Effects of Surface Roughness on the Performance of Tangential Inlet Cyclone Separators

This study is carried out to investigate the effects of surface roughness on the flow field and cyclone performance. The flow inside the cyclone separator is modeled as a three-dimensional turbulent continuous gas flow with solid particles as a discrete phase. The continuous gas flow is predicted by solving the governing equations by using the Reynolds Stress turbulence model, and the modeling of the particle motions is based on a Lagrangian approach. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with experimental data as well as with the results of mathematical models. Analysis of computed results shows that increase of relative roughness due to corrosion, wear, or accumulation of particles on the inner walls considerably influences the tangential velocity, cyclone separation efficiency, and cyclone pressure drop especially for high inlet velocities. Decreases in cyclone collection efficiency and pressure drop with the increase in surface roughness are found to be more pronounced for high values of relative roughness.     

多效旋风分离器性能的实验研究

多效旋风分离器通过采用2级螺旋管预分离含尘气体、螺旋形顶盖板导流、筒体中心稳流锥稳流和吸气回流系统防止粉尘返混等措施,解决了在旋风流场中分离微米及亚微米级颗粒的难题。文中通过实验研究了直径为0.25 m的多效旋风分离器的压降、分离效率和进口风速的关系,实验物料粒径范围为0.1—23μm,平均粒径为7.59μm。结果表明:在10—14 m/s入口风速时,对0.1—3μm颗粒的分离效率大于90%,对大于5μm颗粒的分离效率接近100%,压降在500—1 000 Pa。风速大于16 m/s时,对0.1—2μm颗粒的分离效率大于75%。     

天然气净化用多管旋风分离器的分离性能

为了系统评价天然气净化用多管旋风分离器的分离性能,在线测量了入口气速6~24 m/s、入口颗粒浓度30~2000 mg/m3范围内多管旋风分离器的分离效率和分级效率. 结果表明,多管旋风分离器的分离效率和分级效率都随入口气速和入口颗粒浓度增大而提高. 与单管旋风分离器相比,在相同实验条件下,多管旋风分离器的分离效率下降2%~15%;单管旋风分离器基本能除净粒径大于10 mm的颗粒,而多管旋风分离器只能去除15 mm以上的颗粒. 多管旋风分离器的压降主要是内部单管旋风分离器的压降,占整个压降的80%~90%.     

双循环旋风分离器阻力性能的实验研究

双循环旋风分离器通过将主进气口设于简体中部,将顶部进气口设为回流口,消除了传统旋风分离器顶部进气口存在的二次流和短路流,进而使大于3μm颗粒的分离效率接近100%.基于工程设计理论的需求,研究了该新设备的阻力性能.利用直径为0.250 m的实验设备,测定了其压降与进口气速的关系,考察了不同结构和操作条件对其阻力性能的影...     

Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology

A cyclone technology for a vacuum cleaner—axial inlet flow cyclone and the tangential inlet flow cyclone — to collect dusts efficiently and reduce pressure drop has been studied experimentally. The optimal design factors such as dust collection efficiency, pressure drop, and cut-size being the particle size corresponding to the fractional collection efficiency of 50% were investigated. The particle cut-size decreases with reduced inlet area, body diameter, and vortex finder diameter of the cyclone. The tangential inlet twin-flow cyclone has good performance taking into account the low pressure drop of 350 mmAq and the cut-size of 1.5 μm in mass median diameter at the flow rate of 1 m³/min. A vacuum cleaner using tangential inlet twin-flow cyclone shows the potential to be an effective method for collecting dusts generated in the household.     

颗粒负荷对小型旋风器性能影响的模拟分析

为探究颗粒负荷对小型旋风器内气固两相流动的影响,基于雷诺应力模型（RSM）和欧拉-欧拉方法的混合流模型（Mixture）进行气体-颗粒、颗粒-颗粒的相间耦合计算。采用粒径为0.5～5μm的颗粒组在40L/min、60L/min和80L/min的入口流量下模拟0~3kg/m³的5种不同颗粒浓度工况,通过对比旋风器内纯气相流场和颗粒负荷流场的不同,研究了颗粒的存在对流场的影响;探究了入口流量和浓度变化对旋风器内分离效率和压降特性的影响。基于模型有效性验证的数值模拟结果表明：较高颗粒浓度负荷使旋风器内的气相流场发生显著变化。随着入口流量的增大,旋风器的分离效率先增大后减小,压降呈非线性增大。随着颗粒浓度的增大,旋风器的分离效率逐渐增大,压降先减小后增大。     

Determining Cyclone Particle Holdup by Pressure Drop for a CFB Boiler

An experimental study was conducted to assess the possibility of determining particle holdup by measuring the pressure drop of a conventional cyclone used in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. It was found that within a wide range of inlet solid concentrations, i.e., 0.54–4.42 kg/kg‐gas, the cyclone pressure drop increased linearly with inlet solid concentration at a given gas velocity, while the pressure drop between the dust exit and the vortex finder of the cyclone remained almost constant. Since particle holdup increases virtually linearly with solid flow rate, the particle holdup in the cyclone can be derived from the cyclone pressure drop, and therefore, an equation set was proposed to calculate the particle holdup from the cyclone pressure drop.     

不同形式导流板对旋风器性能影响的试验研究

通过对加设不同形式导流板的旋风器进行试验研究,结果表明:不同形式导流板均不同程度地降低了旋风器阻力,同时也对分离效率产生了不同的影响.其中3#、4#导流板降阻幅度较大,但分离效率相对较低;2#的降阻效果强于1#,但弱于3#、4#,同时并没有降低分离效率;1#导流板只在一定限制条件内有减阻效果,其总体分离效率却比较高.     

3-D computational fluid dynamics for gas and gas-particle flows in a cyclone with different inlet section angles

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Reynolds stress model (RSM) was used to describe the gas and gas-solid flow in a cyclone with a scroll inlet duct at three different inlet section angles in relation to the cyclone body. The effects of the inlet section angles on the fluid dynamics inside the cyclone and on the performance parameters (collection efficiency and pressure drop) were analyzed by means of the finite volume method using a computational code and an industrial-sized cyclone for separation of gas-particle phases operated by Votorantim Cimentos Company. The numerical results show that the value for overall collection efficiency in this work increased to 77.2% for the 45° inlet section angle, while that for the normal inlet duct was 54.4% under the same operating conditions.     

Characteristics of electrostatic cyclone/bag filter with inlet types (lab and pilot scale)

The main purpose of this study was to investigate experimentally the characteristics of an electrostatic cyclone/bag filter with inlet types (upper and bottom inlet) in order to overcome the low collection efficiency for submicron particles and high pressure drop, which were the main problems of general fabric bag filters. The experiment was performed to analyze the collection efficiency and pressure drop of the electrostatic cyclone/bag filter compared with that of conventional fabric bag filters with various experimental parameters such as the inlet type (upper and bottom), inlet velocity (filtration velocity) and applied voltages. From the results, the upper inlet type showed a slightly higher pressure drop reduction ratio as 40–90% than that of bottom inlet. In addition, the electrostatic cyclone/bag filter represented an increment of over 5% for the collection efficiency of submicron particles (around 1 Μm) in comparison with the general fabric filter. Presented at the Int’/Sym. on Chem. Eng. (Cheju, Feb. 8–10, 2001), dedicated to Prof. H. S. Chun on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

CFD–DEM simulation of the gas–solid flow in a cyclone separator

In this work, a numerical study of the gas–solid flow in a gas cyclone is carried out by use of the combined discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model where the motion of discrete particles phase is obtained by DEM which applies Newton’s equations of motion to every individual particle and the flow of continuum fluid by the traditional CFD which solves the Navier–Stokes equations at a computational cell scale. The model successfully captures the key flow features in a gas cyclone, such as the strands flow pattern of particles, and the decrease of pressure drop and tangential velocity after loading solids. The effect of solid loading ratio is studied and analysed in terms of gas and solid flow structures, and the particle–gas, particle–particle and particle–wall interaction forces. It is found that the gas pressure drop increases first and then decreases when solids are loaded. The reaction force of particles on gas flow is mainly in the tangential direction and directs mainly upward in the axial direction. The reaction force in the tangential direction will decelerate gas phase and the upward axial force will prevent gas phase from flowing downward in the near wall region. The intensive particle–wall collision regions mainly locate in the wall opposite to the cyclone inlet and the cone wall. Moreover, as the solid loading ratio increases, number of turns travelled by solids in a cyclone decreases especially in the apex region of the cyclone while the width of solid strands increases, the pressure drop and tangential velocity decrease, the high axial velocity region moves upwards, and the radial flow of gas phase is significantly dampened.     

Development of a symmetrical spiral inlet to improve cyclone separator performance

Three cyclone separators with different inlet geometry were designed, which include a conventional tangential single inlet (CTSI), a direct symmetrical spiral inlet (DSSI), and a converging symmetrical spiral inlet (CSSI). The effects of inlet type on cyclone performance characteristics, including the collection efficiency and pressure drop, were investigated and compared as a function of particle size and flow rate in this paper. Experimental result indicated that the symmetrical spiral inlet (SSI), especially CSSI inlet geometry, has effect on significantly increasing collection efficiency with insignificantly increasing pressure drop. In addition, the results of collection efficiency and pressure drop comparison between the experimental data and the theoretical model were also involved.     

颗粒床-旋流耦合分离器不同操作模式下的性能分析

通过实验分别考察了满床/空床操作模式对内置颗粒床-旋流耦合分离器分离性能的影响,获得了两种操作模式下的设备压降和捕集效率。通过改变入口粉尘浓度、入口气速和粉尘颗粒种类,发现满床操作条件下的分离效率比空床操作条件下的分离效率高,且前者压降较低。通过对出口粉尘粒径的分析,含有捕集颗粒的内置颗粒床可有效提高5 μm以下的粉尘颗粒的捕集效率,弥补了离心分离的短板。引入性能指数对不同操作模式进行定量分析,验证了满床操作条件下的耦合分离设备具有更好的综合分离性能。     

多旋臂气液旋流分离器压降特性试验

为强化气液离心分离过程,实现在大直径分离器内的气液旋流高效分离,设计构思了一套多旋臂气液旋流分离设备,为气液分离大型化设计提供了一种新思路。在纯气流条件及不同的旋流臂喷出气速下对该分离设备进出口静压差进行了测量,实验结果表明,旋流分离设备静压差在整个运行过程中较为稳定,有较强的可预测性,无量纲标准偏差维持在2%以内,总压降与旋流臂出口气速呈现出良好的平方关系。进一步将总压降分解为入口及旋臂摩擦损失、分离器空间内摩擦损失和出口管路摩擦损失三个部分进行详细测量,获得了各部分压降与旋流臂出口速度头的定量关联模型,发现分离器空间内摩擦阻力损失在总压降中占比最大。GLVS总压降主要受旋流臂出口气速影响,加入液相后对压降影响很小。该旋流分离设备的阻力系数与普通旋风分离器相当,根据四组不同结构尺寸的旋流头得到了阻力系数与旋流头关键设计参数的关联式,为进一步结构优化提供了参考。     

Numerical simulation of effect of inlet configuration on square cyclone separator performance

This paper presents a numerical study of the gas-solid flow in square cyclone separators with three types of inlet configuration. Three-dimensional Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) was used to simulate the turbulent flow of gas phase and a Lagrangian equation was used to simulate the particle motion. The resulting velocity, separation efficiency and pressure drops were verified by comparison with measured data. The effect of inlet configurations on the turbulent dynamics in the cyclone and the separation efficiency and pressure drop was analyzed. Results showed that inlet configurations influenced the turbulent dynamics in the cyclone and led to different pressure drop and separation efficiency. The separator with double declining inlets (DDI) had the minimum pressure drop and similar efficiency to the separator with double normal inlets (DNI). The separator with single normal inlet (SNI) had the best separation efficiency and the maximum pressure drop. When a baffle was installed in the inlet of separator SNI, the pressure drop increased by about 191% and 34% for the separator with a straight (SNI-1) and curved (SNI-2) baffle respectively on the basis of the pressure drop of separator SNI. The cut and critical diameter of particles were 2 μm and 14 μm for separator SNI-1 and 4 μm and 14 μm for separator SNI-2, while they were 8 μm and 30 μm for separator SNI at the same inlet conditions.     

Measurements of cyclone performance under conditions analogous to pressurized circulating fluidization

We evaluate the performance of a relatively efficient cyclone operating under conditions analogous to a generic pressurized circulating fluidized bed at high solid loading. We find that pressure losses across the cyclone scale with the kinetic energy density of the inlet gas and are independent of the particle Stokes number and the Reynolds number based on cyclone diameter.The pressure data are well captured by the model of Muschelknautz and Greif (1997), who predict that the corresponding losses decrease with increasing solid loading. We confirm that the overall cyclone solid capture efficiency and the efficiency by size depend on the particle Stokes number and loading. We find that the effects of these two numbers are complex and not well captured by existing models, which, unlike experiments, assume a uniform distribution of solids at the inlet.     

防返混锥对双循环旋风器性能的影响研究

前面的研究表明,双循环旋风分离器的设计使得大于3μm颗粒的分离效率接近100%。本文通过CFD模拟软件Fluent 6.2对带有防返混锥的双循环旋风分离器内的压力场和颗粒轨迹进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了比较,模拟结果和实验结果基本一致。模拟得出防返混锥可使分离器的阻力系数增加12%,并减小灰仓内3μm以下颗粒的返混量。实验结果表明,进口气速在8～21m/s时,防返混锥可使主进口和回流口的阻力系数分别增加14.6%和11.8%;当进口平均气速在15～19m/s时,若采用主进口进料,防返混锥可使总分离效率提高0.15%～0.2%;若采用回流口进料,可提高1.5%～2%。     

Experimental investigations on a cyclone separator performance at an extremely low particle concentration

In order to evaluate the influence of extremely low particle concentration on separation performance of cyclone separator, the overall collection efficiencies and grade efficiencies of a cyclone separator with particle concentrations of 5-2000 mg/m³ and inlet velocities of 6-30 m/s have been investigated under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions. Aerosol spectrometer based on measuring particle number is used to measure the particle concentrations and particle size distributions of the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator. The overall efficiency is equal to the ratio of the particle concentration difference between the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator to the inlet particle concentration. The grade efficiency is obtained by comparing the particle size distributions of the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator. The effects of particle concentration on separation performance are predicted by Smolik empirical model. Particle agglomeration, which has been found in the inlet and outlet of the cyclone separator, has a very important influence on the collection efficiencies and grade efficiencies of the cyclone separator at the particle concentration of 5-2000 mg/m³. The cut sizes for different inlet gas velocity with extremely low particle concentration can be quantitatively calculated by Barth model, Mothes and Loffer model and Muschelknautz model, respectively. Experimental results show that the overall collection efficiencies and grade efficiencies increased with the increasing particle concentrations and inlet velocities, and most of the particles with the diameter bigger than 10 μm can be removed by cyclone separator.     

双循环旋风分离器除尘机理的数值模拟

双循环旋风分离器通过将主进口设置在筒体中部,将顶部进气口设置为回流口,消除了进气口附近的二次流,避免了短路流,将大于3μm颗粒的分离效率提高至接近100%,并避免了少量11—15μm颗粒的短路逃逸。为了探索该设备的除尘机理,借助CFD软件,通过数值模拟研究的方式,辅助分析了2种进气口在分离性能上不同,传统旋风分离器不能完全分离3—8μm和11—15μm颗粒的机理,以及消除二次流的方法。计算结果表明:当回流气速低于主进气速时,会产生类似于顶端进气口的现象,即二次流、灰环和短路流,降低了小于6μm颗粒的分离效率。当回流气速略大于主进气速时,可以完全消除主进气口附近的二次流,使得所有粒径颗粒的分离效率都较高。模拟结果与实验结果从定性的角度符合较好。