铜带变色的原因及抑制方法

铜带变色可以由环境因素引起的，也可以由工艺因素和环境因素共同作用引起，而且后者造成的铜带变色程度深、速度快，危害也更大。该文主要从铜带生产工艺的角度，论述铜带变色的原因和抑制方法。     

电缆铜带剪切荷叶边缺陷的控制

文章对铜带荷叶边形成的原理进行了分析,指出剪切工艺参数影响铜带的边部质量;刀轴精度、刀具及橡胶环精度影响剪切时的水平间隙和重叠量。生产中应及时调整铜带在圆盘剪出入口的位置和铜带方向,避免荷叶边的产生。     

双金属覆合用铜带生产工艺研究

双金属覆合用铜带是制作新型通讯用电缆线的基础材料,即铜包铝、铜包钢电缆线的重要原材料。本文重点介绍了双金属覆合用铜带的铸造及加工生产的关键工艺研究过程,讨论了化学成分及加工工艺对双金属覆合用铜带组织及性能的影响。     

高精度异型铜带生产

本文论述了电子元器件用高精度异型铜带的合金、规格、技术要求、生产方法及用途，重点介绍了锻轧法生产异型铜带的生产技术。     

首台国产高精度铜带拉弯矫直机组的研制开发

对铜带拉弯矫直机组的主要设备进行了分析，介绍了我院研制开发的第一台国产高精度铜带拉弯矫直机组的主要特点、工艺参数及实际生产效果。     

铜带冷轧机开卷方式的选择

铜带冷轧的坯料较厚,卷材松散、内径变化范围较大,所以对铜带坯开卷机提出了一些特殊的要求,造成了铜带冷轧机独有的开卷方式.本文对国内外铜带冷轧机的各种开卷方式进行介绍并评价其优缺点,可供铜带冷轧机设计或改造时选择参考.     

引线框架用铜带产品现状及研发进展

文章综合论述了电子引线框架铜带产品的现状,分析了国内产品普遍存在的质量问题及解决方向,指出了新一代及新型框架铜带的研发进展。     

连续挤压铜带坯缺陷的分析和解决措施

铜板带连续挤压技术具有低能耗、短流程、生产效率高、产品成材率高、生产周期短等优点,符合国内外现代铜加工技术的发展。分析了连续挤压铜带坯缺陷产生的原因,提供了相应的解决措施,基本消除了连续挤压铜带坯的缺陷,为制备高精度铜带提供了质量优异的铜带坯。     

四棱锥卷筒在铜带冷轧机中的应用

现代铜带冷轧机正朝着高速度、大卷径、大张力方向发展.为此,我们在铜带冷轧机卷取机的设计中采用了倒四棱锥卷筒.本文着重阐述倒四棱锥卷筒的特点、结构设计及使用维护要点.     

国产新型铜带冷轧机

铜带冷轧机是铜带材生产的关键设备。20多年来，通过铜带冷轧机研制开发领域的广大科技人员的共同努力，国产铜带冷轧机获得了长足的发展。本文重点介绍几种主要机型，并分析其优缺点，同时指出今后国产铜带冷轧机的发展方向。     

Evaporation Research: Review and Interpretation

Literature regarding evaporation from soil, wet plant surfaces, and sprinkler droplets was examined, normalized, and interpreted. Much of the evaporation literature is difficult to compare and interpret; this paper offers comparisons and discussions of various findings by others as well as by the writers. Techniques of measuring and estimating evaporation from irrigation and rainfall are discussed. The partitioning between increased evaporation and decreased transpiration from a variety of research is quantified. Factors that impact the various forms of evaporation are listed and quantified. This review and summary will provide practitioners and researchers with theoretical and practical guidance on measurement techniques and estimates of evaporation under a wide range of conditions.     

Does Positive Affect Influence Health?

This review highlights consistent patterns in the literature associating positive affect (PA) and physical health. However, it also raises serious conceptual and methodological reservations. Evidence suggests an association of trait PA and lower morbidity and of state and trait PA and decreased symptoms and pain. Trait PA is also associated with increased longevity among older community-dwelling individuals. The literature on PA and surviving serious illness is inconsistent. Experimentally inducing intense bouts of activated state PA triggers short-term rises in physiological arousal and associated (potentially harmful) effects on immune, cardiovascular, and pulmonary function. However, arousing effects of state PA are not generally found in naturalistic ambulatory studies in which bouts of PA are typically less intense and often associated with health protective responses. A theoretical framework to guide further study is proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Management of Fluid Mud in Estuaries, Bays, and Lakes. II: Measurement, Modeling, and Management

Techniques for measurement, modeling, and management of fluid mud are available, but research is needed to improve them. Fluid mud can be difficult to detect, measure, or sample, which has led to new instruments and new ways of using existing instruments. Multifrequency acoustic fathometers sense neither density nor viscosity and are, therefore, unreliable in measuring fluid mud. Nuclear density probes, towed sleds, seismic, and drop probes equipped with density meters offer the potential for accurate measurements. Numerical modeling of fluid mud requires solving governing equations for flow velocity, density, pressure, salinity, water surface, plus sediment submodels. A number of such models exist in one-, two-, and three-dimensional form, but they rely on empirical relationships that require substantial site-specific validation to observations. Management of fluid mud techniques can be classified as those that accomplish: Source control, formation control, and removal. Nautical depth, a fourth category, defines the channel bottom as a specific fluid mud density or alternative parameter as safe for navigation. Source control includes watershed management measures to keep fine sediment out of waterways and in-water measures such as structures and traps. Formation control methods include streamlined channels and structures plus other measures to reduce flocculation and structures that train currents. Removal methods include the traditional dredging and transport of dredged material plus agitation that contributes to formation control and/or nautical depth. Conditioning of fluid mud by dredging and aerating offers the possibility of improved navigability. Two examples—the Atchafalaya Bar Channel and Savannah Harbor—illustrate the use of measurements and management of fluid mud.     

Effect of Hf and Zr Contents on Stress-rupture and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Performances in FGH96PM Superalloy

Four experimental FGH96alloys with various contents of Hf and Zr(0and 0.04%,0.3% and 0.04%,0.6% and 0.04%,0.3%and 0.06%,respectively)were produced using PREP(plasma rotating electrode process)+HIP(hot isostatic pressing)route.The unnotched and notched stress-rupture properties and fatigue crack growth rate(FCGR)of all the experimental alloys were investigated to study the effect of Hf and Zr.Relevant fracture morphology and microstructure were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The results revealed that appropriate content of Hf could lengthen stress-rupture life,eliminate notch sensitivity and slower FCGR.Microstructure analysis showed that the amount ofγ′phase should be increased or decreased by adjusting Hf and Zr contents,and MC carbide and oxide coupled growth should be increased by adding Hf content,which caused oxycarbide to precipitate along grain boundary and strengthen the alloy.It was found that excessive Zr in Hfcontaining FGH96alloy had certain deleterious effects on stress-rupture property because there was strong Zr segregation at prior particle boundary,leaving a long chain of large-size oxides along the boundary.The optimal content of Hf and Zr in FGH96alloy was 0.6%and 0.04%,respectively.     

C. Shaler Smith

Smith was one of the premier bridge builders of the post-Civil War period. He started his bridge building career under Albert Fink on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. During the Civil War, he designed and built a powder factory for the Confederacy at Augusta, Ga. After the war, he formed Smith and Latrobe Co. and later The Baltimore Bridge Company with Benjamin and C. H. Latrobe. He worked closely with James Eads on the St. Louis Bridge and designed and built the long iron easterly approach to the bridge. He designed and built some of the major viaducts, swing, and fixed span bridges in the United States, Australia, and Peru, and finally innovative cantilever bridges over the Kentucky, Mississippi, and St. Lawrence Rivers.     

Comparison of Technology Utilization and Benefits in Taiwanese and U.S. Industries

Lack of information regarding technology benefits along with uncertain competitive advantage from new technology have resulted in industry reluctance to implement new technologies. Three hundred and seven completed projects from across Taiwan and the United States have each been assessed for the levels of technology employed on 68 different common project work functions (WFs). In addition, the projects have been assessed for the levels of overall project cost- and schedule-performance attained. This paper reports on the details and findings of this study. Specifically, differences in technology usage between the Taiwanese and U.S. industries are analyzed. Project technology findings are presented by project phase and work function—both task automation-type work functions and integration-link WFs. Project success findings for the Taiwanese and U.S. industries are presented and comparisons across national boundaries are discussed. Findings from this study can provide information on the difference in technology usage and benefits between the Taiwanese and U.S. industries.     

Mercury Adsorption Properties of Sulfur-Impregnated Adsorbents

Carbonaceous and noncarbonaceous adsorbents were impregnated with elemental sulfur to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of the adsorbents and their equilibrium mercury adsorption capacities. Simulated coal combustion flue gas conditions were used to determine the equilibrium adsorption capacities for Hg0 and HgCl2 gases to better understand how to remove mercury from gas streams generated by coal-fired utility power plants. Sulfur was deposited onto the adsorbents by monolayer surface deposition or volume pore filling. Sulfur impregnation increased the total sulfur content and decreased the total and micropore surface areas and pore volumes for all of the adsorbents tested. Adsorbents with sufficient amounts of active adsorption sites and sufficient microporous structure had mercury adsorption capacities up to 4,509 μg?Hg/g adsorbent. Elemental sulfur, organic sulfur, and sulfate were formed on the adsorbents during sulfur impregnation. Correlations were established with R2>0.92 between the equilibrium Hg0/HgCl2 adsorption capacities and the mass concentrations of elemental and organic sulfur. This result indicates that elemental and organic sulfur are important active adsorption sites for Hg0 and HgCl2.     

Design Error Classification, Causation, and Prevention in Construction Engineering

Construction and engineering practitioners have found it increasingly difficult to learn from their mistakes, particularly with regard to the prevention, identification and/or containment of design errors. Yet, design errors have been the root cause of numerous catastrophic accidents that have resulted in the death and injury of workers and members of the public. This paper examines and classifies the nature of error and design error causation in construction and engineering projects. A review of the normative literature revealed that design errors are caused by an array of factors that can work interdependently. A generic framework is developed that classifies design error according to people, the organization, and project is presented. The paper suggests that people, over and above organizational and project management strategies, have the greatest propensity to reduce errors through the process of situated learning and knowing. This is because the working environment provided by an organization and the processes used to deliver construction and engineering projects influence the nature and ability of people to undertake tasks. Consequently, there is no single but rather a multitude of strategies that need to be adopted in congruence to reduce design errors so that safety and project performance are ameliorated.     

Mother-child emotional availability in ecological perspective: Three countries, two regions, two genders.

This study used a cross-national framework to examine country, region, and gender differences in emotional availability (EA), a prominent index of mutual socioemotional adaptation in the parent-child dyad. Altogether 220 Argentine, Italian, and U.S. mothers and their daughters and sons from both rural and metropolitan areas took part in home observations when the children were 20 months old. In terms of country, Italian mothers were more sensitive and optimally structuring, and Italian children were more responsive and involving, than Argentine and U.S. dyads. In terms of region, rural mothers were more intrusive than metropolitan mothers, and boys from metropolitan areas were more responsive than boys from rural areas. In terms of gender, mothers of girls were more sensitive and optimally structuring than mothers of boys, and daughters were more responsive and involving than sons. Understanding how country, region, and gender influence EA exposes forces that shape child development, parent-infant interaction, and family systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)