Color,sensory and textural attributes of beef frankfurter,beef ham and meat-free sausage containing tomato pomace

The present investigation focuses on the textural properties, sensory attributes and color changes of beef frankfurter, beef ham and meat-free sausage produced by different levels of bleached tomato pomace. The texture and color profile were performed using an instrumental texture analyzer and colorimeter. The findings indicated that tomato pomace-added sausages had higher water holding capacity (WHC) compared to that of commercial samples. The frankfurters containing 5 and 7% (w/w) tomato pomace had the highest redness (a*), chroma (C*) and color differences (ΔE) values, while the meat-free sausages containing 7% (w/w) tomato pomace had significant (p < 0.05) values for lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*). Furthermore, there were no significant (p > 0.05) color differences between beef ham samples (with and without tomato pomace). A significant progression in the textural hardness and chewiness of systems containing tomato pomace was observed as well as higher sensory scores by panelists. According to sensorial evaluations, bleached tomato pomace improved the consumer acceptability and preference.     

Effect of the ripening time under vacuum and packaging film permeability on processing and quality characteristics of low-fat fermented sausages

The effect of vacuum ripening of low-fat fermented sausages packaged in films with different permeabilities on their microbiological, physicochemical and sensorial characteristics was studied. High-fat control sausages were produced with 30% initial fat and low-fat sausages with 10% initial fat. The low-fat sausages were separated into: (a) non-packaged (control) and (b) packaged under vacuum on 7th, 12th and 17th day of processing, remaining under vacuum during the ripening period for 21, 16 and 11 days, respectively, in three different oxygen (100, 38 and ⩽ 5 cm³/m²/24 h/1 atm) and water vapour (4.5, <2.5 and 1 g/m² 24 h) permeability plastic bags. Vacuum packaging reduced (p < 0.05) the weight loss, the hardness and extent of lipid oxidation in the sausages, increased (p < 0.05) their lightness, but had no effect (p > 0.05) on the redness, compared to the control sausages. Packaging low-fat fermented sausages under vacuum for the last 11 days of ripening in packaging film with high permeability increased (p < 0.05) the lactic acid bacteria count. The same product packaged in film with medium permeability had a higher (p < 0.05) Micrococcaceae count and the same (p > 0.05) hardness and overall acceptability as the high-fat control sausages. A ripening time of 11 days and the medium packaging film permeability were the most appropriate conditions for the vacuum packaging of low-fat fermented sausages.     

The effect of kimchi on the microbiological stability of fermented sausage

The effects of kimchi and freeze-dried kimchi-powder added to raw meat mixtures on the microbiological quality of fermented sausage were studied. The results clearly demonstrated that the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) integrated via the addition of kimchi as well as kimchi-powder were well adapted to the new habitat of fermenting sausage, reaching maximum numbers of 8.65–8.80 log₁₀ cfu/g after 1–2 days of fermentation. In all kimchi and kimchi-powder sausages, the growth of Enterobacteriaceae was completely inhibited throughout the processing period (< 2 log₁₀ cfu/g). The sausage batches containing more than 10% kimchi and 2% kimchi-powder showed no growth of S. aureus, whereas the control and another kimchi sausage batch reflected the growth of S. aureus (3.68–4.72 log₁₀ cfu/g). As a result, the addition of kimchi (≥ 10%) and kimchi-powder to the sausage mixture prior to fermentation produced the microbiological stability required for fermented sausages.     

Effect of the Addition of Staphylococus Xylosus on the Oxidative Stabilitty of Traditional Sausage (Petrovská Klobása)

The effect of adding Staphylococcus xylosus on the oxidative stability and sensory properties of the traditional sausage (Petrovská klobása) subjected to industrial conditions of ripening was studied at day 0 and after 1 and 2 months of storage. During storage, TBARs values in sausages with added Staphylococcus xylosus ranged from 0.13 to 0.52 mg malondialdehyde/kg significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of control sausages. After 2 months storage, sensory properties of sausage with added Staphylococcus xylosus (4.52) was better compared to control sausage. Adding Staphylococcus xylosus can contribute to better oxidative and sensory stability of Petrovská klobása during storage.     

Chitosan effects on quality properties of Greek style fresh pork sausages

The effect of chitosan (0.5% and 1%) added individually or in combination with nitrites (150 ppm) on microbiological (Total Viable Counts, Lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds), physicochemical-chemical (pH, chemical composition, lipid oxidation) and sensory properties of fresh pork sausages stored at 4 °C for 28 days was investigated. Chitosan addition resulted in significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of microbial growth, while nitrites did not seem to protect sausages from microbial spoilage. A gradual reduction of nitrites was observed till the end of storage, when nitrites were almost depleted in all nitrite containing samples. The rate of lipid oxidation in fresh pork sausages was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by addition of increasing levels of chitosan, while samples containing both chitosan and nitrites showed the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) values, indicating a synergistic antioxidative effect. Consequently, the samples containing the combination of nitrites and chitosan at any level deteriorated less rapidly and were judged as more acceptable than all the other samples.     

Application of high pressure processing to reduce verotoxigenic E. coli in two types of dry-fermented sausage

The effect of high pressure processing (HPP) on the survival of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in two types of Norwegian type dry-fermented sausages was studied. Two different types of recipes for each sausage type were produced. The sausage batter was inoculated with 6.8 log₁₀ CFU/g of VTEC O103:H25. After fermentation, drying and maturation, slices of finished sausages were vacuum packed and subjected to two treatment regimes of HPP. One group was treated at 600 MPa for 10 min and another at three cycles of 600 MPa for 200 s per cycle. A generalized linear model split by recipe type showed that these two HPP treatments on standard recipe sausages reduced E. coli by 2.9 log₁₀ CFU/g and 3.3 log₁₀ CFU/g, respectively. In the recipe with higher levels of dextrose, sodium chloride and sodium nitrite E. coli reduction was 2.7 log₁₀ CFU/g in both treatments. The data show that HPP has a potential to make the sausages safer and also that the effect depends somewhat on recipe.     

Differences in perception of sweet and savoury waffles between elderly and young subjects

Differences between two age groups in texture and flavour perception, in food appreciation and in texture and olfactory sensitivity were investigated. Three experiments were conducted: ratings of texture and flavour attributes, ratings of pleasantness of (1) sweet vanilla waffles, (2) savoury cheese waffles by elderly (n = 22, 60–85 years) and young (n = 16, 18–35 years) subjects, and (3) tests measuring texture sensitivity (young and elderly) and olfactory sensitivity (elderly only). The elderly differed from the young in their perception of texture and flavour, but the observed texture flavour interaction effect was not different for the elderly and young. A decrease in the importance of flavour in food appreciation was observed for the elderly in the savoury but not in the sweet waffles. The young were more efficient in chewing and they were better in oral letter recognition test. Among the elderly, olfactory sensitivity influenced flavour intensity ratings, whereas poor texture sensitivity was not related to perception of sensory attributes.The present study does not support the hypothesis that a different rate in the decline of the different senses with age will inevitably lead to a different integrated product concept.     

Relating physicochemical and microbiological safety indicators during processing of linguiça,a Portuguese traditional dry-fermented sausage

Linguiça is a Portuguese traditional fermented sausage whose microbiological quality and safety can be highly variable. In order to elucidate risk factors and the particularities of the manufacturing technology that explain the between-batch variability in total viable counts (TVC), Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in the product; microbiological and physicochemical characterisation of linguiça at five stages of production (i.e., raw pork meat, mixed with ingredients, macerated, smoked and ripened) was carried out. A total of six production batches were surveyed from two factories; one utilised curing salts and polyphosphate in their formulation (Factory II). The delayed fermentation in the nitrite-formulated sausages was partly responsible for the increase (p < 0.01) in Enterobacteriaceae, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes from raw meat (3.21 log CFU/g, 1.30 log CFU/g and 22.2 CFU/g, respectively) to the end of maceration (4.14 log CFU/g, 2.10 log CFU/g and 140 CFU/g, respectively) while the better acidification process in the nitrite-free sausages (Factory I) led to lower counts of S. aureus (2.64 log CFU/g) and L. monocytogenes (10 CFU/g) in the finished products. In Factory II, although L. monocytogenes entered the chain at the point of mixing, it became steadily inactivated during smoking and ripening (< 50 CFU/g), despite the initially-delayed fermentation. Nitrite had a strong effect on reducing Enterobacteriaceae throughout smoking (r = − 0.73) and ripening (r = − 0.59), while it failed to control the growth of S. aureus. The main hurdle preventing the development of S. aureus in linguiça is the pH, and other factors contributing to its control are: longer ripening days (p = 0.019), low S. aureus in raw meat (p = 0.098), properly-washed casings (p = 0.094), and less contamination during mixing (p = 0.199). In the case of L. monocytogenes, at least three hurdles hinder its development in linguiça: low a_w (p = 0.004), low pH (p = 0.040) and nitrite (p = 0.060), and other factors contributing to its control are: longer ripening (p = 0.072) and maceration (p = 0.106) periods, lower a_w at the end of smoking (p = 0.076) and properly-washed casings (p = 0.099). Results have shown that there is a need to standardise the productive process of linguiça, to optimise the initial acidification process, and to reinforce proper programmes of quality control of ingredients and good hygiene practices, so as to minimise the introduction of Enterobacteriaceae and pathogens from external sources.     

Measuring eating capability,liking and difficulty perception of older adults: A textural consideration

Malnutrition in older adults is partly attributable to decreasing muscle strength leading to inadequate intakes. It is therefore important to investigate ways of identifying eating capability both through objective measures of strength and subjective measures of perceived difficulty and liking. In addition, food texture design might affect the oral processing and the difficulty perceived. Therefore the present study sets out to examine the relationship between various quantitative measures of eating capability (EC) and perceived difficulty of processing foods and gels varying in hardness in older adults. Tests were conducted on 30 participants (mean age 79 ± 9.4 years) using non-invasive techniques (hand gripping force, tongue pressure, biting force, and hand dexterity) in conjunction with frame-by-frame video recording analysis of chewing and swallowing of food stimuli and ratings of eating difficulty. The EC scores were computed to grade the population into three different groups. Stimuli were classified into two categories: food products and flavourless hydrocolloid gels with different inhomogeneity (textures). The EC parameters did not correspond to oral residence time, or the difficulty perceived. Bite force differed by EC group, and was significantly different by dental status [F(3,4.26) = 3.842, p = 0.022], and influenced both liking and number of chews. The food hardness (r = 0.915, p = 0.01) was significantly correlated with the number of chews. Gel heterogeneity influenced food oral processing behaviour. Oral residence time was significantly correlated with number of chews, liking and difficulty perceived. In summary, dental status and bite force of older adults are determining EC parameters to design optimized food-texture.     

Physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of Mesona Blumes gum/rice starch mixed gels as fat-substitutes in Chinese Cantonese-style sausage

Effect of Mesona Blumes gum (MBG)/rice starch mixed gels on the fat substitute of Chinese Cantonese-style sausage was investigated in this study, monitored with physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation analyses. Experimental results suggest that there were no significant differences among pH, yield, residual nitrite and TBARS of high-fat (28%), low-fat (18%) and fat-substituted (18%) sausages. The same fat content of low-fat and fat-substituted sausages would aid to compare their physicochemical properties more effectively. In addition, the emulsifying stability and water holding capacity of fat-substituted sausages were better than those of the other groups. During refrigerated storage (4 °C, 3 weeks), fat-substituted sausages reflected similar hardness, chewiness and shear force properties with those of high fat sausages and higher than those of low fat sausages. Furthermore, results of the sensory evaluation indicated that fat-substituted sausages showed superior total acceptability compared with low-fat one after a 2 week refrigerated storage, but was slightly less than that of high-fat one at the same condition. Therefore, MBG/rice starch gels can be effectively used as a fat substitute in Chinese Cantonese-style sausage allowing the manufacture of healthier sausages.     

The effect of brand names on flavor perception and consumption in restrained and unrestrained eaters

In an increasingly obesogenic food environment, making healthful food decisions can be difficult. Because consumers are often bombarded with excessive information about foods they often rely on simple heuristics to decide whether to purchase or consume a food. In the present study we tested females who were either restrained (n = 33) or unrestrained (n = 33) to determine whether their sensory perception and intake of a food would be affected by brand information. Participants were provided with in an ad libitum snack of cookies which was labeled with a brand typically associated with healthful snacks or a brand associated with unhealthful snacks. Results indicated that all participants rated the cookies with the healthful brand label as more satisfying and as having a better taste and flavor. Furthermore, restrained eaters consumed more of the healthful brand than the unhealthful brand, whereas unrestrained eaters’ consumption did not differ. Thus it appears that food-related beliefs do influence consumers’ intake, especially that of restrained eaters. Further research is warranted to investigate these beliefs in order to improve recommendations for healthful eating in a society facing an increased prevalence of overeating and obesity.     

Comparison of Bacteriological Status During Ripening of Traditional Fermented Sausages Filled into Different Diameter Artificial Casings

The ripening process of fermented sausages is affected by diameter and type of sausage casings, and depends on changes in the microflora, important from hygienic and technological aspects. The aim of this study was to compare the bacteriological status sausages which were stuffed in artificial collagen sausage casings of different diameters (35 mm and 60 mm) during ripening and drying. The sausage stuffing was the same, as was the uncontrolled ripening conditions. In bigger diameter sausages, significantly higher average total bacterial count, enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts were found than in smaller diameter sausages.     

Both a higher number of sips and a longer oral transit time reduce ad libitum intake

BackgroundA higher eating rate leads to a higher food intake, possibly through shorter orosensory exposure to food. The transit time in the oral cavity and the number of bites or sips per gram (inversely related to bite or sip size) are main contributors that affect eating rate. The separate role of these two aspects on satiation and on orosensory exposure needs further clarification.ObjectiveThe objective of the first study was to investigate contributions of the number of sips per gram (sips/g) and oral transit time per gram (s/g) on ad libitum intake. The objective of the second study was to investigate both aspects on the total magnitude of orosensory exposure per gram food.MethodsIn study 1, 56 healthy male subjects consumed soup where the number of sips and oral transit time differed by a factor three respectively: 6.7 vs. 20 sips/100 g, and 20 vs. 60 s/100 g (2 × 2 cross-over design). Eating rate of 60 g/min was kept constant. In study 2, the effects of number of sips and oral transit time (equal as in study 1) on the total magnitude of orosensory exposure per gram soup were measured by time intensity functions by 22 different healthy subjects.ResultsHigher number of sips and longer oral transit time reduced ad libitum intake by respectively ∼22% (F(1, 157) = 55.9, P < 0.001) and ∼8% (F(1, 157) = 7.4, P = 0.007). Higher number of sips led to faster increase in fullness per gram food (F(1, 157) = 24.1, P < 0.001) (study 1). Higher number of sips and longer oral transit time both increased the orosensory exposure per gram food (F(1, 63) = 23.8, P < 0.001) and (F(1, 63) = 19.0, P < 0.001), respectively (study 2).ConclusionHigher number of sips and longer oral transit time reduced food intake, possibly through the increased the orosensory exposure per gram food. Designing foods that will be consumed with small sips or bites and long oral transit time may be effective in reducing energy intake.     

Influence of composition and processing of Frankfurter sausages on the growth dynamics of Listeria monocytogenes under vacuum

Ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products, such as Frankfurter sausages, are often linked to cases of listeriosis, which is a disease caused by the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Frankfurter sausages vary, from manufacturer to manufacturer, in many aspects: (i) composition, (ii) physicochemical characteristics, (iii) background flora, (iv) processing technology and (v) organoleptic characteristics. Some of these factors have been widely investigated for their effect on L. monocytogenes on food products. However, studies on the specific effect of composition and processing technology on L. monocytogenes dynamics between two sausages are lacking. In this study, the growth dynamics of L. monocytogenes on two types of Frankfurter sausages, fresh and in brine, were studied at constant storage temperatures (4, 8 and 12 °C). Additionally, the physicochemical and compositional characteristics of both types of sausages were analysed. In order to study the isolated effect of preservatives, L. monocytogenes growth dynamics, at 4 °C and 30 °C, were studied in two types of liquid systems. These were prepared with the same level of preservatives as in the two types of sausages. Results indicated no major significant differences in physicochemical characteristics for the two types of sausages; but, statistically significant variability was detected in the concentration of preservatives. In liquid systems, the maximum specific growth rate (μ_max) remained unaffected by the effect of preservatives, but the lag phase was longer in the system mimicking fresh sausages. In sausages, the ‘in brine’ type had two-fold higher μ_max at all temperatures and shorter lag phase at 4 °C. The presence/absence of sausage skin, which was found to be impermeable from L. monocytogenes cells and was present in the fresh sausage, could explain those differences. In conclusion, this study highlighted the influence of processing factors, and specifically of the sausage casing on L. monocytogenes growth dynamics. Therefore, an edible membrane, which is heat resistant and impermeable to the cells, could be a hurdle strategy to control the microbiological food safety.     

Comparison of the meat quality and fatty acid composition of traditional fat-tailed (Chall) and tailed (Zel) Iranian sheep breeds

The aim of this study was to compare the meat quality of a traditional fat-tailed breed, Chall, to a tailed Iranian sheep breed, Zel. Lambs were grazed on pasture until weaning, and then were finished until slaughter at 10–12 months. Meat quality traits were measured on the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. Zel lambs accumulated more intramuscular fat (IMF) (p < 0.01) and had lower shear force and drip loss than Chall lambs (p < 0.05). The meat color of Zel lambs was higher for both a* (p < 0.001) and b* (p < 0.01) compared to Chall lambs. Meat from Zel lambs was more tender (p < 0.01) and more juicy (p < 0.05) than Chall lambs. The PUFA:SFA fatty acid ratio (P:S) was higher (p < 0.05) and the n−6:n−3 PUFA ratio was lower in Chall compared to Zel lambs (p < 0.05). Overall, these results show that the eating quality of Zel lambs was better, but that this was at the cost of less favorable fatty acid profiles and poorer meat color.     

Enhancement of the nutritional status and quality of fresh pork sausages following the addition of linseed oil,fish oil and natural antioxidants

Fresh pork sausages (pork shoulder, pork back fat, water, rusk and seasoning) were manufactured where 15% of the pork back fat was substituted with linseed oil (LO) or fish oil (FO). Green tea catechins (GTC) and green coffee antioxidant (GCA) were added to both LO (LGTC 200 and LGCA 200) and FO (FGTC 200 and FGCA 200) substituted sausages at a level of 200 mg/kg. Raw and cooked pork sausages were either over-wrapped with oxygen permeable film (aerobic storage) or stored in modified atmosphere packages (MAP) containing 80% O₂:20% CO₂ or 70% N₂:30% CO₂, respectively for 7 days at 4 °C. Effects on fatty acid profiles, lipid oxidation, colour and sensorial properties were investigated. α-Linolenic acid increased from 1.34% (control) to 8.91% (LO) and up to 11.2% (LGTC 200 and LGCA 200). Addition of fish oil increased levels of EPA from 0.05% (control) to 2.83% (FO), 3.02% (FGTC 200) and 2.87% (FGCA 200) and DHA levels increased from 0.04% (control) to a maximum of 1.93% (FGTC 200). Lipid oxidation was low in raw and cooked linseed oil containing sausages. GTC (200 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced lipid oxidation in raw fish oil containing sausages after 7 days of storage. Colour parameters in raw pork sausages were unaffected by the packaging atmosphere. L¹ lightness values were lower (P < 0.05) in LGTC 200 and a¹ redness values lower (P < 0.05) in LGTC 200 and FGTC 200 after 7 days of storage. Sensory scores of cooked pork sausages were unaffected by linseed oil addition. Flavour and overall acceptability scores in cooked fish oil containing sausages were improved by GTC addition. Results obtained demonstrate potential for the production of nutritionally enhanced fresh pork sausages.     

Discordance in risk perception between children,parents, and teachers in terms of consumption of cheap and poorly nutritious food sold around schools

Little is known about the eating behavior of Asian children when faced with a range of poorly nutritious foods sold around schools, and whether they appreciate the risks involved in consuming such foods. To provide adequate education regarding proper food consumption, it is essential to understand how children perceive the potential risks and to examine their actual eating behaviors. The perceptions of adults and children should also be compared. This study selected children from the most populous primary schools (n = 166) in 36 of the national capital regions of the Republic of Korea. A total of 443 children were randomly selected from each school and they, their parents (n = 425), and nutrition teachers (n = 166) were asked to complete a questionnaire (total 11 questions) designed to examine how children and adults perceived the risks associated with the consumption of cheap and poorly nutritious foods sold around schools. Most children (>70%) consumed these foods more than once per week, even though they were aware that they may be potential hazardous. Children were significantly less concerned about the risks associated with their eating behaviors than their parents and teachers (p < 0.05), particularly regarding snacks prepared and cooked under unhygienic conditions. Although parents and teachers were very concerned about children’s food consumption, they misunderstood the level of children’s awareness, their preferences, and their actual eating behaviors. This study generated a database of information about children’s actual eating behavior around schools, and the perception (by children, parents, and teachers) of the risks. This database may contribute to the design of suitable educational programs for children, parents, and teachers.     

Content of Vasoactive Amines in Sremski Kulen and Sremska Kobasica Traditional Dry Fermented Sausages From Vojvodina

The aim of this paper was to determine the content of vasoactive biogenic amines in Sremski kulen and Sremska kobasica and to estimate hygienic conditions and good manufacturing practice (GMP) according to proposed criteria. Formation of dansyl chloride derivatizated vasoactive amines were determined using HPLC–DAD. Tryptamine (47.6; 34.2 mg/kg), histamine (16.1; 6.42 mg/kg) and tyramine (95.1; 45.2 mg/kg) were detected in both investigated type of traditional dry fermented sausages while phenylethylamine was not detected. Total content of vasoactive amines did not exceed the sum (200 mg/kg) proposed as a possible indicator of hygienic conditions and GMP in sausage production.     

Differences in habitual eating speed lead to small differences in dynamic sensory perception of composite foods

Previous studies demonstrated that variability in oral processing behaviors impacts bolus properties and consequently texture and flavor perception. However, most studies followed a prescribed mastication protocol during the products’ sensory evaluations. A better understanding of how variability in habitual eating behavior impacts sensory perception of foods is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of habitual eating speed (slow vs. fast eaters) on dynamic sensory perception of composite foods. Habitual oral processing behavior of different composite foods was quantified in 105 participants. Participants were divided in fast (n = 53) and slow (n = 52) eaters using a median split. Three formulations of strawberry jams varying in viscosity and sugar content (High Sugar/Low Pectin [Control], High Sugar/High Pectin, Low Sugar/Low Pectin) were used. Composite foods were prepared by spreading jams on breads. Dynamics of dominant sensory attributes of strawberry jams presented with and without breads were evaluated using Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS). Dynamic sensory perception of jams and jam–bread combinations differed only slightly for short periods of time between habitual slow and fast eaters. The addition of breads to jams reduced especially the ability of the fast eaters to discriminate between jams differing in formulation. Slow eaters discriminated between different formulations of jams better than fast eaters, regardless of whether jams were presented alone or in combination with breads. We conclude that differences in habitual eating speed between consumers lead to small differences in dynamic sensory perception and discrimination ability of composite foods.     

Partial substitution of pork fat with canola oil in Toscana sausage

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the effects of pork fat substitution with canola oil in Toscana sausage. Canola oil was incorporated into the product via lipid emulsion with water and collagen. The physicochemical and sensory parameters and fatty acid profiles were evaluated in five treatments with different canola oil concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%). The prepared sausages met the legal identity and quality standards, with no significant differences detected in the variables moisture, ash content, lipid, pH, colour and weight loss due to cooking (P > 0.05). We observed a significant increase in the linolenic fatty acid content (omega-3 series). In the sensory evaluation, a significant difference was observed only for the texture variable. Pig fat substitution with 10% canola oil in the Toscana sausage exhibited the best physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile.Industrial relevanceVegetable oils have been used in meat products as an alternative to improve their lipid profiles. The amount of fat and the lipid profiles of meat products are the most important factors for product quality and consumer health. Our understanding of the relationship between the intrinsic food quality and health is gradually increasing, and as a result, a revolution has occurred in eating habits. Therefore, an innovative product for a healthier consumer market has been created to meet the challenges of animal fat substitution on the organoleptic characteristics of Toscana sausage.