雌性小鼠受小剂量γ射线照射导致非整倍体胚胎和显性致死的研究

本文报道低龄雌鼠受到0.15—1.56Gy,0.05Gy/min~(60)Coγ射线照射后,过一定时间与正常雄鼠同笼。在胚胎满9.5—11d时活杀孕鼠,观察其染色体异常胚胎发生率及显性致死突变率与剂量的关系。结果表明,在剂量为0.15Gy时,其非整倍体胚胎发生率未见增加;在0.50Gy以上时,似随剂量增加而增加。但三体胚胎的剂量效应关系不明显。观察到的显性致死突变率与受照剂量呈直线相关。在上述剂量范围内,显性致死突变率为5.59％。显性致死突变的效应比非整倍体胚胎的效应高。     

宽频电磁脉冲多次辐照对雄性大鼠生殖系统的累积损伤与修复

在不同宽频电磁脉冲辐照条件(场强E=110、297、873 kV/m,每个场强下的脉冲个数N=5、10次)下周期性(2次/d)辐照雄性大鼠两周(共28次),辐照结束后分别于6 h、1、3、7、10 d取样检测大鼠的血清睾酮含量、睾丸组织中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxidase dismutase,SOD)与丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量及生精细胞凋亡率、大鼠的精子顶体酶活性、精子存活率等生物指标,通过与相同辐照条件下的单次辐照结果进行对比,考察多次重复辐照对雄性大鼠生殖系统的累积损伤效应及随后的修复情况。结果表明,多次重复辐照对雄性大鼠生殖系统具有累积损伤作用,其累积效果与单次辐照剂量有关,场强越高,脉冲个数越多,累积损伤效应越明显。与单次辐照损伤类似,累积损伤可随照后时间的延长得到一定程度的修复。     

电磁脉冲暴露对雄性BALB／c幼鼠生殖系统发育的影响

将3周龄雄性BALB／c幼鼠80只随机分为假辐照组和辐照组两组。假辐照组给予假辐照处理,辐照组给予场强200kv／m、脉冲数400个的电磁脉冲（Electromagnetic pulse, EMP ）辐照,每天一次,持续照射2周。分别于最后一次照射后的第1、7、14和28天处死幼鼠,对比分析两组幼鼠的体重和睾丸重量;采用放射免疫法分析生长激素（Growth hormone,GH）、睾酮（Testosterone,T）和促性腺激素释放激素（Gonadotropin—releasing hormone,GnRH）的水平;生精小管直径以十字交叉法进行测量。结果显示,与对照组相比,EMP辐照期间,辐照组小鼠体重自照射第10天起增长速度减缓。辐照结束后,小鼠体重从第4天开始下降明显。与假辐照组相比,EMP暴露组小鼠的睾丸重量、睾丸指数均有下降,血清GH、T和GnRH水平降低明显,且生精小管直径亦有所缩短。提示幼鼠经电磁脉冲辐照会影响其生殖系统发育,表现为性激素水平的降低、睾丸指数下降、生精小管直径明显缩短。     

在出生前以氚水照射致大鼠脑发育障碍的剂量效应关系研究

以脑组织中游离氨基酸含量为指标,观察出生前因氚水照射引起的大鼠脑发育障碍。实验用妊娠11d的大鼠经腹腔单次注入7.4×10~3—3.7×10~6Bq/ml(体水)放射性浓度的氚水。在仔鼠出生后18d将其开颅取出大脑。取一半脑组织用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定脑组织中游离氨基酸含量。结果表明:受照仔鼠大脑组织中游离氨基酸含量随照射剂量增加而增多。在仔鼠总吸收剂量为0.0038—1.9Gy范围内,大脑组织中游离氨基酸含量增加的百分率与剂量对数值之间可拟合成直线回归方程Y=A+B lgD。     

电磁脉冲辐射对小鼠睾丸Occludin表达的影响

探讨电磁脉冲辐射对小鼠睾丸血-睾屏障紧密连接蛋白Occludin表达的变化.采用场强为400 kV/m的辐射场对30只成年雄性Balb/c小鼠进行200次重复全身照射,另30只假照射.于辐照后1、7、14、21和28d分别取小鼠睾丸组织制备石蜡标本或提取组织蛋白和mRNA,使用Real-time PCR、Western...     

电磁脉冲对大鼠心脏和肝脏损伤及修复的影响

采用宽频谱电磁脉冲(场强为110 k V/m和140 k V/m,脉冲个数为5个和100个,脉冲前沿20 ns,脉宽200 ns)辐照雄性大鼠,分别于受照后6 h、1 d、3 d、7 d、10 d和15 d取样,通过全自动生化分析仪和酶联免疫吸附试验(Elisa)法检测心、肝功能有关的血清生化指标(谷丙转氨酶ALT和谷草转氨酶AST),以及肝脏和心脏组织细胞凋亡相关蛋白(促凋亡蛋白Bax和抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2)水平随辐照后时间而产生的变化,并表征大鼠心脏与肝脏组织受到的损伤以及随后的自我修复情况。结果表明:宽频谱电磁脉冲辐照后6 h大鼠肝功能相关血清ALT和AST明显降低,肝脏组织中Bax和Bcl-2表达水平均显著性升高,照后ALT、AST和Bax于1 d后、Bcl-2于7 d后恢复到Sham组水平,说明辐照对大鼠肝脏组织产生了早期损伤效应并启动自我修复功能,1 d后得以修复;未观察到大鼠心脏组织的自我修复情况,推测辐照对其无显著性的早期损伤效应。     

氚水照射对小鼠毛囊黑色素细胞分化的影响

本文介绍用不同浓度的氚水(HTO)一次腹腔注入怀孕12和15 d 的 C57 BL/6J 雌鼠,观察出生后3.5 d 第一代(F_1)仔鼠背部皮肤毛囊黑色素细胞异常率。结果表明,当15 d 龄胎鼠接受氚累积吸收剂量为0.11—0.67 Gy 时,毛囊异常率为1.0%—5.1%;12 d 龄胎鼠接受氚累积吸收剂量为0.12—0.46 Gy 时,毛囊异常率为3.4%—6.0%。说明随着氚累积吸收剂量的增加,毛囊异常率也增加;胚胎早期接受氚照射的 F_1代仔鼠皮肤毛囊异常率较高,12 d 龄胎鼠接受氚水照射引起的毛囊异常率比15 d 龄胎鼠的明显增高。     

3MeV硅离子辐照聚苯乙烯引起的化学改性

在室温下用 3MeV硅离子对聚苯乙烯薄膜进行了辐照注入 ,并对辐照后的样品进行了傅立叶转换红外反射光谱和紫外 /可见透射光谱的测量。测量结果显示 ,材料经 3× 10 13 ions/cm2 以上剂量辐照后 (即吸收剂量在约 4 5MGy以上时 )迅速降解 ,包括苯环在内的大部分特征官能团遭到破坏 ;与此同时 ,材料的光能隙随着剂量的增大逐渐减小 ,在辐照剂量达到 1× 10 14 ions/cm2 和 3× 10 14 ions/cm2 时 ,材料的光能隙分别由原来的 2 .7eV减小到 1.85eV和 1.2eV。     

氚标记23-羟基白桦酸的制备及其在动物体内的评价

制备氚标23-羟基白桦酸(3H-23-HBA),并对其在正常鼠及荷瘤鼠的体内分布进行初步探索。23-HBA经23位氧化、硼氚化钠还原后制得3H-23-HBA,考察了标记物的纯度和稳定性,并在ICR小鼠、接种肝癌HepA肿瘤的小鼠体内研究其生物分布特征。结果显示:(1)所得标记物放射化学纯度>95%,放射性比活度为3.33×105Bq/μg(23-HBA);(2)标记化合物的四氢呋喃溶液在–20℃稳定;(3)小鼠尾静脉注射3H-23-HBA(10mg/kg,3.7×105Bq/只)后,在血中清除慢,血浆中原形药约占60%;(4)小鼠尾静脉注射3H-23-HBA(10mg/kg,3.7×105Bq/只)后,在胆、肝、肠浓聚,消除慢;肿瘤鼠肺、胆中摄取高于正常鼠,尤其是胆,至注射后8h仍高达106.89%±47.4%ID/g。实体瘤与对侧肌肉组织的摄取比约为2。3H-23-HBA纯度高,稳定性好,适用于23-HBA药代动力学研究。     

脉冲电磁波对大鼠甲状腺形态及功能的影响

研究脉冲电磁波（Pulsed electromagnetic wave,PEMW）对大鼠甲状腺形态及功能的影响。雄性SD（Sparague—dawley rats,多雷大鼠）大鼠固定于场强为115kVm^-1的脉冲电磁场中进行1．2万次脉冲的全身辐照,分别于辐照后24、48、96、192h采血、分离血清、应用放射免疫分析方法（Radioimmunoassay,RIA）测定大鼠血清中促甲状腺激素（Thyroid-stimulating hormone,TSH）、甲状腺素（Thyroxine,T4）及三碘甲腺原氨酸（Triiodo—thyronine,T3）的含量;同时取甲状腺,制作常规光镜、电镜标本,分别在光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜下观察甲状腺形态的变化。脉冲电磁波辐照后24h,大鼠血清T3、T4、TSH均迅速上升至最高点,其中T4、TSH与假辐照组比较均有显著性差异（p〈0．01）;随后激素含量逐渐降低,并呈波动性变化。光镜下,各辐照组大鼠甲状腺组织结构未见明显改变;在电子显微镜下,脉冲电磁波辐照后12h大鼠甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞即出现超微结构改变,至48h呈逐渐加重趋势,主要表现为内质网明显扩张、大量蛋白分泌物聚集,脂滴出现,核异染色质的边集等;至照后96h损伤减轻,但尚未完全恢复正常。脉冲电磁波辐照可引起大鼠血清中TSH、T3、T4含量变化和甲状腺超微结构的损伤性改变,其超微结构的损伤主要累及粗面内质网。     

On the Cosmic Nuclear Cycle and the Similarity of Nuclei and Stars

Repulsive interactions between neutrons in compact stellar cores cause luminosity and a steady outflow of hydrogen from stellar surfaces. Neutron repulsion in more massive compact objects made by gravitational collapse produces violent, energetic, cosmological events (quasars, gamma ray bursts, and active galactic centers) that had been attributed to black holes before neutron repulsion was recognized. Rather than evolving in one direction by fusion, nuclear matter on the cosmological scale cycles between fusion, gravitational collapse, and dissociation (including neutron-emission). This cycle involves neither the production of matter in an initial “Big Bang” nor the disappearance of matter into black holes. The similarity Bohr noted between atomic and planetary structures extends to a similarity between nuclear and stellar structures.     

Study on the Rate and the Products of the Reaction between Uranium Monocarbide and Water

With the use of a flow reactor, the products and the rate of reaction between UC powder and water were studied for the case of liquid water and water vapor under 20–100 mmHg at 80°C and other temperatures. The oxide produced in the reaction with water vapor was determined to be UO₂ by chemical analysis. The reaction rate and the gaseous products were measured by means of a gas Chromatograph.

Neither the rate nor the products showed any marked difference between water and water vapor. This indicates that the two reaction proceed by a similar mechanism. As the temperature was raised further, the evolution of H₂ C₂H₆, C₃H₈, C₃H₆, etc. increased while that of CH₄ decreased.

The rate of the evolution of gaseous products can be expressed in the form R=const. ×thetan where θ is the coverage of water on the carbide. The values of n were found to be 1.0 for CH_4t and 0.53 for H₂. Those for the C₂, C₃ and C₄ components were 1.0 for the high coverage region and less than unity for those of low coverage. This could be attributed to non-uniformity of the carbide surface.     

Transputer的并行性及其应用

本文描述了新型并行微处理器Transputer的特性,通过介绍欧洲的UA6和ZEUS实验的触发系统,展示了Transputer在高能物理数据及其在线系统中的应用情况。     

Multi-recycling in the ENHS and the equilibrium core

This work investigates the effect of initial fuel composition, power density and number of recycles on the pitch-to-diameter (P/D) ratio and TRans-Uranium isotopes (TRU) loading required for attaining one of the most important design goals of the Encapsulated Nuclear Heat Source (ENHS) – nearly zero burnup reactivity swing over the 20 years of core life. It is found that the required P/D ratio is sensitive to, primarily, the initial concentration of the short-lived isotope ²⁴¹Pu in the fuel loaded into the first core and to the core power density. The longer is the cooling time of the TRU from LWR spent fuel the smaller becomes the relative ²⁴¹Pu concentration and the smaller becomes the fraction of ²⁴¹Pu lost via radioactive decay and, hence, the smaller needs be the conversion ratio required for nearly zero burnup reactivity swing and the larger can be the P/D ratio. Likewise, the higher is the ENHS power density, the smaller becomes the fraction of ²⁴¹Pu lost via radioactive decay and the larger becomes the P/D required for the first core. The optimal P/D ratio tends to increase with the number of times the fuel is recycled from one ENHS core to the next one. The optimal P/D ratio for the equilibrium composition core is in between 1.53 and 1.59. For a given discharge burnup it tends to somewhat increase with the equilibrium core power density. However, if structural materials will be developed to enable a 20 years core life at elevated power densities, the higher the power density the smaller is the required equilibrium P/D ratio.     

Effect of the reagent phase and the radiation power and type on the radiolysis efficiency of water and carbon dioxide

I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy. Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 47–53, January, 1992.