真空热轧不锈钢复合板界面结合行为的研究

为了研究真空热轧不锈钢复合板的结合行为,本文以热轧304不锈钢/Q345低碳钢复合板为研究对象,通过剪切试验及组织分析等手段研究了变形量及真空度对不锈钢复合板结合性能的影响规律.结果表明,轧制总变形量从35%增加到75%之后复合板的剪切强度大约可增加100 MPa.真空度降低会导致结合界面氧化程度增加,进而降低复合板的结合性能,当真空由0.1 Pa变为20 Pa时,界面氧化物的比例由约10%提高到约50%,剪切强度由440 MPa降低到了350 MPa左右.最后根据试验结果提出了热轧不锈钢复合板的结合行为.     

TMCP工艺轧制桥梁用不锈钢复合板的组织与性能

为了获得桥梁用不锈钢复合板良好的综合性能,采用控轧控冷(thermal mechanical control process,简称TMCP)工艺轧制了桥梁用不锈钢复合板316L+Q370qD,利用金相、扫描、拉伸、冲击、弯曲、剪切和晶间腐蚀等手段研究了该复合板的组织与性能。结果表明,316L+Q370qD桥梁用不锈钢复合板的界面实现了完全冶金结合,未发现孔洞、裂纹等缺陷以及大颗粒的析出物及氧化物夹杂等;复合板的屈服强度为421~446MPa,伸长率为24.0%~28.0%,-20℃纵向冲击吸收能量平均值为200J,180°内、外弯曲合格,平均剪切强度为412 MPa,复合板的各项力学性能均满足GB/T 8165—2008《不锈钢复合钢板和钢带》标准要求。按照GB/T 4334—2008方法 E进行晶间腐蚀试验,复层不锈钢316L未出现晶间腐蚀现象,具有良好的耐晶间腐蚀性能。     

压下率对316L/EH40复合板界面微观形貌的影响

 为确定制备316L/EH40不锈钢复合板所需压下率,采用MSC.Marc有限元软件模拟研究了316L/EH40不锈钢复合板在不同压下率下的轧制过程,通过对变形区结合界面处应力场与应变场的综合分析,确定不锈钢复合板实现有效黏合的最小压下率为55%。基于有限元仿真结果,采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机制备了不同变形率下的复合样件,并对复合样件结合界面处的微观组织形貌进行了观测。通过分析得出结论,样件压下率达到30%后,结合界面处孔隙基本闭合,但仍有部分夹杂物和微孔存在;当压下率超过50%后,结合界面处微孔完全消失,夹杂物数量减少并且尺寸减小;低合金钢侧组织由铁素体和珠光体组成,靠近结合面处存在脱碳层,随着压下率的提高,脱碳层厚度逐渐降低;不锈钢侧由奥氏体组织组成,奥氏体晶粒尺寸随着压下率的提高得到不同程度的细化;显微硬度值随着压下率提高逐渐增大。     

轧制工艺对真空轧制复合钢板组织与性能的影响

在不同的总压下率下,对两块尺寸和成分状态相同的连铸坯进行真空轧制复合,以得到特厚复合钢板。分析了总压下率对复合板的界面组织和Z向力学性能的影响。结果表明,在总压下率10%下,复合板界面存在条状缺陷,利用原位观察法和能谱分析证实该缺陷由Al-Si-Mn氧化物和孔隙组成。当总压下率超过30%后,缺陷中孔隙消失,氧化物逐渐被...     

采用铁钴镍合金夹层的316L/EH40复合板界面特征

 为了提高带夹层不锈钢复合板层间真空度,提出采用熔融态金属制备夹层的方法。基于真空吸铸成型原理,选取等原子比配比的铁、钴、镍合金作为夹层材料,加热至熔融状态,在真空压力差作用下向复合坯料充型夹层。采用数值模拟方法确定充型工艺参数,对充型样件进行热轧成形试验,通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等仪器表征分析了复合板的界面形貌特征。结果表明,夹层填充完整且充型率达到100%,拉伸强度和拉剪强度分别为490和319 MPa,铁钴镍合金与不锈钢和碳钢结合界面平直,复合状态良好且洁净无氧化物,热轧后夹层厚度大于碳和铬元素的扩散距离,能够避免铬的碳化物生成。     

含钼铁素体不锈钢的高温氧化行为

 采用增重法研究了排气系统用Type444铁素体不锈钢在1000℃空气中的高温抗氧化性能,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)及辉光光谱(GDS)分析技术,对氧化膜的形貌和组成进行了分析。结果表明：Type444铁素体不锈钢在1000℃下连续氧化100h,氧化动力学曲线按照抛物线线型氧化规律变化,氧化激活能为(277. 5±10) kJ·mol-1,表面氧化膜由连续致密的Cr2O3组成,具有良好的高温抗氧化性能。铌和钼元素扩散至Fe2(Nb,Mo) Laves相,其氧化物颗粒会充当沉淀物从氧化膜表面逆扩散至基体和氧化膜界面处的孔洞里,从而降低了其在高温下的氧化速率,提高了抗高温氧化性能。     

439M铁素体不锈钢点蚀诱发机理

 439M铁素体不锈钢广泛应用于汽车排气系统消声器中,其主要失效形式是点蚀破坏。采用点腐蚀试验、去钝化起始pH值试验、微区电化学试验,并结合扫描电镜及能谱分析,观察分析了点腐蚀和夹杂物的形貌,研究了点蚀诱发时夹杂物的变化情况。研究结果表明,439M不锈钢的点蚀主要在复合氧化物夹杂处诱发,而TiN夹杂物未诱发点蚀;夹杂物诱发点蚀时,复合氧化物夹杂的CaO优先溶解。最后,建立了在氯离子环境下439M不锈钢中复合氧化物夹杂诱发点蚀的模型。     

LD－LF－CC工艺生产的82B钢铸坯洁净度研究

采用加入示踪剂、对铸坯进行系统取样与实验室综合分析相结合的方法,对LD-LF-CC工艺生产的82B钢铸坯中T[O]、显微夹杂物和大型夹杂物数量和粒径分布以及成分类型进行了系统研究。结果表明：铸坯中T[O]和显微夹杂物数量的平均值分别为28.42×10-6和17.78个/mm2,铸坯中0-4μm和4-10μm的夹杂物分别占显微夹杂物总数的87.21%和12.22%,显微夹杂物的类型主要为复合氧化物类和由复合氧化物和硫化钙构成的复合夹杂物。铸坯中大型夹杂物含量差别很大,大于300μm的夹杂物占大多数,大型夹杂物的形成与钢包耐火材料侵蚀和中间包卷渣有关。     

纯铁做中间材制备不锈钢/碳钢热轧复合板

 针对真空热轧制备不锈钢/碳钢复合板过程中碳钢中的碳元素和不锈钢中的铬元素易形成碳化物影响复合强度的问题,进行了在碳钢和不锈钢之间加入纯铁层的不锈钢/碳钢真空热轧试验研究。测量了不同压下量下复合板的结合强度,并对轧后的复合板进行了金相组织观察和扫描电镜元素分布的分析。试验结果表明,加入纯铁中间层时,纯铁和碳钢容易达到良好的冶金结合,同时纯铁中间层的加入可以阻碍碳钢中的碳元素向复合界面处扩散,减少了碳铬化合物形成,有利于界面结合强度的提高。     

20CrMnTi冶炼过程形成CaO(CaS)-Al2O3-MgO夹杂的分析

 FactSage对钙处理前后钢液的平衡计算以及典型夹杂物在CaO-CaS-Al2O3三元相图中演变规律的研究结果表明：钢中硫含量大于0.01%(质量分数,下同)时,难以得到理想的钙处理效果,主要原因在于钙处理过程中钙主要与硫结合生成CaS夹杂,同时少部分钙将对Al2O3进行变性;钙处理过程中CaO(CaS)-Al2O3演变规律为Al2O3→Al2O3+CaO·6Al2O3+CaS→CaO·2Al2O3+CaS(CaO含量较少)→Al2O3·CaO+CaS(CaO含量较多)。通过对复合夹杂物电镜面分布扫描结果的描边处理能够有效辨别复合夹杂物的成分,发现典型CaO(CaS)-Al2O3-MgO夹杂物成分为xCaO·yAl2O3+xMgO·yAl2O3+Al2O3+CaS,并据此提出了一种新的评价钙处理效果的方法。     

RH真空处理对高碳铬轴承钢尖晶石夹杂物的影响

 钢中尖晶石夹杂物不仅会恶化钢的可浇性,还可能导致成品出现宏观夹杂物,RH真空处理是去除钢中夹杂物的重要环节。对RH真空处理过程高碳铬轴承钢夹杂物数量、成分和类型变化开展研究,通过热力学计算讨论了真空压力对高碳铬轴承钢尖晶石夹杂物稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,当真空压力为30 Pa时,真空处理10 min,钢液循环总量达200～400 t,尖晶石夹杂物全部消失。真空处理15 min,夹杂物总数大幅降低,由480个/(200 mm2)降至97个/(200 mm2),夹杂物总数减少80%。真空处理后,钢中液态夹杂物数量增加且夹杂物呈高度液态化,与真空处理前相比,液态夹杂物的数量由44个/(200 mm2)增至71个/(200 mm2),增加61%,液态夹杂物占比由9%增至73%。尖晶石夹杂物全程为单一颗粒状,未发现其碰撞、聚集现象。热力学计算表明,真空条件下,高碳铬轴承钢中尖晶石夹杂物可被钢中碳还原分解,温度为1 600 ℃时,临界分解压力为16 000～22 000 Pa,真空度越高,越有利于尖晶石夹杂物的还原分解。真空压力为4 900 Pa时,真空处理7～14 min,钢液循环总量达511～1 022 t,尖晶石夹杂物即完全消失;真空度为20 400 Pa时,即便延长处理时间至40 min,将钢液循环总量增至2 360 t,尖晶石夹杂物仍存在。与夹杂物被“物理去除”的观点相比,真空条件下,尖晶石夹杂物被钢中碳还原分解能更好地解释真空过程尖晶石夹杂物的变化特征。     

真空感应熔炼含铝钢的脱氧规律

 通过热力学分析研究了用氧化钙坩埚熔炼含铝钢时熔炼温度、真空度和钢液铝含量与氧化钙分解向钢液增氧的关系。在25 kg真空感应炉中分别用电熔镁砂和氧化钙砂捣打坩埚熔炼含铝钢,在10~50 Pa真空度下,镁砂坩埚表现出强烈的供氧倾向,全氧含量随着钢中铝烧损量的增加而增加;而氧化钙坩埚不向钢液供氧。随着钢液中Al2O3夹杂被氧化钙坩埚吸收同化,全氧的质量分数逐渐下降至3×10-6。     

Mass Transfer of Phosphorus in Silicon Melts Under Vacuum Induction Refining

An experimental investigation into the mass transfer of phosphorus in molten silicon under vacuum induction refining has been carried out. In a pilot-scale experiment, in the temperature range 1773 K (1500 °C) to 1873 K (1600 °C) and a vacuum of 0.1 to 0.035 Pa smelting for 7200 seconds (2 hours), phosphorus is decreased from 15 ppmw to 0.08 ppmw, which achieved the target for solar-grade silicon of less than 0.1 ppmw. Lab-scale experiments are used to determine the effects of vacuum, refining time, and temperature on the rate of mass transfer of phosphorus during vacuum refining. Hardly any phosphorus was removed when the vacuum pressure is greater than 100 Pa. Mass-transfer coefficients are nearly independent of pressure at 1783 K (1510 °C) when pressures are below 0.1 Pa and are highly correlated with vacuum pressures above 0.1 Pa. A model of vacuum refining of inductively stirred silicon melts is discussed to explain the transfer path of phosphorus out of the melt.     

Oxide Inclusions at Different Steps of Steel Production

 The formation of oxide inclusions in one of the carbon steel productions of Mobarakeh Steel Complex of Isfahan has been evaluated. Several samples from different steps of steel production were taken, from arc furnace, ladle furnace, tundish, and continuous casting mold. Moreover, samples of slab and hot rolling products were prepared. The samples were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopes equipped with the EDS system. According to the results, the number, composition, and kind of inclusions were directly influenced by the production variables. It was found that when the amount of dissolved oxygen was high (say more than 0002 5%), the dissolved aluminum was able to reduce silicon oxide and react with the dissolved oxygen simultaneously, whilst, the dissolved aluminum could reduce the magnesium oxide only when the oxygen content was below 0000 5%. Based on this research, a mechanism for forming the complex inclusions was suggested. It was also found that if the aluminum is added to the melt as late as possible, a cleaner melt with fewer inclusions is prepared; this method will be more effective, especially in the case of complex inclusions.     

铬铁矿液相氧化产物的杂质分离及钾碱循环

为了避免铬铁矿液相氧化产物中硅、铝和碳酸钾等杂质的循环积累，影响铬酸钾产品的质量，并对生产造成危害，分别研究了氧化钙和氢氧化钙对苛化及脱铝的影响，以及碳酸钾、铁渣的存在对脱硅、脱铝的影响。结果表明，氢氧化钙的脱铝效果要好于氧化钙，而苛化效果劣于氧化钙；碳酸钾和铁渣的存在有利于硅、铝杂质的脱除。脱硅、铝后的溶液在真空度为0．06MPa，蒸发至氢氧化钾的质量分数为30％时，可得到符合质量要求的铬酸钾晶体；在真空度为0．07MPa，蒸发至氢氧化钾质量分数为50％时，溶液中碳酸钾质量分数亦可降到符合工艺要求的5％以下，同时回收了碳酸钾晶体。保证了钾碱的循环。     

硼元素添加对酸洗板氧化行为的影响

为了分析硼元素对低碳铝镇静钢酸洗板的氧化特性、氧化激活能和界面作用特点,利用差热分析仪系统研究了硼元素对低碳铝系列镇静钢酸洗板的氧化行为。结果表明,添加硼元素后,酸洗板抗氧化性明显降低;氧化激活能由12.02 kJ/mol 降至8.52 kJ/mol,氧化增重速率由0.239%/min增至0.323%/min;高温条件下硼元素出现界面富集,并与硅氧化物形成复合氧化相,因此降低了氧化铁皮的黏附力。同时,含硼钢在1 100 ℃附近存在氧化增重速率明显增大的趋势,抗氧化性不足,导致氧化铁皮厚度明显增加,当氧化铁皮厚度超过临界变形厚度时,易于发生氧化铁皮压入现象。可通过适当降低精轧入口温度以及适当添加硅元素,改善含硼钢表面麻点状氧化铁皮压入缺陷。     

Effect of a lining on the degree of oxidation of a metallic melt

The interaction of periclase and alundum refractories with iron-based melts of various degrees of oxidation is studied under laboratory conditions. It is shown that a lining can accumulate iron oxide inclusions as a result of its interaction with an oxide metal, significantly increasing its oxidizing potential. The contact of such a lining with a metal with a low degree of oxidation (metal deoxidized by aluminum) is accompanied by the opposite transition of FeO from the lining to the metal, which causes its secondary oxidation. This secondary oxidation mechanism can be critical for the production of a high-quality high-reliability structural steel, especially at a large specific lining surface area.     

Crystal growth in liquid steel during secondary metallurgy

Morphology of nonmetallic inclusions depends on their crystallographic structure, the growth conditions, and the presence of impurities. Inclusions were extracted from industrial aluminum-killed steel samples and investigated under high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. In this article, the morphology of these aluminum oxide inclusions, including their surface features, is approached from the viewpoint of crystal growth. Commonly, aluminum oxide inclusions are considered to be corundum, but some inclusion shapes prove that other aluminum oxide polymorphs are present as well.     

Improvement of the technology of the out-of-furnace treatment of wheel steel

Various versions of the deoxidation and out-of-furnace treatment of wheel steel under the OAO VMZ conditions are analyzed. The effective partial pressure of carbon monoxide over a melt in a 130-t ladle degasser is found to be 54 ± 9 kPa. Thermodynamic analysis of the deoxidation demonstrates that low oxygen concentrations in the melt of wheel steel can be achieved when it is deoxidized by aluminum, silicocalcium, aluminocalcium, or carbon in vacuum. Experiments and a thermodynamic calculation show that the vacuum-carbon deoxidation of a high-strength wheel steel provides oxygen concentrations in the metal that are comparable with the concentrations obtained by silicocalcium deoxidation (0.0023 ± 0.0005 wt %) and ensures the optimum morphology and concentration of oxide inclusions. The causes of the formation of the defects revealed by ultrasonic inspection in railway wheel templates are studied. The level of rejection controlled by these defects depends on the deoxidation method and is related to the number and morphology of the oxide inclusions that form during secondary oxidation.     

不锈轴承钢真空制备过程洁净度及碳化物变化

 为了提高G102Cr18Mo高碳不锈轴承钢的洁净度、细化碳化物组织,采用真空感应熔炼、两次真空自耗重熔、大锻压比锻造的工艺路线,研究了真空处理及大锻压比锻造对化学成分、气体含量、夹杂物分布、二次枝晶间距及碳化物颗粒度的影响。研究结果表明,真空感应熔炼过程(VIM)中,随着铝含量的增加,碳的脱氧能力大幅降低,即使铝质量分数为0.003%也对碳的脱氧能力有明显的阻碍作用;真空自耗重熔过程(VAR)由于高的真空度、高的重熔温度等热力学条件以及反应动力学条件的改善,氧含量显著降低,第一次自耗重熔后氧质量分数从0.001 49%降低至0.000 57%,降低了61.7%,第二次自耗重熔后氧质量分数降低至0.000 50%。真空感应熔炼、真空自耗重熔过程,夹杂物的成分变化不大,主要以Al-Si夹杂为主,其次为Al₂O₃夹杂,再次为MnS夹杂、Mg-Al-Ca、Mg/Ca-Al夹杂。双真空冶炼后,钢中夹杂物主要为0～5 μm的细小夹杂物,未发现大于20 μm的夹杂,含有少量10～20 μm的夹杂,钢的洁净度大幅度提高。在真空自耗锭横断面上,从边部向芯部二次枝晶的形貌变化不大,二次枝晶间距逐渐增大,但是变化趋势缓慢,二次枝晶间距为85～95 μm,这主要得益于低的自耗重熔速度。对真空自耗锭进行大变形处理,最终锻造成40 mm的圆棒,碳化物颗粒的最大尺寸不大于20 μm,平均尺寸为15 μm,且没有碳化物聚集的现象。低的自耗重熔速度和大锻压比锻造是碳化物细化的关键。