Differences in Gelatinisation Behaviour Between Starches from Australian Wheat Cultivars

The gelatinisation behaviour of starches isolated from 16 Australian wheat cultivars with a wide range of pasting properties was studied using the Viscoamylograph (VAG), Rapid Viscoanalyser (RVA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). VAG and RVA characteristics varied between cultivars as did the enthalpy and temperatures of gelatinisation, as measured by DSC. Significant correlations existed between RVA and VAG values for maximum viscosity and breakdown. The enthalpy of the amylose/lipid complex transition, measured by DSC, was significantly correlated with each of maximum paste viscosity, breakdown, setback and viscosity at 50°C as measured by VAG, and maximum viscosity and breakdown as measured by RVA. Starch properties that significantly correlated to gelatinisation behaviour included amylose content and the proportion of small starch granules, which had a negative relationship with VAG data for maximum viscosity, breakdown and viscosity at 50°C. Similar correlations existed for RVA data except for setback. Amylose content was also significantly correlated with the enthalpy of the amylose/lipid complex transition.     

PASTING CHARACTERISTICS OF RICE FLOUR-BASED BATTER COMPARED TO WHEAT FLOUR-BASED BATTER

Rice flour‐based batter (RFBB) formulations were developed for deep fat fried chickendrumstick application. The effects of ingredients on pasting characteristics of RFBB and wheat flour based‐batter (WFBB) were compared using the Rapid Visco‐Analyzer (RVA). Pasting properties were influenced significantly by ratios of rice to corn flour, oxidized corn starch, and methylcellulose. The peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback increased significantly as rice flour level increased, whereas increasing levels of oxidized corn starchyielded opposite results. Pasting characteristics of RFBB were significantly different from those of WFBB.     

Effect of Storage on the Pasting Characteristics of Yam Tubers

Yam is a popular root and tuber crop which is important as a dietary staple and potential export crop. Storage of yam tubers is an age long practice in yam growing communities of West Africa, while pasting characteristic is an important indicator of potential utilization of yam tubers. The study was carried out to investigate effect of storage of the tubers on their pasting characteristics. Six varieties each of D. alata and D. rotundata were used for the study. At harvest, the tubers were divided into two groups. The first group was stored in a conventional open-air yam barn for four months, while tubers in the second group were not stored. Pasting characteristics of both fresh and stored tubers were determined by Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The result showed that the effect of storage on the yam tubers were species dependent. In D. alata there was an increase in peak viscosity (231.36 to 257.56 RVU), breakdown (71.68 to 122.47 RVU), setback (42.58 to 65.99 RVU), while there was a decrease in most of the parameters except break-down and setback viscosities in D. rotundata. Generally, a decrease in peak viscosity, holding strength, final viscosity and peak time of the yam tubers during storage was observed, while the breakdown and setback viscosities of the tubers increased significantly (p < 0.05) on storage. The industrial implication of this is that starches of stored tubers may have high retrogradation tendencies but more resistance to shear-thinning and have more paste stability during processing.     

多糖类食品添加剂对大米粉黏度特性的影响研究

分析多糖类食品添加剂对大米粉RVA黏度特性的影响。结果表明:大米粉的回生值随着HPMC含量的增加逐渐增加,添加HPMC的大米粉样品与未添加的样品相比,大米粉的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度出现了增加;麦芽糊精能起到降低大米粉回生值和崩解值的作用,麦芽糊精对大米粉的峰值时间和糊化温度的影响不明显;随着瓜尔豆胶含量的逐渐增加,大米粉的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和回生值都逐渐增加;添加卡拉胶与未添加卡拉胶的大米粉样品相比,峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值均出现下降,而热浆黏度和峰值时间都出现了增加。     

籼米糊化特性与碾磨程度的相关性分析

以3种商业化籼米为原料,采用快速黏度分析仪研究了不同碾磨程度条件下样品的糊化特性变化趋势,分析了样品糊化特性与碾磨程度的相关性。结果表明:随着碾磨时间的延长即碾磨程度的增加,3种籼米的峰值黏度、最低黏度、衰减值、最终黏度和糊化温度均呈现一致的规律性变化:峰值黏度、最低黏度、衰减值和最终黏度呈上升趋势,糊化温度呈下降趋势,且均在碾磨0~30 s的范围内变化幅度最大。3种籼米淀粉峰值黏度、最低黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、回生值、峰值时间和糊化温度变化范围分别为2 053.00~3 588.00、1 006.33~1 801.33、1 055.67~1 876.67、2 087.67~2 888.33、991.67~1 566.33 m Pa·s、5.62~6.09 s、71.83~75.60℃。相关性分析表明,碾磨程度与峰值黏度、最低黏度、衰减值、最终黏度呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与糊化温度呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。快速黏度分析仪测定的糊化特性或许可以作为指示大米碾磨程度的新物性量化指标,用于指导生产实践。     

不同类别大米糊化特性和直链淀粉含量的差异研究

对不同类别的市售大米样品（籼米,粳米,杂交稻米,籼糯米,粳糯米,黑米和香米）的糊化特性和直链淀粉含量进行了测定并进行了比较研究。结果表明,籼型,籼型,粳型和糯型大米的直链淀粉含量和糊化特性贡线及主要特征值（峰值粘度,最终粘度,回生值）均有明显的差异,并与其食用品质有密切相关,糊化特性曲线和相关特征值可用于鉴别市售大米的品质也可用于判别信有直链淀粉含量划分的大米类型。     

Predicting Texture of Cooked Blended Rice with Pasting Properties

The reports about predictive model developed between textural and pasting properties are insufficient, and the application and feasibility of predictive model in rice blend have not been reported. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the pasting parameters can be used to predict the textural properties of cooked rice and to make analysis of the application and feasibility of predictive model in rice blends. The results showed that viscosity hold, viscosity end, breakdown, and setback had a significant correlation with textural properties. The principal component factor analysis results indicated that the loadings were large for viscosity hold, viscosity end, setback on the first component, and for breakdown on the second component. The predictive models for estimating the texture of cooked rice with high accuracy were developed, which were validated with acceptance for application in rice blends by conducting 95% confidence limits validation of statistical analysis system procedure on simplex-lattice design rice blends. The optimized predictive models could be extensively used in single rice cultivars as well as rice blends, which is helpful to improve the use of low quality rice cultivars by blending high quality with low quality rice to meet the needs of consumers at a relatively lower cost.     

Pasting of Wheat Flour Extrudates Containing Conventional Baking Ingredients

Pasting properties of extrudates affect product quality and can be controlled by addition of ingredients. We determined the effects of 6 conventional baking ingredients (sucrose, nonfat dry milk (NFDM), dry egg, shortcning, glyceryl monostearate (GMS), and sodium bicarbonate) on pasting properties of wheat flour in extrusions using the Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA). Pasting parameters determined included: initial peak, onset, and peak times; peak and breakdown viscosities and differences between them; ascending and descending slopes and the angle between their lines. Sucrose, shortening, and GMS affected pasting properties significantly. GMS had the greatest effects on peak times and viscosity values.     

Effect of Amylose Content on Gelatinization,Retrogradation and Pasting Properties of Flours from Different Cultivars of Thai Rice

Presently, rice cultivars are categorized according to amylose content into three groups: low, medium and high amylose content cultivars. The correlation of amylose content with gelatinization properties, retrogradation, and pasting properties of eleven cultivars of Thai rice were investigated. Rice flour was prepared from milled rice by the wet grinding process. Onset (T_o), peak (T_p) and conclusion (T_c) temperatures of gelatinization, (determined by DSC) were found to be highly positively correlated with amylose levels. This correlation could be used for prediction of amylose content of rice flour. Low amylose starch could also be characterized by low degree of retrogradation (%R). The data obtained from RVA‐viscograms (peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, and pasting temperature) can be used only for characterization of the group of low amylose starches (waxy rice). It was demonstrated that low amylose rice starch provided the highest peak viscosity and breakdown and the lowest setback and pasting temperature among the groups investigated.     

Physicochemical properties of KDML 105 rice cultivar from different cultivated locations in Thailand

BACKGROUND: The eating quality of KDML 105 rice cultivar, or Jasmine rice, differs greatly based on its cultivated location. Classifying KDML 105 rice according to its cultivated location could help in understanding the different characteristics of rice which affect its eating quality. RESULTS: The pasting and calorimetric properties of KDML 105 rice from eight locations where Jasmine rice is cultivated were determined using a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) and Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to classify the cultivated locations of KDML 105 according to their pasting and calorimetric properties. PCA yielded four factors which accounted for 92.7% of the total explained variance. KDML 105 rice cultivated in different locations was subdivided into five areas: (1) the upper central region; (2) the upper northeast region; (3) the lower northeast region; (4) the lower central/northeast region; and (5) the lower northern region and the upper north‐east region. These groups agreed well with the classification of favourable planting areas for Jasmine rice in Thailand. The less favourable cultivated areas correlated either with breakdown and setback or thermal properties. The most favourable locations for quality Jasmine rice in Thailand were correlated with peak viscosity, trough and final viscosity. CONCLUSION: The location of KDML 105 rice cultivation had an impact on cooked rice quality. Pasting and thermal properties of gelatinisation and retrogradation parameters could be used to explain the quality of KDML 105 rice cultivated in different locations. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of phosphorus contents on the gelatinization and retrogradation of potato starch

ABSTRACT:  Effects of phosphorus content (510 to 987 ppm) on the gelatinization and retrogradation of 6 potato cultivars (Benimaru, Hokkaikogane, Irish Cobbler, Konafubuki, Sakurafubuki, and Touya) were studied. Pasting properties were analyzed by RVA, thermal properties by DSC, and mechanical properties of the starch gels by TA. Phosphorus was positively correlated with swelling power ( r = 0.84) and negatively correlated with solubility ( r = 0.83). Phosphorus content showed significant effect on certain pasting properties of potato starch such as peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback. Phosphorus content showed a significant positive correlation with peak viscosity ( r = 0.95) and breakdown ( r = 0.90). Increasing concentration of phosphorus tends to decrease the setback. Phosphorus content had no influence on thermal properties and mechanical properties of potato starch gel.     

大米淀粉物化特性与糊化曲线的相关性研究

以不同品种的大米淀粉为原料，采用快速黏度分析仪（RVA）研究不同品种大米淀粉的糊化曲线的差异，碘兰值和酶解力等物化特性对糊化特性的影响。结果表明，不同品种大米淀粉的碘兰值、酶解力存在差异，以籼米淀粉的碘兰值最大，其次是粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉。粳米淀粉和糯米淀粉酶解力相对较大。糊化温度、最终黏度、最低黏度、回升值与碘兰值均呈不同程度的正相关。峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、回升值、糊化温度与酶解力呈不同程度的负相关。采用碘兰值、酶解力的指数模型描述大米淀粉的糊化特性可达到很高的拟合精度。     

白糯小麦粉与糯米粉物化特性的比较

本试验研究了白糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉、糯米粉物化性质的差异,测定了白糯小麦粉、普通小麦粉和糯米粉的膨胀性、黏度特性、持水能力、糊透明度、冻融稳定性、消化性和糊化回生特性。结果表明,随温度的升高,白糯小麦粉、普通小麦粉和糯米粉的膨胀度随温度的升高呈递增趋势,但在较高温度下,白糯小麦粉的膨胀度高于糯米粉;与普通小麦粉比,白糯小麦粉有较高的峰值黏度、崩解值和较低的谷黏度、终黏度、回生值,糊化时间短,糊化温度低,不易消化;与糯米粉相比,白糯小麦粉的水合能力低,糊透明度差,峰值黏度、谷黏度、崩解值、终黏度和回生值低,糊化时间短,糊化温度高,易消化。白糯小麦粉的冻融稳定性好、抗回生能力强。     

普通玉米杂交种间原淀粉与羟丙基淀粉糊化性质关系的研究

本文采用湿法在实验室的条件下提取了17种普通玉米杂交种淀粉，并制取了羟丙基淀粉。采用快速粘度测定仪（RVA）测定了所有淀粉的糊化性质参数。结果表明：羟丙基淀粉提高了所有原淀粉的峰值和破损值；降低了所有原淀粉的谷值、终粘度、回生值、出峰时间和成糊温度；原淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的糊化性质参数在普通玉米杂交种间均达到了极显著相关水平，表明了羟丙基淀粉并没有改变原淀粉在普通玉米杂交种间的糊化性质差异性。羟丙基淀粉的糊化性质参数间的相关性显著水平发生了明显的变化，表明了不同的普通玉米杂交种的羟丙基淀粉的糊化性质参数的变化幅度是不同的。但是，羟丙基和原淀粉的相同糊化性质参数间的相关性都达到极显著的正相关水平，说明了羟丙基淀粉与原淀粉的糊化性质参数间存在密切关系，二者的糊化性质又存在着一致性。     

优质籼稻储藏期间稻米RVA特性研究

对不同储藏条件下优质籼稻的快速黏度分析（rapid viscosity analysis,RVA）特性进行研究。将含水量为13.5%、14.5%和15.5%的优质籼稻两优234试样,分别在15、20、25、30和35 ℃下模拟储藏720 d,每隔60 d利用快速黏度分析仪测定其相应稻米的RVA特征值并进行分析。结果表明:储藏温度、储藏时间和含水量对稻米RVA特征值有非常显著性影响（P<0.01）,其中温度为主要因素。随储藏时间的延长,稻米的峰值黏度和衰减值在储藏前期增加,后期降低。30和35 ℃储藏条件下,稻米的峰值黏度和衰减值在后期明显比其他储藏温度降低更快。最终黏度、回生值、消减值、糊化温度在整个储藏期内增加,高温（30和35 ℃）储藏下的回生值、消减值、糊化温度的变化大于常温、准低温和低温储藏（25、20和15 ℃）,充分反映储藏期稻米食味品质的优劣。随着储藏温度的升高和时间的延长稻米食用品质明显下降,储藏温度超过25 ℃劣变加速,可作为稻谷储藏条件参考依据。     

蛋白组分对籼米粉糊化特性的影响机理探讨

通过逐一去除蛋白组分的方法研究了蛋白组分对籼米粉糊化特性的影响,并分析了影响这些变化的蛋白结构基础。RVA和DSC分析结果表明,不同组分的蛋白在去除之后,峰值粘度、热糊粘度和最终粘度均有不同程度的升高,崩解值、回生值及糊化温度均有不同程度的降低。SDS-PAGE和显微结构分析表明,各组分对糊化特性的影响机理应有差异:谷蛋白通过与纤维素类物质的紧密结合,在糊化过程中阻碍淀粉粒的溶胀;醇溶蛋白可能是通过蛋白体自身的溶胀与淀粉相互作用而影响;清、球蛋白通过活性蛋白对籼米成分的水解或合成等改变而影响;淀粉粒结合蛋白则可能对籼米的基础糊化特性影响较大。与分离重组法比较,逐一去除蛋白组分的方法因为蛋白组分之间的相互作用影响较大,对糊化特性的影响与分离重组法略有差异。     

马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉的糊化特性及其挤压重组米品质

将马铃薯全粉与碎米按不同比例混合,测定混合粉的糊化特性及其挤压重组米的感官品质、质构特性和蒸煮损失率,探讨马铃薯全粉添加量对混合粉糊化特性及其挤压重组米品质的影响。结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值均逐渐减小;马铃薯挤压重组米的感官评分先增大后减小,在添加量为40%~50%时较高;质构特性中硬度显著(p<0.05)减小,弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性先增大后减小,在添加量为50%时最大;蒸煮损失率显著(p<0.05)增大。结合感官品质、质构特性、蒸煮损失率结果,马铃薯全粉添加量≤50%时,加工出的马铃薯挤压重组米品质较好。马铃薯全粉的添加量、马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉糊化特性与马铃薯挤压重组米品质特性存在显著(p<0.05)相关性。     

不同储藏时间米糠制备膳食纤维对米粉糊化和凝胶性质的影响

将米糠储藏0、1、3、5、10 d后制备的米糠不溶性膳食纤维(rice bran insoluble dietary fiber,RBIDF)添加到米粉中,研究不同储藏时间米糠制备的RBIDF对米粉糊化和凝胶性质的影响。结果表明,当RBIDF添加量相同时,随着米糠储藏时间的延长,米粉的峰值黏度呈先上升后略微下降的趋势,在米糠储藏第5天时达到最大值,回生值逐渐上升,峰值时间和糊化温度先下降后上升,分别在米糠储藏5 d和3 d达到最小值;储能模量在米粉凝胶形成阶段和米粉凝胶形成后阶段都呈上升趋势,损耗角正切在米粉凝胶形成后阶段先减小后增大,在米糠储藏5 d达到最小值;硬度、回复性、胶着性、咀嚼度先增大后减小,黏附性先减小后增大,均在米糠储藏3 d达到极值。相关性分析结果表明,米糠毛油酸值与米粉的峰值黏度呈显著(P 0. 05)正相关,与峰值时间和糊化温度呈极显著(P 0. 01)负相关,与回生值和米糠储藏时间呈极显著(P 0. 01)正相关。     

Determination of apparent amylose content,pasting properties and gel texture of rice starch by near‐infrared spectroscopy

For breeding rice with improved quality, apparent amylose content (AAC), rapid visco analyser (RVA) pasting viscosities and gel texture properties may be routinely measured. As a direct measurement is time‐consuming and expensive, rapid predictive method based on near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is useful for measurement of these quality parameters. In this study, calibration models were developed using modified partial least‐squares regression with different mathematical treatments based on the grain and flour spectra of non‐waxy rice alone or in combination with waxy rice. The results showed that calibration models built with flour spectra are more robust than those with grain spectra, and with total rice including waxy rice are superior to those with only non‐waxy rice. Some starch quality parameters, such as AAC, setback viscosity (SB), pasting temperature (PT), hardness (HD) and cohesiveness (COH) could be predicted with sufficient accuracy by NIRS based on flour spectra, whereas only AAC and PT could be predicted with sufficient accuracy based on grain spectra. All the models reported here are usable for rough sample screening (cold paste viscosity and breakdown viscosity), sample screening (SB, PT and COH) and for most applications (AAC and HD) for routine screening of a large number of samples in the early generation selection in breeding programs. However, for accurate assay of the pasting viscosity and gel textural parameters, direct instrumental measurement should be employed in later generations. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Use of the Rapid-Visco-Analyzer to Measure Starch Pasting Properties. Part I: Effect of Sugars

The Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA) was used to measure the effects of dextrose, sucrose, corn syrup solids and polydextrose on maize, tapioca and wheat starch pasting properties. The addition of 1 part sugar: 1 part starch tended to decrease peak viscosity, whereas peak viscosity increased at higher sugar concentrations (up to 4 parts sugar: 1 part starch). Time to onset of viscosity increase and time to peak viscosity increased as sugar concentrations increased. Dextrose, sucrose and corn syrup solids increased the maximum setback viscosity, of the starches, but polydextrose reduced setback viscosity. As the molecular weights of the sugars increased, the effects generally increased for maize and tapioca starches but not for wheat starch. Pasting property parameters measured in the RVA concurred with data obtained using other viscometers or by other techniques previously reported. The RVA is useful as an alternative tool for studying starch pasting properties and the effects of food ingredients on starch performance.