Same-sex and cross-sex reliability and concurrent validity of Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory.

Reliability and concurrent validity data for the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) were developed for a total of 180 high school and college students, scored on appropriate sex norms and scales. These data were compared with data for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), data reported in the SCII Manual, and data for the same sample scored on the opposite sex's norms and scales and scored disregarding sex. 2-wk test-retest reliability correlations were approximately .90. Agreement between high scores and self-reported curriculum and occupational preferences ranged from 32% to 60%. The SCII had same-sex reliability and concurrent validity near those of the SVIB. Cross-sex scores were not significantly less reliable and valid. Scoring on all Occupational scales produced significantly higher concurrent validity. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vocational interests of women: A longitudinal study of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

Conducted a longitudinal study of the SVIB using 316 female university graduates representing 7 fields: art, elementary education, home economics education, and occupational therapy; the MD degree; and the master's degree in library science and social work. The average test-retest interval was 8.4 yr. for undergraduate majors and 10.6 yr. for graduate majors. Test-retest correlation coefficients for the total group over all scales ranged from .39-.65 with a median r of .58. On the precollege SVIB, majors were significantly different from nonmajors in the expected direction on the home economics teacher, occupational therapist, and physician scales. At retest, majors were significantly different from nonmajors in the expected direction for all comparisons. (18 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of canonical relationships between the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Minnesota Counseling Inventory.

Used a double cross-validation design to study the stability of the canonical correlations between the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) and the Minnesota Counseling Inventory (MCI) for 459 male freshmen engineering students at one university and 687 at another university. Only the 1st canonical variates produced high correlations (ranging from .44 to .57) for the cross-validation samples. A relatively small percentage (2-12%) of the total variance for one instrument could be accounted for by means of the 1st canonical variate for the other instrument. The 1st canonical variates were correlated with original SVIB and MCI variables reflecting social leadership or social introversion-extraversion qualities. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multiple correlations between personality factors and SVIB Occupational scales.

Investigated the construct validity of the Occupational scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) with 359 male college students as Ss. 5 personality factors derived from the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) were correlated with each of the SVIB Occupational scales. Multiple correlation coefficients ranged from .24 to .64. The median coefficient of determination (corrected for shrinkage) was .18. The CPI Extraversion, Emotional Sensitivity, and Independent Thought factors yielded the highest individual correlations with the scales. The CPI Adjustment and Conventionality factors correlated negligibly with the SVIB Occupational scales. The significant relationships are consistent with J. L. Holland's personality theory of careers. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temporal stability of personality by questionnaire.

The lack of a summary table or normative reliabilities for self-report inventories prompted the present compendium of test–retest reliabilities of several questionnaires that encompass a range of ages and instruments and differ in construction method and number of items/scale. The tests studied were the SVIB, EPPS, High School Personality Questionnaire, 16 PF, California Psychological Inventory, and MMPI. Samples varied in size, sex, and occupation. Findings indicate that tests of general personality had a similar pattern of decline in reliability over time and that homogeneous scales provided greater stability/item. When measured by occupational interest items, similar constructs had greater stability. In general, group profiles remained the same even over long periods, despite considerable reordering of individuals on any trait over time. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Internal-external control of reinforcement and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank: A comparison study.

Studied the relationship between the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), Form T399, and Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale (I-E scale). A previous study by D. G. Zytowski (see record 1967-07353-001) suggested a relationship between locus of control and occupational interest. To verify this, he correlated the SVIB with the I-E scale and concluded that such a relation did exist. Because the SVIB has been revised since Zytowski's study, a comparable study using the newer SVIB form was completed. Using a college freshman sample of 736, Pearson correlation coefficients were computed between the I-E scale and the SVIB; several correlations were significant at the .10 level; however, the largest correlation was -.16. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A dimensional approach to the interests measured by the SVIB.

Attempted to identify the 1st-order dimensions of interest measured by the SVIB and the more inclusive dimensions that account for correlations among the 1st-order factor scores. A further aim was to construct a set of content scales potentially useful in typological analysis and other research. Factor analyses of item correlation for 2 samples of 488 men-in-general indicated the presence of 14 dimensions of interest. An analysis of the correlations among the factor scores revealed 4 higher level factors: people-related, mechanical and symbol manipulation, personal expression and the arts, and outdoor activities. The 14 content scales developed (based on 198 SVIB items) were used to derive tentative interest profiles for 8 occupational groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Are SVIB interests correlated with differential academic achievement?

Segel's (1934) finding that SVIB scores correlated more highly with differential academic achievement than with absolute academic achievement has been often quoted, but little studied. The relationship between SVIB scores and ACT test scores for 1875 university freshman males was compared with the relationship between SVIB scores and the differences between pairs of ACT tests. The SVIB scale scores were more highly correlated with differential achievement than with absolute achievement when scholastic aptitude scores were held constant; however, the relationship was slight. When only hypothesized relationships were considered, no difference was found. The interpretation of SVIB scores as reflecting variations in either absolute academic achievement or differential academic achievement should be highly guarded. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Physiological alcohol dependence symptoms in early adulthood: A longitudinal perspective.

The developmental course of physiological dependence on alcohol was investigated by estimating the prevalance, stability, and prognostic significance of individual tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, prospectively over 7 years, in 450 young adults. Different prevalence rates and patterns of stability were observed with alternate tolerance items. Consistently low base rates were observed for all withdrawal items. Person-level stability of tolerance and withdrawal indicators was moderate at test-retest intervals of 1 year and increasingly modest at longer intervals. Reporting tolerance and withdrawal in early adulthood was associated with a substantial risk for later alcohol use disorder. Results suggest that the likelihood of experiencing tolerance or withdrawal symptoms may vary as a function of an individual's stage of development and drinking history. Implications for future assessment and classification of alcohol dependence are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An 11-year follow-up of measured interest and vocational choice.

408 university graduates were followed up 11 yrs after they had taken the SVIB, the American College Testing Programs Examination, and the Opinion, Attitude, and Interest Survey as freshmen. Expressed choice predicted future occupation more accurately than measured interest, and the accuracy of both was greatest when they were congruent. Congruence of either measured interest or expressed choice with future occupation was unrelated to occupational satisfaction. The predictive accuracy of the single highest occupational scale on the SVIB was greater than that obtained from a grouping of SVIB scales. The SVIB was as efficient a predictor for a group of undecided freshmen as it was for a group of decided students. The method used to predict future occupation from the SVIB profiles of freshmen yielded lower "hit rates" than the retrospective method used in most validity studies. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Short-term stability of MMPI profiles.

Although current use of the MMPI places strong emphasis on the pattern or profile of scores, there is no available evidence as to the short-term stability of the MMPI profile. Therefore, 42 hospital volunteer workers and 40 hospitalized psychiatric patients were retested with the MMPI with mean test-retest intervals of 1.0 and 2.2 days, respectively. Profile stability was measured by computing product-moment correlations for each S's 2 sets of scale scores and by analyzing the rank-order stability of the 3 highest scores. The profile correlations were high, with median correlations of .87 for the patients and .82 for the volunteers. However, there was appreciable instability in the rankings of the 3 highest scores. The implications of the findings for clinical and research use of the MMPI are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

New approach to the prediction of medical specialization: Student-based Strong Vocational Interest Blank scales.

Studied longitudinal data from 1583 undergraduates in an attempt to devise means of predicting eventual specialization for medical students. Specialty membership was determined in a follow-up study 11 yr. after the SVIB was administered. SVIB scales for surgeons, obstetricians, pediatricians, and psychiatrists were developed, using the items which differentiated the specialist groups as freshmen. Senior-based scales were also tested, but predicted no better than those using freshman responses. The resulting student-based scales were reliable on retest, but on measures of distributional overlap, they did not perform as well as standard SVIB occupational scales. However, their predictive validity was superior to that of previously developed SVIB scales for medical specialists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ten-year follow-up of the Tyler Vocational Card Sort and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

The Tyler Vocational Card Sort (TVCS) and SVIB for men were completed by 67 university students in 1965. The 1975 occupations held by 47 of these Ss were identified. The TVCS was more accurate than the SVIB, by a very small amount, in predicting occupation held 10 yrs after original testing; both methods achieved about 50% accuracy. Of the 47 Ss, 23 took the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) 10 yrs after the original testing. The reliability of the SVIB (1965) scores and the SCII (1975) scores was greater by a very small amount than that of the SVIB (1965) and the TVCS (1975) scores and that of the TVCS (1965) and TVCS (1975) scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) from human and bovine cerebrovascular tissues: biochemical and immunohistological characterization

Girls actively training in sport (n=23) and girls not active in sport (n=26) were compared in terms of ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and menarche, the interval between ages at PHV and menarche, and ages at attaining stages of pubic hair and breast and the estimated duration of the stages. Subjects were longitudinally followed from about 11-18 years of age. Stature and weight were measured and stages of pubic hair and breast development were rated at approximately quarterly intervals between the initial observation and 14 years of age, at semiannual intervals until 16 years, and at irregular intervals subsequently. Age at menarche was obtained prospectively. The active girls trained 12 hours per week in rowing, track and swimming for an average of 3.9+/-1.2 years during puberty and the growth spurt. Longitudinal stature records for individual girls were fitted with kernel regression to estimate age at PHV (years). The interval between age at PHV and age at menarche was calculated. Ages at appearance of pubic hair and breast stages 3, 4 and 5 were calculated by back-interpolation, while intervals between stages 3 and 4 were calculated after log 10 transformation. Peak height velocity and menarche occur, on average, slightly later in girls active in sport, but the differences are not significant. The interval between PHV and menarche, PHV (cm/year), ages at attaining pubic hair and breast stages 3, 4 and 5, and estimated intervals between adjacent stages also do not significantly differ between girls actively training in sport and those not active in sport. Thus, regular training in sport during puberty and the adolescent spurt does not apparently influence the timing and progression of somatic and sexual maturation in girls.     

Inhibition of acetylcholine release from presynaptic terminals of skate electric organ by calcium channel antagonists: a detailed pharmacological study

Release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the presynaptic terminals in skate electric organ was tested for its sensitivity to calcium channel antagonists. A pharmacological profile was established by measuring inhibition of K(+)-stimulated release of [3H]ACh from prelabelled tissue slices. Peptide antagonists of N-type (omega-conotoxins GVIA and MVIIA) and P-type (omega-agatoxin-IVA) channels had no effect, whereas both omega-conotoxins MVIIC and SVIB produced concentration-dependent inhibition and could completely block ACh release. omega-Conotoxin GVIA and omega-agatoxin IVA did not attenuate the block by omega-conotoxin MVIIC. The inorganic ions, Cd2+ and Ni2+, also produced a full inhibition of release (Cd2+ > > Ni2+) and Gd3+ a partial one. Drugs targeting L-type channels (diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil) at low microM concentrations and a synthetic analogue of the polyamine toxin from funnel web spider venom (sFTX) at 1 mM were all non-inhibitory. Inhibition by omega-conotoxins MVIIC (IC50 25 nM) and SVIB (IC50 500 nM) was reversible and modulated by external concentrations of Ca2+. Inhibitory potency was increased by lowering and decreased by elevating external Ca2+. This "antagonistic" effect of Ca2+ was also seen with Cd2+ inhibition. The inhibitory potency of omega-conotoxin MVIIC was unaffected by predepolarisation. End plate potentials generated by release of endogenous ACh in electrically-stimulated slices were also reversibly blocked by Cd2+ and omega-conotoxins MVIIC and SVIB but were unaffected by omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-agatoxin IVA. It is concluded that ACh release in skate electric organ depends on presynaptic calcium channels which have different pharmacological properties from established sub-types.     

Proposed scoring changes for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

A study of the effect of replacing with new items 102 items in the current SVIB on the validity and reliability of the SVIB. 8 occupational groups were used. The results showed that the validity and reliability remained essentially the same after dropping the items. Also, the weighting system of the SVIB was compared with scales using unit weights. The results indicated that the unit weights keys were virtually identical to the weighted keys on 3 criteria: validity, reliability, and scale intercorrelations. Thus, the SVIB when revised should be scored using unit weight scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor analysis of Strong Vocational Interest Blank items.

Attempted to identify independent interest dimensions that were equivalent across different S samples, as a first step toward mapping the vocational interest domain. The responses to 347 female form items and 357 male form items from the SVIB were obtained, using the appropriate form for the following 5 single-sex samples: women in general, men in general, female occupational, male occupational, and male rehabilitation client (Ns?=?1,000; 1,000; 2,500; 3,600, and 1,874, respectively). The SVIB items were intercorrelated separately for each sample and the correlation matrices were factored by a principal axes technique, using the highest off-diagonal correlations as communality estimates with rotation to a varimax criterion. Factors between same-sex samples were compared using Tucker's coefficient of congruence. The analyses resulted in 11–23 factors, depending on the sample, of which 9 and 8 were judged to be equivalent across the 2 female and 3 male samples, respectively. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity studies of the Strong vocational interest inventories.

The concurrent validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the predictive validity of the SVIB were studied in an 18-yr follow-up of a university counseling center group of male college graduates. Results were compared with a previous 12-yr follow-up of the same Ss using C. McArthur's method (1954). The SCII had concurrent validity greater than the SVIB (T399) even after correction was made for a higher percentage of high standard scores on occupational scales. Predictive validity for 18 yrs was not quite as good as for 12 yrs. Although group data were similar for the predictive validity studies, classifications of individuals between studies varied substantially. A 6-yr predictive validity study for the SVIB (T399) had validity comparable to predictive studies using an earlier edition of the SVIB. Job satisfaction and satisfaction with type of work were statistically different, but resulted in no practical difference when used as a correlate with standard occupational scale score. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interest patterns of psychologists in nine Western nations.

Administered the SVIB (male form) to a total of 153 psychologists from 5 English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, Great Britain, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa. Scores were compared with corresponding earlier data from 256 Austrian, German and Swiss psychologists who took the translated SVIB, and with anchoring data from 1,045 United States psychologists tested in 1947. 1-way analyses of variance for English-speaking countries on 81 SVIB scales resulted in only 8 significant differences. At the item level, few items differentiated English-speaking Ss. Profile similarities between all 9 countries were strikingly high, suggesting that Western psychologists have esentially the same measured interests, with only minor cultural variations. Cautions concerning the cross-cultural use of the SVIB are emphasized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)