烟台产区三个葡萄品种原白兰地香气成分及感官特征的对比

以烟台产区三种酿酒葡萄白玉霓（Ugni Blanc）、蛇龙珠（Cabernet Gernischt）和赤霞珠（Cabernet Sauvignon）为原料酿造葡萄原白兰地,并对其中挥发性香气成分及其感官特征进行分析。结果表明,三个品种葡萄原白兰地共检测到64种挥发性香气成分;其中白玉霓原白兰地的酯类物质种类最丰富,但含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）;蛇龙珠原白兰地的醇类、酸类、醛酮类及缩醛类物质总含量最高且差异显著（P＜0.05）;赤霞珠原白兰地的芳香类、萜烯类和降异戊二烯类物质总含量最高且差异显著（P＜0.05）;丁酸乙酯等26种化合物可很好实现对三个品种原白兰地的判别分类,蛇龙珠与白玉霓品种间聚类距离更近。三个葡萄品种均符合原白兰地的原料质量要求,感官质量综合排序为白玉霓＞蛇龙珠＞赤霞珠。     

白兰地品质及其影响因素研究进展

该文主要综述了白兰地的感官品质、香气成分及品质的影响因素,指出了白兰地的感官品质包括外观、香气和口感三个方面,重点阐述香气成分对白兰地品质起到的关键作用,同时提出产地、葡萄品种、原酒发酵工艺、蒸馏的设备及方法和陈酿方式是影响白兰地品质的重要因素,为今后白兰地品质的研究提供一定的参考。     

白兰地陈酿促进剂的研制

以橡木为原料,采用酶解、光解和热解相结合的技术手段制备ＢＣＣ－１白兰地陈酿促进剂。应用结果表明,该产品用于白兰地陈酿,着色快,色泽好,木香突出,口味醇和。     

GC-O-MS法对比3种红枣白兰地的挥发性成分

采用固相微萃取的方法提取3种红枣白兰地中的挥发性成分,以气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用对红枣白兰地中的挥发性成分进行分离鉴定。结果测得76种气味活性成分,主要包括酯类、醇类、萜类和芳香化合物。从挥发性成分的数量和总峰面积上看,A#行唐白兰地明显高于B#金相府和C#董家红枣白兰地。气相色谱-嗅闻(GC-O)结果表明,红枣白兰地的主要香气成分是:乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、3-甲基-丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、1,1-二乙氧基-2-丙酮、壬酸乙酯、月桂酸甲酯、月桂酸乙酯、苯丙酸乙酯。其中,月桂酸乙酯、苯丙酸乙酯能赋予白兰地红枣的香味,形成此酒的特色。综上所述,从酒的组成和气味评分考虑,A#行唐酒业的香气成分比较全面。     

白兰地成分与酒龄关系的研究

以国内外不同类型白兰地为对象,系统地分析了白兰地的pH值、单宁、色度、总酚、非酒精挥发物总量、多酚类物质以及香气成分等;在此基础上探讨了上述成分与酒龄之间的关系;同时建立了白兰地酒龄判定的方法。     

Sensory quality in retailed organic,free range and corn-fed chicken breast

Discriminations between organic, free-range, corn-fed, and conventional retailed chicken breasts (20) were explored using free choice and conventional profiling. Generalised Procrustes analyses of total free choice data explained 45.3% variance in two significant factors with one group of assessors perceiving differences in flavour between organic and conventional products whereas others did not. Clear grouping based on category was apparent from pair-wise Procrustes matching of matrices of appearance and texture data. Principal component analysis of conventional profiling data explained 92% variance in three significant components with appearance and texture discrimination, with clustering based on product category, dominating the product space but there was no significant differentiation in aroma and flavour. Discriminant partial least square regression provided a relationship between appearance and product category. It was concluded that the primary differentiation between chicken breast from differing production regime was on the basis of appearance and texture, but that a sub-group of assessors could also differentiate on the basis of aroma and flavour.     

The role of rheological behaviour in flavour perception in model oil/water emulsions

Decreasing the fat content of a food produces changes in a range of physical, chemical and sensory properties that are important in flavour perception. The aim of this paper was to study the role of rheological behaviour in flavour perception in model oil/water emulsions, using a series of samples with different hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and oil content. The composition of the emulsions was adjusted to deliver iso-release aroma in vivo and to produce samples with the same viscosity in-mouth (measured as the Kokini oral shear stress). The results showed that there was no significant difference in perceived thickness between the three samples providing further evidence that the Kokini oral sheer stress is well correlated with in-mouth thickness. However, there was a significant difference in perceived volatile fruity flavour and sweetness. Samples containing the highest oil content were perceived as significantly less fruity and sweet despite having the same volatile release and in-mouth thickness.     

白兰地香气成分的研究进展

香气是衡量白兰地感官品质的重要组成部分。香气成分的种类和含量对白兰地的质量风格和典型性起着决定性作用,而白兰地中香气物质的组成和含量受酿造原料、发酵工艺、蒸馏工艺以及橡木桶陈酿的影响。本文以白兰地的品种香气、发酵和蒸馏香气、陈酿香气为主线,对葡萄白兰地的香气成分、形成、影响因素及研究进展进行了综述和分析,以期为今后白兰地风味的研究提供一些参考。     

Analysis of brandy aroma by solid‐phase microextraction and liquid–liquid extraction

Headspace solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) and continuous liquid–liquid extraction (LLX) with Freon were used to extract and analyse aroma volatiles in brandy. In general, SPME using a non‐polar polydimethylsiloxane coating was more selective for esters and acids than was LLX. LLX using Freon 11 extracted the higher alcohols more efficiently than SPME. Relative differences in volatiles between brandies made from Vitis vinifera L cv Colombard and Vitis vinifera L cv Ugni blanc were observed, particularly for hexanol, 3‐methylbutylacetate, 3‐methylbutanol and 3‐methylbutyloctanoate. In addition, a combination of SPME with GC–olfactometry was used to provide more detailed information on sensory characteristics of varietal brandies. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

麦饭石对白兰地中挥发性物质的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取（HS—SPME）和气质联用技术（GC—MS）,对经麦饭石处理和未处理的37％vol白兰地巾挥,发性物质进行分析,并鉴定出102种挥发性物质。结果表明,麦饭石对白兰地中挥发性物质具有影响作用,如丰要的杂醇油（异戊醇、4-甲基-2-戊醇、4-甲基-1-戊醇）及酯类（辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯）的相对含最有所降低,而萜烯l炎、醛类物质的相对含量增加,改善了白兰地香气的质量。     

后鼻腔香气感知影响因素及其分析方法研究进展

后鼻腔香气感知是食品口腔加工过程中的一种重要感官体验,对消费者的食品感官享受、接受度以及行为学特征有重要影响。本文综述了遗传变异和饮食文化差异对香气认知和感知能力的影响;食品的基本性质和口腔加工生理参数对后鼻腔香气感知的影响;鼻气流和鼻腔生理结构对香气从口腔传递至后鼻腔的重要作用,并总结了后鼻腔香气检测和动态香气感官评价方法。后鼻腔香气感知与味觉、口腔触觉等多种感官存在跨模交互作用,明确后鼻腔香气感知机制对实现食品配方设计和口腔加工过程中风味感知的靶向调控有重要意义。     

Differences in salivary flow and composition between age groups are correlated to dynamic retronasal aroma perception during wine consumption

Salivary flow and composition have been related to the dynamics of retronasal aroma release during wine consumption. However, whether differences in saliva composition among age groups are related to wine aroma perception remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this work has been to determine the relationship between salivary parameters and the dynamics of wine retronasal aroma perception in two groups of individuals of different age (young and senior adults). To do so, 22 individuals, 11 from the young group (18–35 years old) and another 11 from the senior group (>55 y.o.) were recruited for this study. The retronasal aroma intensity of two specific aroma attributes (smoked and black pepper) of a red wine was rated by using Time-Intensity (TI) methodology. Saliva was previously collected from each individual. Salivary flow and composition (pH, total protein content, protease and α-amylase activities) were determined in order to characterise the two groups of panellists. Results showed significant differences among age groups (young and seniors) in the TI parameters extracted from the dynamics curves of retronasal aroma perception of both attributes. Thus, smoky and black pepper notes were more intensely rated and for longer times by the senior group than by the younger group. Salivary parameters were also significantly different in both age groups. A significant positive correlation between the salivary total protein content and the maximum intensity (Imax) perceived, and a significant negative correlation between the salivary flow and most TI parameters (Imax, area under the curve and duration time of the perceived stimuli) were found for both aroma attributes.     

Development of a Time–Intensity Evaluation System for Consumers: Measuring Bitterness and Retronasal Aroma of Coffee Beverages in 106 Untrained Panelists

In order to develop products that are acceptable to consumers, it is necessary to incorporate consumers’ intentions into products’ characteristics. Therefore, investigation of consumers’ perceptions of the taste or smell of common beverages provides information that should be useful in predicting market responses. In this study, we sought to develop a time–intensity evaluation system for consumer panels. Using our system, we performed time–intensity evaluation of flavor attributes (bitterness and retronasal aroma) that consumers perceived after swallowing a coffee beverage. Additionally, we developed quantitative evaluation methods for determining whether consumer panelists can properly perform time–intensity evaluation. In every trial, we fitted an exponential function to measured intensity data for bitterness and retronasal aroma. The correlation coefficients between measured time–intensity data and the fitted exponential curves were greater than 0.8 in about 90% of trials, indicating that we had successfully developed a time–intensity system for use with consumer panelists, even after just a single training trial using a nontrained consumer. We classified participants into two groups based on their consumption of canned coffee beverages. Significant difference was observed in only AUC of sensory modality (bitterness compared with retronasal aroma) among conventional TI parameters using two‐way ANOVA. However, three‐way ANOVA including a time course revealed significant difference between bitterness and retronasal aroma in the high‐consumption group. Moreover, the high‐consumption group more easily discriminated between bitterness and retronasal aroma than the low‐consumption group. This finding implied that manufacturers should select consumer panelists who are suitable for their concepts of new products.     

A comparison of the influence of eight commercial yeast strains on the chemical and sensory profiles of freshly distilled Chinese brandy

The current study examined eight commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains [Lalvin ICV‐D80, Lalvin FC9 EDV, Lalvin QA23, Lalvin RHST, Uvaferm 43, Enoferm Burgundy (BGY), Lalvin EC1118 and Lalvin M69] for their influence on young brandies, with a special emphasis on chemical, volatile and sensory characteristics. Results of the chemical analysis of the fermented wines showed that all of the strains exhibited a similar performance for ethanol production, but titratable acidity was more variable, with the highest being found in the yeast BGY‐derived wine and the lowest in the yeast QA23‐derived wine. Spirits produced using yeast FC9 EDV showed a significantly higher content of volatile alcohols, esters and acids, and conveyed to the brandy typical fruity and rosy notes. Brandies derived using yeast Uvaferm 43 presented the highest content of total benzene compounds and this brandy was characterized by rosy and onion attributes. Higher levels of varietal compounds and a medium rosy and slightly acidic and rancid nuances were produced when yeast QA23 was used. When using principal component analysis to classify the samples, there were four groups: group 1 ( ICV‐D80, Uvaferm 43 and BGY), group 2 (FC9 EDV), group 3 (QA23, RHST and EC1118) and group 4 (M69). This work sheds some light on the flavour complexity owing to the use of different commercial yeasts and provides useful information for the brandy‐maker regarding the choice of yeast for the fermentation based on the volatile profile. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Sensory flavour discrimination of Greek dry red wines

Aroma (16) and oral (17)—flavour by mouth, after‐taste and mouthfeel—attributes were separately profiled in 27 Greek red wines, products of single Greek indigenous grapes (Aghiorghitiko and Xinomavro) and international (Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon) varieties and blends. From univariate analysis (ANOVA) of assessor data, 6 of 16 aroma and 16 of 17 oral attributes were significant (P < 0.05) in discriminations. Principal component analysis (PCA) product spaces of aroma and oral attributes explained 40% and 71% variance respectively. Discriminant partial least‐squares regression (DPLS), ANOVA and PCA discerned similar influences of variety and region of origin. Coding DPLS2 for variety, 76% and 38% of oral and aroma attribute variance respectively, and 39% and 18% category respectively were explained. Aghiorghitiko usage conferred fruity and sweet tastes and after‐tastes and smooth mouthfeel, typical of Peleponnese wines where this cultivar dominates. In contrast, Xinomavro products were bitter and sour in taste and bitter in after‐taste, with astringent and dry/dehydrating mouthfeel, but this was not characteristic of all wines from Macedonia. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sensory characterisation of a high‐protein beverage

This study investigated the use of sonication to increase the light transmission of protein solutions. Sonicating a five per cent whey/soy blend at pH 4 resulted in a threefold higher light transmission. Sensory analysis showed that panellists preferred the transparency of the sonicated beverage, whereas the smell and flavour of the control beverage were preferred. Overall appearance, colour and mouthfeel were not different. Panellists who preferred the control liked its creamy thickness, while those who preferred the sonicated liked the transparency. Data show that panellists who want a high protein content in their drinks are not looking for clear beverages.