一体式膜生物反应器膜污染研究

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种新型污水处理器,对生活污水处理效果显著,在使用过程中不可避免地会产生污染。为此,对膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水的膜污染和清洗方法进行了研究,通过红外光谱分析了活性污泥性质的变化,利用扫描电镜分析了中空纤维膜表观结构的变化,探讨了膜污染的机理。结果表明,细菌滋生和污泥沉积造成了膜污染,泥饼层阻力占膜总阻力的89.86%,是膜污染的主要组成部分,水力清洗结合化学清洗可以很好地恢复膜的比通量。     

生物载体缓解管式膜MBR工艺中的膜污染

膜污染一直是影响膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺稳定运行的难题。试验研究了浮球填料的加入对好氧管式膜MBR工艺中膜污染的影响规律及机理。结果表明，生物载体的加入能够显著减缓膜污染。与没有生物载体的MBR相比，载体填充率达到40%时可使滤饼层阻力下降约60.7%,孔堵阻力下降约90.6%,单周期运行时间延长约83.3%。机理分析表明，载体型MBR中悬浮污泥粒度明显增大，不可逆膜污染主要组分溶解性胞外聚合物(EPS)含量显著减少，而且EPS中蛋白质相对比例增加，滤饼层与膜面间的结合程度减弱，可改善低压冲洗和化学清洗效果。     

膜生物反应器处理农村生活污水研究进展

叙述了膜生物反应器(MBR)在农村污水处理中的应用进展,分析了农村污水的特点,介绍了MBR的应用现状及分类,归纳了好氧和厌氧MBR在不同工艺、膜材料、膜结构、膜孔径下处理农村污水的效果,及MBR不同组合技术处理农村污水。指出了膜生物反应器运行中膜污染问题,认为在实际应用中应当考虑装置的安装维护、膜组件的清洗难易、设备的使用寿命等实际问题,考虑采用MBR组合工艺处理农村生活污水,以缓解膜污染,提高污水处理效率。     

膜生物反应器膜污染泥饼层剥落研究

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种由膜分离单元与生物处理单元相结合的水处理技术。MBR具有出水水良好,效率高等特点,成为最受欢迎污水处理工艺之一。由于MBR膜分离单元易产生淤塞造成膜污染,阻碍了其发展。膜污染是指混合液中的微粒及溶质大分子与膜存在着物理、化学或生物作用而在膜表面或膜孔内部沉积,造成膜孔变小或堵塞,进而在膜面形成泥饼层,使得膜通量减小和TMP增加的现象。因此研究膜污染泥饼层的剥落机理对MBR有重要意义。通常MBR泥饼层剥落量取决于曝气量,曝气孔径,曝气时间等。本实验表明:曝气量小,泥饼层(SS)剥落量在膜上中下三部分相差不大;曝气量大,膜下方泥饼层SS剥落大,泥饼层厚度与SS剥落一致。而胞外聚合物(EPS)(mg/gvss)是冲刷后反而增加,因为曝气只能冲刷掉SS,而作为膜污染主要因素EPS则很难去除,即曝气的剥落作用对EPS的去除不明显,得出结论物理清洗并不能有效防止膜污染。     

FBR艺处理生活污水试验研究

采用价格低廉的无纺布代替膜生物反应器中的膜组件组成新型无纺布生物反应器(Fabric bioreactor,FBR),研究了两种孔径的无纺布(15μm和1μm)生物反应器对模拟生活污水的处理效果,并对FBR工艺的污染情况进行了分析.试验结果表明,两种孔径的无纺布的处理效果差别甚微;FBR工艺对浊度、SS、COD和NH3-N的平均去除效果很好.出水符合城市杂用水水质标准.平行试验结果表明,FBR工艺对生活污水的处理效果达到MBR工艺的96.2%.采用NaClO溶液可有效清洗被污染的无纺布,表面通量的恢复率达到97.2%.     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水的实验研究

对膜生物反应器连续运行期间的处理效能、膜污染情况进行了实验研究，分析并进行了膜清洗实验。膜生物反应器对COD、NH3-N都有很好的去除效果，出水水质达到生活杂用水水质标准。膜污染的发展先后经历膜孔阻塞，形成凝胶层、滤饼层等阶段。研究认为对膜进行清洗应以机械清洗为主。     

缺氧-好氧MBR工艺及膜性能的研究

研究了缺氧-好氧MBR工艺处理生活污水的特性.考察了系统的处理效果,系统对于浊度、COD、氨氮、总磷等指标表现出高且稳定的去除效果.通过对系统膜过滤压差变化的长期测定,在膜丝内部负压和膜面紊流形成的剪切力双重作用下,活性污泥在膜外表面局部沉积下来形成致密的滤饼,膜表面的滤饼层和凝胶层是引起膜污染的主要因为.空曝气和化学...     

金属膜生物反应器中膜污染清洗方法

采用浸没式平板金属膜生物反应器(MBR)处理模拟城市污水,考察好氧和缺氧/好氧(A/O)2种运行模式下离线药洗、机械清洗、在线药洗、曝气清洗及滤液反洗等清洗方法对膜污染的控制效果。结果表明:机械清洗后再进行NaOCl浸泡清洗,能有效去除膜污染,NaOCl溶液pH值和浸泡时间对去除效果有明显影响;机械清洗和在线药洗能有效去除好氧模式下的滤饼层污染,但对A/O模式下的膜内部污染控制效果不佳;机械清洗和空曝气清洗因为可操作性较差,只作为去除金属膜污染的辅助手段使用;滤液反洗能有效减缓膜污染的发展,但应综合考虑系统产水率、膜材料强度等因素。     

污泥形态变化对膜生物反应器处理性能及膜污染的影响

通过对膜生物反应器(MBR)系统中污泥颗粒变化和处理模拟废水水质的监测,考察了污泥形态变化对MBR处理性能和膜污染的影响。结果表明:MBR中颗粒有保持均匀分布并缓慢减小的趋势,颗粒大小对COD去除有一定影响,对氮磷的去除影响甚微,但是会加速膜污染。     

填料对一体式膜生物反应器运行效能的影响

进行了组合式膜生物反应器(CMBR)和一体式膜生物反应器(SMBR)处理生活污水的试验研究,以考察填料对处理效果的影响及减缓膜污染方面的作用。在稳定期,CMBR对COD的平均去除率为96.7%,SMBR为95.9%,对NH3—N的去除率分别为95.6%和94.9%,试验结果表明,填料的添加对反应器COD和NH3—N的去除效果影响不大,但能有效增强反应器对总氮的去除,去除率从54.5%提高到67.5%;经102 d连续运行,CMBR膜组件清洗次数少于SMBR,说明添加填料不仅提高了膜生物反应器(MBR)的处理效果,而且相对有效地减缓了膜阻力升高的速度;单位膜面积上胞外聚合物(EPS)的面密度与2个膜生物反应器过膜压力随运行时间的变化规律基本一致,CMBR和SMBR中膜阻力与单位膜面积上EPS的面密度正相关,证明EPS对膜污染有着重要的影响。     

同质增强型PMIA中空纤维膜污染及其MBR工艺处理城市生活污水

以碳酸钙悬浮液、活性污泥混合液及蛋白溶液作为过滤介质,采用标准堵塞过滤和沉积过滤数学模型预测3 h内膜污染类型,结合膜孔径分布、过滤介质粒径分布和污染阻力分布,研究同质增强型聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺（PMIA）中空纤维超滤膜污染机理。将同质增强型PMIA中空纤维膜应用于MBR系统处理城市生活污水,监测其长期运行的出水水质;借助场发射扫描电镜和特征X射线能谱仪对比分析水洗和化学清洗效果。研究结果表明,当过滤介质为蛋白时,t-t/V线性相关系数为0.9940,膜污染符合标准堵塞模型;当过滤介质为碳酸钙悬浮液和污泥混合液时,V-t/V线性相关系数分别为0.9733、0.9994,二者较为符合沉积模型。应用于MBR中的同质增强型PMIA中空纤维膜对COD、NH₄⁺-N、TP的平均去除率分别为97.78%、96.71%、49.81%,出水水质较好。经化学清洗后膜表面元素接近于原膜,清洗效果较佳。     

PF-MBR处理城市生活污水膜污染特性研究

在膜生物反应器处理污水过程中,广泛存在膜污染问题。自制膜生物反应器,向其中添加磁性铁氧体粉末,组成铁氧体粉末膜生物反应器(PF-MBR),并用其处理城市生活污水;研究了添加磁性铁氧体粉末对膜污染的影响,并进行机理分析。研究结果表明,添加磁性铁氧体粉末能一定程度上延缓膜污染。不加磁性铁氧体粉末的MBR-B运行到第30天时膜过滤压差达到22.9 kPa,而添加磁性铁氧体粉末的MBR-A膜过滤压差只有17.2 kPa;MBR-A的膜过滤阻力比MBR-B的低1.65×1012m-1。临界通量测定结果也表明,向膜生物反应器中添加磁性铁氧体粉末能减缓膜污染。机理分析表明,向膜生物反应器中加入磁性铁氧体粉末改变了活性污泥絮体的结构和性质,降低了膜生物反应器运行过程中膜表面泥饼层产生的阻力及膜孔堵塞与吸附产生的阻力,从而有效缓解了膜污染。实验采用自制的磁性铁氧体粉末,可实现废物的资源化利用。     

A Review of Membrane Fouling in MBRs: Characteristics and Role of Sludge Cake Formed on Membrane Surfaces

Abstract

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) has been deemed to be a promising technology for wastewater treatment and reclamation; however, the MBR filtration performance inevitably decreases with filtration time attributed to the deposition of soluble and particulate materials onto and into the membrane under the interactions between activated sludge components and the membrane. Cake layer formation on membrane surfaces has been a major challenge in the operation of MBRs under supra-critical flux operation, and/or caused by uneven distribution of aeration intensities, etc.; however, it was argued that a thin cake layer might improve filtration operation by some researchers. This paper provides a critical review on the formation mechanisms, properties, the role of sludge cake in membrane filtration, and the corresponding strategies of controlling cake fouling in MBRs. Drawbacks and benefits of the formation of sludge cake were also discussed in order to better understand the characteristics and role of sludge cake formation in MBRs.     

Treatment of Oily Wastewaters Using the Microfiltration Process: Effect of Operating Parameters and Membrane Fouling Study

This work focuses on the treatment of oily wastewater using the cross-flow microfiltration (MF) process to determine the effect of different operating parameters such as transmembrane pressure (TMP) and cross-flow velocity on the separation performance and to study the mechanism of membrane fouling during microfiltration of oil in water emulsions. In this regard, the permeation flux and oil rejection of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane in a flat-frame MF module for separation of 3000 ppm oil/water emulsions were measured. The results indicated that the permeate flux increased by an enhancement in both TMP and cross-flow velocity, while the oil rejection decreased. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the individual effect of TMP and cross-flow velocity is more important than the interactional effect of these operating parameters on the permeate flux and oil rejection. The results of fouling modeling revealed that the membrane fouling mechanism was affected by the applied TMP. The cake filtration model dominates the fouling mechanism at lower operating pressures. The fouling mechanism was changed from the cake formation to intermediate pore blocking and then to standard pore blocking as the TMP varied from 1 to 3 bar. Finally, a five-step procedure was used for cleaning the oil/water fouled membranes.     

纳米氧化石墨烯改性PVDF微滤膜在MBR中的抗污染性能

利用强亲水性氧化石墨烯（GO）作为添加剂,自制了PVDF/GO复合微滤膜,并将其应用于MBR系统中,进行长期应用研究。研究发现,共混膜的表面性质得到改善,其表面含氧基团达到29.33%（GO=3%）;共混膜与PVDF膜对污染物的去除效果相近,但共混膜（GO=3%）仅进行了一次清洗,清洗周期是PVDF的4倍;PVDF/GO共混膜的膜阻力要低于PVDF膜,并且共混膜的不可逆污染阻力显著下降,其数值仅仅是PVDF膜的9.0%（GO=3%）;EPS分析发现,共混膜表面的EPS浓度明显减少,其降幅分别达到59.98%（GO=1%）和69.57%（GO=3%）,抗污染性能显著提高;通过SEM与CLSM分析发现,随着氧化石墨烯加入量的提高,共混膜表面形成了滤饼层变得疏松,厚度也变薄,甚至露出了部分膜表面（GO=3%）,保证了共混膜稳定的渗透率。     

颗粒粒径和膜孔径对陶瓷膜微滤微米级颗粒悬浮液的影响

通过测定颗粒悬浮液通过陶瓷微滤膜时的参透通量及污染阻力,确定了陶瓷膜处理微米级颗粒悬浮液时,颗粒粒径和膜孔径对微滤过程的影响和膜污染机理,获得了微米级颗粒悬浮液微滤过程中膜孔径的选择方法。     

膜生物反应器中膜污染机理的研究

在采用膜生物反应器（MBR）处理染料废水的过程中,通过对活性污泥进行终端过滤来反映膜污染机理,着重考察了膜过滤的形式、膜通量变化和膜污染的形成。污泥的终端过滤过程严格符合沉积过滤定律;膜通量随过滤时间呈指数衰减趋势,并在几分钟内就达到相对稳定值;扫描电镜照片也证实了膜污染主要是膜面沉积层引起的。     

Fouling behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) ultrafiltration membrane by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chemical cleaning method

Severe fouling to poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane is usually caused as filtrating the papermaking wastewater in the ultrafiltration (UF) process. In the paper, fouling behavior and mechanism were investigated, and the low-concentration polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) contained in the sedimentation tank wastewater was found as the main foulant. Consequently, the corresponding cleaning approach was proposed. The experiment and modeling results elaborated that the fouling mode developed from pore blockage to cake layer along with filtration time. Chemical cleaning conditions including the composition and concentration of reagents, cleaning duration and trans-membrane pressure were investigated for their effect on cleaning efficiency. Pure water flux was recovered by over 95% after cleaning the PVDF membrane using the optimal conditions 0.5 wt% NaClO (as oxidant) and 0.1 wt% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS, as surfactant) at 0.04 MPa for 100 min. In the chemical cleaning method, hypochlorite (ClO⁻) could first chain-scissor PVA macromolecules to small molecules and SDBS could wrap the fragments in micelles, so that the foulants were removed from the pores and surface of membrane. After eight cycling tests, pure water flux recovery maintained above 95% and the reused membrane was found intact without defects.