢后重汽油馏分硫含量可降至210μg/g;对影响加氢汽油质量的主要因素进行分析,提出了降低加氢过程汽油辛烷值损失、降低大分子硫醇生成的优化措施,针对存在的问题提出了相应的改进建议.     

FCC汽油加氢改质催化剂及改质工艺

研究开发出了适于FCC汽油加氢改质的选择性加氢脱硫催化剂和辛烷值恢复催化剂,并在300 mL绝热装置上,分别以全馏分FCC汽油或切割后的重馏分FCC汽油为原料,进行了FCC汽油加氢改质工艺的系统研究,结果表明：单独采用辛烷值恢复工艺或辛烷值恢复-选择性加氢脱硫组合工艺不能完全满足FCC汽油加氢改质的要求;而单独采用选择性加氢脱硫工艺或选择性加氢脱硫-辛烷值恢复组合工艺可以满足全馏分FCC汽油或切割后重馏分FCC汽油加氢改质的要求。将全馏分FCC汽油切割后进行加氢改质可以得到硫含量更低的改质产品或直接生产符合国Ⅳ标准的清洁汽油。     

1100kt/a催化汽油精制装置降低辛烷值损失的措施

中国石油四川石化有限责任公司1100kt/a催化汽油精制装置采用中国石油大学(北京)和中国石油石油化工研究院合作开发的Gardes技术,以催化汽油为原料,生产满足国Ⅴ汽油标准的调和产品。作为汽油加氢脱硫精制装置,在完成原料脱硫、烯烃降幅的基础上,最大化降低辛烷值损失成为装置挖潜增效、解决企业汽油产品调和外销的重要课题。结合四川石化催化汽油精制装置自身的特点,运用科学、合理、适宜的管理方法,大胆探索,通过改用GDS-21预加氢催化剂,并优化预加氢反应器、分馏塔、稳定塔、加氢脱硫反应器、辛烷值恢复反应器操作,将汽油辛烷值损失(年均值)降至0.46,达业内领先水平,解决了企业油品调和难题,并创造出可观的经济效益。     

新型垂直筛板塔用于FCC汽油重馏分催化精馏加氢脱硫研究

利用CoMoP/Al2O3-TiO2汽油加氢脱硫工业催化剂,在催化精馏加氢脱硫装置上对FCC汽油重馏分进行了加氢脱硫性能研究.在压力2.0MPa、反应段平均温度264℃、氢油比300:1、空速2.0h-1、回流比2的条件下,重馏分脱硫率达到98.50%,总硫质量分数由850.42μg/g降低到12.72μg/g,辛烷值损失仅为0.9个单位.对新型垂直筛板塔与普通填料塔、固定床进行了加氢脱硫性能对比分析,结果表明新型垂直筛板塔的加氢脱硫性能明显优于普通填料塔和固定床.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。