基于自适应Kalman滤波的SAW测温数据纠错方法

在无源无线SAW测温系统实际应用中,阅读器接收到的信号往往受到其所处环境电磁波的干扰。这些干扰将会使阅读器得到错误的测量数据。温度变化趋势和测量噪声时变的特点也给系统建模以及噪声估计带来了困难。针对实际应用中存在的问题,在Kalman滤波的基础之上,提出了一种新的自适应算法。该算法采用多项式预测的方法建立温度测量的时变系统模型,根据当前及历史测量值,自行调整预测模型参数,避免因模型不准确造成Kalman滤波效果严重下降的问题;通过对测量数据小波变换的方法,实时估计测量数据噪声方差,克服未知观测噪声的条件下精度下降的问题;当测量数据受到干扰时,测量值与纠错值之间的差值不满足高斯分布,通过对差值统计特性的分析,对测量数据进行错误数据判别与剔除,有效地抑制干扰对温度测量的影响。将这种自适应Kalman滤波算法应用到无源无线SAW测温系统中,无源无线SAW温度传感器测温实验的结果验证了该算法能有效地纠正粗大误差,提高测量系统的精度。     

Gamma bang time analysis at OMEGA

Absolute bang time measurements with the gas Cherenkov detector (GCD) and gamma reaction history (GRH) diagnostic have been performed to high precision at the OMEGA laser facility at the University of Rochester with bang time values for the two diagnostics agreeing to within 5 ps on average. X-ray timing measurements of laser-target coupling were used to calibrate a facility-generated laser timing fiducial with rms spreads in the measured coupling times of 9 ps for both GCD and GRH. Increased fusion yields at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) will allow for improved measurement precision with the GRH easily exceeding NIF system design requirements.     

10 ps resolution, 160 ns full scale range and less than 1.5% differential non-linearity time-to-digital converter module for high performance timing measurements

We present a compact high performance time-to-digital converter (TDC) module that provides 10 ps timing resolution, 160 ns dynamic range and a differential non-linearity better than 1.5% LSB(rms). The TDC can be operated either as a general-purpose time-interval measurement device, when receiving external START and STOP pulses, or in photon-timing mode, when employing the on-chip SPAD (single photon avalanche diode) detector for detecting photons and time-tagging them. The instrument precision is 15 ps(rms) (i.e., 36 ps(FWHM)) and in photon timing mode it is still better than 70 ps(FWHM). The USB link to the remote PC allows the easy setting of measurement parameters, the fast download of acquired data, and their visualization and storing via an user-friendly software interface. The module proves to be the best candidate for a wide variety of applications such as: fluorescence lifetime imaging, time-of-flight ranging measurements, time-resolved positron emission tomography, single-molecule spectroscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, diffuse optical tomography, optical time-domain reflectometry, quantum optics, etc.     

Accurate and low jitter time-interval generators based on phase shifting method

The paper describes two time-interval generators based on the phase shifting method. The first one utilizes the digital clock manager units integrated in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device and has jitter below 65 ps (rms) over the range of 4 ns-50 ms, while the second one utilizes a separate direct digital synthesizer and has jitter below 15 ps (rms) over the range of 10.2 ns-50 ms. The phase shifting method can be used to design new low-cost and high-precision time-interval generators using the popular FPGA technology.     

铸坯表面温度场测量仪的研究

基于面阵CCD(charge coupled device)的测温系统可以有效克服氧化皮对铸坯表面温度测量的干扰,近年来成为高温测量领域研究的热点。但CCD的非线性关系导致动态测温范围窄、低温段测量精度低。基于窄带带通滤光片建立了单光谱辐射CCD测温模型,据此研制了由滤光片、CCD、CCD信号处理器及DSP构成的铸坯表面温度场测量仪。通过一点标定和自适应调整光积分时间,扩展了CCD测温范围,同时改善了低温段的测量精度,使各温度段测量结果趋于等精度分布;采用4级流水线机制及DSP、工控机(industrial personal computer,IPC)2级数据处理结构,提高了系统的实时性;该仪器还具有暗电流补偿和以太网传输功能。通过黑体炉标定和现场测量,结果表明研制的测温仪满足铸坯表面温度场测量要求。     

编码式谐振SAW无源无线温度传感阵列系统

提出了一种新型编码式谐振声表面波无源无线温度传感系统。该传感系统采用间歇正弦脉冲串信号作为无线激励信号，而经谐振式声表面波器件延迟后的反射波是一瞬时变化的振荡波形，该反射信号的频率与声表面波器件固有频率相关。温度改变，其反射信号的频率也发生变化。该传感阵列系统利用不同延迟线构成编码器，可实现大规模的传感器构造。该方法不仅有谐振式无源无线传感器距离远的优点，而且，还具有延迟型大规模编码的优点。该法还可用于无源无线的目标识别。     

Pulsed time-of-flight radar for fiber-optic strain sensing

This article describes a fiber-optic interrogation device based on the pulsed time-of-flight technique. The apparatus is capable of measuring time delays between wideband reflectors, such as connectors, along a fiber path with a precision of about 280 fs (rms value) and a spatial resolution of about 3 ns (0.30 m) in a measurement time of 25 ms. Potential application areas include measuring integral strain and its derivatives such as cracks, deflections, and displacements, particularly in large civil engineering and composite structures. The operation and basic blocks of the measurement system are presented in detail together with measurement results obtained in laboratory and field conditions. It is shown that by using a fiber loop sensor with a reference fiber, it is possible to achieve a strain precision below 1 microstrain and a measurement frequency of 4 Hz. System performance proved adequate for the study of both static and dynamic phenomena in a bridge deck.     

Wireless sensor marking and temperature measurement with SAW-identification tags

A wireless sensor marking system based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) identification tags is presented. The proposed solution is compatible with existing measurement systems and can be applied directly in the sensor or by means of a unique sensor identification cable (SIC). The SAW tag operates completely passive, and withstands temperatures up to 400 °C as well as shocks up to 35 000 m/s². It contains a unique serial identification number, which is encoded on the high-temperature stable SAW device by means of metallic reflector gratings. The interrogation unit uses the sensor cable for transmission but is not directly connected to it, thus the identification system can be even used with high impedance measurement equipment, e.g. charge amplifiers. Interrogation is done in frequency-domain based on well-known radar principles and is realized in a low-cost add-on circuit to the existing sensor evaluation circuitry. Furthermore, by simply enhancing the evaluation software, a temperature measurement of the SAW tag itself, and thus often of the sensor or the sensor environment can be done without additional hardware requirements.     

时频测量高性能内插模块实现

精密时间间隔测量技术在许多重要领域都占据着十分重要的地位,本文实现了一种基于时间幅度转换法的高分辨力、高单次测量精密度、高采样率时间内插模块并应用于高精度时间间隔测量,其时间分辨力达到20ps以内,单次测量精密度优于8ps,采样率达到了8MHz。     

声表面波谐振器型无源无线温度传感器

介绍了一种新型的单端口声表面波谐振器构成的无源无线温度传感器。分析了间歇正弦信号无线激励的单端口声表面波谐振器的响应特性。该响应为幅度衰减的振荡信号，振荡的中心频率为声表面波器件固有频率。设计并构造了高效、快速、较远距离自动无线遥测温度的实验系统，实验系统验证了测量原理的正确性。     

车载激光系统光束控制反射镜角位移测量装置

为了使快速控制反射镜(FSM)能在车载、舰载等运动环境下稳定工作,并具有很高的控制精度,研制了一套高精度角位移测量装置,该装置通过精确地提供反射镜摆角信息作为系统的反馈信号来实现伺服闭环控制.针对传统快速控制反射镜位置信息反馈传感器的精度低以及不适于动载环境等缺点,采用田字裂相信号提取方法设计了基于莫尔条纹计数测量原理的精密光栅,并通过计算机进行仿真分析设计了具有抗干扰能力和耐高低温变化的绝对零位信号,其对比度达0.25.对信号处理电路进行高度集成,实现了小型化.实验结果表明,反射镜角位移测量装置测量的反射镜角分辨率为0.15″,测角精度优于0.4″,完全能满足机动式条件下,高能激光发射系统对FSM控制精度的要求.     

厚板窄间隙多道埋弧焊温度和残余应力分布

通过有限元数值模拟的方法,分析厚板窄间隙埋弧焊的温度分布,同时给出了厚板上、下表面和厚度方向上的残余应力分布曲线.通过热电偶构成的温度测量系统测得试板特定点上的温度分布,且在焊接完成冷却一段时间后利用盲孔法测量了试板上、下表面特定点上残余应力大小.有限元计算结果和试验测量结果吻合较好,证明了该有限元模型的合理性,为评价焊接接头性能提供了参考.特别是,在厚度方向上不便测量的残余应力分布曲线可以通过有限元数值模拟的方法获得,为实际考查厚板内部残余应力分布提供依据.对于两者结果有较大偏差的地方,分析该偏差出现的原因.     

基于声表面波谐振器和延迟线的编码型无源无线阵列传感器

提出了一种新型延迟编码式谐振声表面波无源无线传感系统。该传感单元由单端口谐振器和延迟线组成，激励信号采用间歇正弦脉冲串信号。响应为一变化的振荡波形，该信号的频率与声表面波器件固有频率相等。该传感阵列系统利用不同延迟线构成编码器不仅有谐振式无源无线传感器距离远的优点，而且，还具有延迟型大规模编码的优势。该方法提高了传感系统遥感测量的距离、灵敏度和信噪化，也为该声表面波阵列传感器的广泛应用提供了保证。     

FPGA-based High-precision Measurement Algorithm for the Ultrasonic Echo Time of Flight

Based on the evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of high-precision digital time interval measuring algorithms, and combined with the principle of the typical time-difference ultrasonic flow measurement,the requirements far the measurement of echo time of flight put forward by the ultrasonic flow measurement are an-alyzed.A new high-precision time interval measurement algorithm is presented, which combines the pulse counting method with the phase delay interpolation. The pulse counting method is used to ensure a large dynamic measuring range, and a double-edge triggering counter is designed to improve the accuracy and reduce the counting quantiza-tion error.The phase delay interpolation is used to reduce the quanti-zation error of pulse counting for further improving the time measure-ment resolution.Test data show that the system for the measurement of the ultrasonic echo time of flight based on this algorithm and im-plemented on an Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) needs a rel-atively short time for measurement,and has a measurement error of less than 105 ps.     

用于激光测距的高精度时间数字转换电路

针对大容量现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)时间数字转换电路线性度较差的问题,采用小容量FPGA实现了用于激光测距的高精度、高线性度时间数字转换电路。通过对高速计数器、数字插入方法、编码器硬件算法的研究,分析了影响时间数字转换电路精度和非线性误差的因素,提出了一种降低非线性误差的方法。首先,根据所分析的影响因素,解决了高速锁存的问题,在单片小容量FGPA XC2V250上实现了时间数字转换电路;接着,通过USB接口将携带时间信息的计数器值和温度计码转为二进制编码值传给PC机,进行计算和显示;最后,设计了延时测量电路,对所设计的时间数字转换电路进行了测试,得到了各个延时单元延时的大小,并进行了数据分析和处理。测试结果显示:时间数字转换电路单次测时分辨率约为80 ps,校正后可达40 ps左右,微分非线性误差为-0.524LSB~+0.448LSB,积分非线性误差为-1.598LSB~+1.492LSB,可以满足飞行时间法激光测距中高精度测时的要求。     

核燃料组件自适应柔性检测装置及其误差补偿方法

定期对核燃料组件变形状态及其表面氧化膜厚度开展高精度检测已成为保障核电站安全运营的重要举措。针对现有核燃料组件检测装置普遍存在的被动自适应性能欠佳、接触与测量柔性不足、检测精度与效率亟待提升等突出问题,通过设计引入基于变异虎克铰的自适应对中机构、融合接触力动态反馈的主/被动柔性检测单元和基于串并混联的高精度检测机构,创新研制出一款集变形与膜厚高精度检测功能于一体的核燃料组件被动自适应柔性检测装置。在此基础上,通过深入分析装置变形与膜厚检测机理,基于构建的串并混联闭环检测回路,融合制定的概率化传感误差协同补偿策略,提出了一种基于参数动态整合的测量误差补偿方法。样机测试实验结果表明研制装置能够自适应对中各向异性随机变形下的核燃料组件,满足检测过程中的柔性接触与柔性测量要求,配合提出的测量误差补偿方法,可实现核燃料组件变形及氧化膜厚度的高精度检测,有效提升了核燃料组件的检测精度、检测效率与检测安全。     

Vibration analysis of rolling element bearings with various defects under the action of an unbalanced force

In this paper, a method based on the finite element vibration analysis is presented for defect detection in rolling element bearings with single or multiple defects on different components of the bearing structure using the time and frequency domain parameters. A dynamic loading model is proposed in order to create the nodal excitation functions used in the finite element vibration analysis as external loading. A computer code written in Visual Basic programming language with a graphical user interface is developed to create the nodal excitations for different cases including the outer ring, inner ring or rolling element defects. Forced vibration analysis of a bearing structure is performed using the commercial finite element package I-DEAS under the action of an unbalanced force transferred to the structure via a ball bearing. Time and frequency domain parameters such as rms, crest factor, kurtosis and band energy ratio for the frequency spectrum of the enveloped signals are used to analyse the effect of the defect location and the number of defects on the time and frequency domain parameters. The role of the receiving point for vibration measurements is also investigated. The vibration data for various defect cases including the housing structure effect can be obtained using the finite element vibration analysis in order to develop an optimum monitoring method in condition monitoring studies.     

基于LabVIEW的淬火介质冷却特性测试系统

依据淬火介质冷却性能测定的IFHT标准——热电偶探头法，采用LabVIEW图形化编程环境和PCIM系列多功能数据采集卡，设计了淬火介质冷却特性测定系统。硬件设计上，用两通道数据采集分别采集淬火介质温度和环境温度，实现对K型热电偶动态冷端补偿；软件设计上，采用功能模块化设计，实现数据采集、预处理、标度转换、数据处理、结果实时显示和保存。同时，对热电偶mV级信号分别从硬件电路连接和软件数字滤波上消除干扰。试验结果表明：该系统具有对淬火介质冷却特性快速准确采集和实时显示功能。     

基于虚拟仪器技术的光纤测温系统设计

介绍了光纤单色辐射式测温原理，建立了测温系统数学模型，针对恶劣环境下的温度测量问题，利用石英光纤束和窄带滤光片，设计了基于虚拟仪器技术的实时测温系统，阐述了系统工作原理和实现方法，以及系统的硬件和软件结构，说明了在虚拟仪器开发平台上进行数据采集与数据分析的实现方法，采用单片机硬件系统和LabVIEW软件系统以保证测量精度和稳定性，并实现了数据的存储和远程显示。本系统具有操作方便、可靠性高、功能全和可扩展性强等优点。     

Continuous measurement of the arrival times of x-ray photon sequence

In order to record x-ray pulse profile for x-ray pulsar-based navigation and timing, this paper presents a continuous, high-precision method for measuring arrival times of photon sequence with a common starting point. In this method, a high stability atomic clock is counted to measure the coarse time of arrival photon. A high resolution time-to-digital converter is used to measure the fine time of arrival photon. The coarse times and the fine times are recorded continuously and then transferred to computer memory by way of memory switch. The pulse profile is obtained by a special data processing method. A special circuit was developed and a low-level x-ray pulse profile measurement experiment system was setup. The arrival times of x-ray photon sequence can be consecutively recorded with a time resolution of 500 ps and the profile of x-ray pulse was constructed. The data also can be used for analysis by many other methods, such as statistical distribution of photon events per time interval, statistical distribution of time interval between two photon events, photon counting histogram, autocorrelation and higher order autocorrelation.