天然气冷热电三联供系统热力学分析

天然气先经过燃气轮发电机发电,然后利用燃气轮机排出的高温烟气推动吸收式制冷机制冷,最后利用换热器回收中温烟气中的余热加热生活热水,这种冷热电三联供方式能够显著地提高能源的利用效率。构建了天然气为燃料冷热电三联供系统典型的模型图和能流图,导出了系统各环节能量和的计算公式、三联供系统的总能量和利用率以及各部位的损失;基于能源产品的市场价格,给出了三联供系统的经济收益。以现有技术设备和典型操作工况为基础,分析讨论了环境温度以及燃气轮发电机和制冷机出口烟气温度对供冷、供热、能量利用率、利用率以及经济收益的影响。结果表明,环境和烟气的温度对系统的性能和收益都有一定的影响。     

液化天然气过程的热力学分析

利用R K S方程建立了天然气和液化天然气焓火用计算的热力学模型;对 2×104 m3 /d液化天然气液化过程进行了模拟计算;计算了各设备的火用损失和液化过程的火用效率;热力学计算分析结果表明,装置的最大火用损环节是循环压缩机,其次是透平膨胀机和气波制冷机。本装置利用自身所产尾气作为燃气发动机的燃料,进而利用燃气发动机带动循环压缩机,节省了大量电能,回收了排放尾气的能源,有效地解决了压缩机的高能耗问题。     

Synthesis of mechanical driver and power generation configurations,Part 1: Optimization framework

This article presents a novel, systematic, and robust procedure for driver and power plant selection based on mathematical programming. The discrete nature of gas turbines is considered as gas turbine drivers and gas turbine‐based power plants are selected from a group of candidates. Plant availability with considering parallel compression has also been included, which allows a more comprehensive exploitation of the trade‐offs between capital costs, operating costs, and availability. When neglecting process heating and any steam equipment, the formulation can be applied to heavily power dominated processes, such as LNG. However, a more comprehensive formulation, allowing waste heat recovery and the integration with a multilevel steam system, is also proposed to produce more thermally efficient systems. This approach proved to be flexible and robust and is the first in producing solutions ranging from no‐steam to all‐steam systems, including all‐gas turbine, all‐motor and hybrid gas turbine/motor/steam systems. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Integrated Scheme of Natural Gas Usage with Minimum Production of Entropy

Three schemes of the gas turbine cycle have been analyzed from the point of view of the second law of thermodynamics: the conventional gas turbine cycle, where natural gas (methane) is oxidized by air; a closed gas turbine cycle, in which methane is oxidized by oxygen; and a proposed gas turbine cycle, in which the methane is first converted to synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon oxide and hydrogen), then part of the synthesis gas is oxidized by oxygen for electric energy generation while the rest is withdrawn from the power cycle for production of methanol, ether, synthetic fuel, etc. It has been shown that the third integrated scheme of natural gas usage provides minimum entropy increase as well as suppression of toxic nitrogen oxides generation in combustion products. Therefore, it could be considered as a prospective energy‐saving technology.     

一种天然气液化和CO2捕集相结合的余热回收发电系统

针对余热回收和能源利用的问题,以液化天然气(LNG)作为冷源,稠油开采废气作为热源,提出了一种结合天然气液化和废气发电与CO₂捕集的余热回收利用系统。分析了关键热力学参数对系统热力学性能的影响。结果表明：对于有机朗肯循环和制冷循环,增加透平膨胀机的进口温度,降低其出口压力以及减少制冷循环压缩机进出口的压缩比,可获得最大净输出功为454.9 kW,余热回收效率为34.2%。对于天然气液化系统,采用C++进行非线性约束优化计算,以氮膨胀制冷循环压缩机总功耗为目标函数进行优化,得到压缩机最优总功耗为101.54 kW。降低天然气压缩机(K110)进口温度,氮气膨胀机(T3)出口压力以及氮气质量流量,可获得最大LNG调峰量为378.8 kg/h,反之,CO₂捕集量可提高28.6%。     

低温省煤器对凝汽器真空及机组热经济性影响

为解决国内某电厂600MW直接空冷机组5^#锅炉排烟温度过高的问题,在锅炉尾部烟道加装低温省煤器,利用烟气余热加热机组凝结水。抽汽被排挤回汽轮机继续膨胀做功,增加汽轮机发电功率,降低汽轮机热耗和机组发电煤耗;同时汽轮机排汽量增加,凝汽器真空下降,机组热经济性变差。本文以TRL工况为例,对该电厂加装低温省煤器后进行了计算,得出凝汽器真空下降1.617kPa。利用热平衡法与等效焓降法,对加装低温省煤器后机组热经济性进行计算。最终结果为:热平衡法得到加装低温省煤器后汽轮机热耗下降25.711kJ/(kW·h),机组发电煤耗降低0.959g/(kW·h);等效焓降法得到,加装低温省煤器后汽轮机热耗下降26.832kJ/(kW·h),机组发电煤耗降低1.001g/(kW·h)。说明加装低温省煤器具有良好的节能效果,同时也证明了等效焓降法与常规热平衡法的一致性。     

渣油制氨流程改进

现代的燃气轮机是一种较高效的发动机，热功转化效率可达３３％左右，高于蒸汽动力循环．渣油制氨生产过程中需大量动力，如适当使用燃气轮机，合理回收燃机排气余热，并在使用燃机的条件下重新优化生产流程，就可使渣油制氨的吨氨能耗下降至３４ＧＪ以下，并可不用高压动力锅炉，投资和生产成本都可降低．     

基于余热利用的活化MDEA法脱除CO2的天然气液化系统

沼气以及CO₂驱采油的伴生气中都含有大量的CO₂。为降低高含CO₂天然气液化的能耗,提出了活化甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）法脱除CO₂的天然气液化系统,将液化厂中驱动压缩机的燃气轮机烟气余热用于吸收剂的再生过程,实现能耗的降低。采用HYSYS软件对系统进行了模拟研究并对脱碳过程的关键参数进行了分析。结果表明,CO₂含量不超过10%时,脱碳再生的热耗可全部由烟气余热提供,CO₂含量为30%时,烟气余热可提供接近50%的再生热耗;CO₂含量为1%～30%时,系统的比功耗为0.577～0.611 kW·h/kg。     

Gas turbines in desalination plants

In many areas the increase in the demand for fresh water calls for a parallel growth in electric power supplies.Cogeneration plants with gas turbines have found many applications both in industrial and domestic fields. These plants make use of a simple waste heat boiler which recovers heat from a turbine exhaust.A dual-purpose plant based on gas turbines for combined production of electricity and fresh water is the most advantageous answer to such needs. This type of “total energy” system ensures maximum efficiency and consequently great fuel savings.     

生物质型CCHP系统的联合循环仿真及性能分析

利用ASPEN PLUS稳态模拟平台测试修正热力参数、流动过程的作用条件,以建立冷热电联供(CCHP)系统的联合循环,研究了系统中关键单元的热功转换过程,以及物流的流率、压力和温度分布,探讨了各输入参数对系统经济、技术和排放性能等的影响。结果表明:(1)预设工况下,燃气轮机进口温度为340℃,系统总能利用率达到94.65%,经济效率达到67.27%,CO2、CO、NO2、NO、SO2排放量分别为0.5kg·(kW·h)-1、1.025mg·(kW·h)-1、0.15g·(kW·h)-1、6g·(kW·h)-1、3.7g·(kW·h)-1;(2)随着空气流量的增加,燃气轮机和余热锅炉的排气温度急速下降,总能利用率上升,而相对节能率、当量效率和经济效率不断减小。因此,空气的量应控制在理论空气量的20%~40%之间;(3)随着空气温度及环境温度的升高,燃料的气化率会微小地下降,但系统的总体能效性能会提高。     

Conceptual design of a novel hybrid fuel cell/desalination system

A novel concept for integrating fuel cells with desalination systems is proposed and investigated in this work. Two unique case studies are discussed — the first involving a hybrid system with a reverse osmosis (RO) unit and the second — integrating with a thermal desalination process such as multi-stage flash (MSF). The underlying motivation for this system integration is that the exhaust gas from a hybrid power plant (fuel cell/turbine system) contains considerable amount of thermal energy, which may be utilized for desalination units. This exhaust heat can be suitably used for preheating the feed in desalination processes such as reverse osmosis which not only increases the potable water production, but also decreases the relative energy consumption by approximately 8% when there is an increase of just 8°C rise in temperature. Additionally, an attractive hybrid system application which combines power generation at 70%+ system efficiency with efficient waste heat utilization is thermal desalination. In this work, it is shown that the system efficiency can be raised appreciably when a high-temperature fuel cell co-generates DC power in-situ with waste heat suitable for MSF. Results indicate that such hybrid system could show a 5.6% increase in global efficiency. Such combined hybrid systems have overall system efficiencies (second-law base) exceeding those of either fuel-cell power plants or traditional desalination plants.     

Performance analysis of integrated biomass gasification fuel cell (BGFC) and biomass gasification combined cycle (BGCC) systems

Biomass gasification processes are more commonly integrated to gas turbine based combined heat and power (CHP) generation systems. However, efficiency can be greatly enhanced by the use of more advanced power generation technology such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The key objective of this work is to develop systematic site-wide process integration strategies, based on detailed process simulation in Aspen Plus, in view to improve heat recovery including waste heat, energy efficiency and cleaner operation, of biomass gasification fuel cell (BGFC) systems. The BGFC system considers integration of the exhaust gas as a source of steam and unreacted fuel from the SOFC to the steam gasifier, utilising biomass volatilised gases and tars, which is separately carried out from the combustion of the remaining char of the biomass in the presence of depleted air from the SOFC. The high grade process heat is utilised into direct heating of the process streams, e.g. heating of the syngas feed to the SOFC after cooling, condensation and ultra-cleaning with the Rectisol^® process, using the hot product gas from the steam gasifier and heating of air to the SOFC using exhaust gas from the char combustor. The medium to low grade process heat is extracted into excess steam and hot water generation from the BGFC site. This study presents a comprehensive comparison of energetic and emission performances between BGFC and biomass gasification combined cycle (BGCC) systems, based on a 4th generation biomass waste resource, straws. The former integrated system provides as much as twice the power, than the latter. Furthermore, the performance of the integrated BGFC system is thoroughly analysed for a range of power generations, ～100–997 kW. Increasing power generation from a BGFC system decreases its power generation efficiency (69–63%), while increasing CHP generation efficiency (80–85%).     

固定源废气处理的催化剂涂覆工艺研究进展

由工业固定源排放的NO_x和挥发性有机物（VOCs）是大气复合污染物的重要前体物质。整体式催化剂常被用于脱除NO_x和VOCs。涂覆法是可工业化大规模生产整体式催化剂的工艺之一,具有活性组分用量少、生产成本低的优点,此工艺被广泛用于固定源废气处理的催化剂制备领域。但是由于高通量烟气的冲刷会造成表面活性组分损失和寿命降低,限制其应用,所以在设计催化剂的过程中不但需要关注催化剂涂层的高活性,还需要重点考察其耐磨损性。本文综述了国内外用于固定源废气处理整体式催化剂涂覆工艺的研究进展,主要分析了预处理方法对蜂窝陶瓷载体物理化学性质的影响;重点综述了蜂窝陶瓷负载催化剂活性组分的常规涂覆方法,分为间接涂覆法和直接涂覆法,进一步对间接涂覆法的第二载体涂层进行分类探讨,简述了直接涂覆法的浆料配方及工艺参数对涂层性能的影响,然后对两种涂覆工艺的优缺点进行论述,最后总结了整体式催化剂在固定源废气（NO_x和VOCs）处理领域的相关应用。     

300MW机组发电煤耗影响因素分析

结合国电太原第一热电厂有限责任公司300 MW抽气凝汽式机组相关运行参数进行耗差分析,明确发电煤耗的主要影响因子,并提出合理化降耗建议。其方法是:第一步,假定管道效率在定值条件下,用图表直观描述汽机效率、锅炉效率对该机组发电煤耗的影响程度;第二步,与设计值相比,将汽机效率、锅炉效率的影响因子进行定量化分析,测算出该机组可控损失造成发电煤耗的增量,明确其发电煤耗主要影响因子为:主蒸汽压力、凝汽器真空度、最终给水温度、排烟含氧量、排烟温度,并有针对性地提出合理化降耗措施。     

煤炭热力学高效和化学高价值利用新工艺

提出一种煤炭热力学高效和化学高价值利用新工艺（TCCUC）,包括煤炭拔头技术-半焦富氧直燃制备燃气轮机高温工质系统-燃气发电-蒸汽发电系统-CO₂捕集技术-干馏拔头产物提质处理技术六个技术模块。该工艺通过煤干馏拔头和焦油加氢等技术,对煤中大分子碳氢化合物进行适当热解和对热解产物焦油加氢处理得到高价值的碳氢液体燃料,实现煤炭的化学高价值利用;通过高温过滤、半焦直燃、燃气轮机与蒸汽轮机相结合等方法,实现对煤炭燃烧过程中高位热能的充分利用,进一步提高热-电联产效率。     

Design and Optimization of an Innovative Solid Oxide Fuel Cell–Gas Turbine Hybrid Cycle for Small Scale Distributed Generation

Distributed power generation and cogeneration is an attractive way toward a more rational conversion of fuel and biofuel. The fuel cell‐gas turbine hybrid cycles are emerging as the most promising candidates to achieve distributed generation with comparable or higher efficiency than large‐scale power plants. The present contribution is devoted to the design and optimization of an innovative solid oxide fuel cell–gas turbine hybrid cycle for distributed generation at small power scale, typical of residential building applications. A 5 kW planar SOFC module, operating at atmospheric pressure, is integrated with a micro gas turbine unit, including two radial turbines and one radial compressor, based on an inverted Brayton cycle. A thermodynamic optimization approach, coupled with system energy integration, is applied to evaluate several design options. The optimization results indicate the existence of optimal designs achieving exergy efficiency higher than 65%. Sensitivity analyses on the more influential parameters are carried out. The heat exchanger network design is performed for an optimal configuration and a complete system layout is proposed. An example of hybrid system integration in a common residential building is discussed.     

碳化硅纤维的重要进展

碳化硅（SiC）及含钛SiC（基拉诺）纤维,在工艺技术、织造方法、复合材料制备和市场开拓方面均取得重要进展,特别是在汽车尾气处理、飞机和汽车发动机部件、船舶废气高温粉尘滤材、未来电厂锅炉涡轮叶片及核电站燃料棒等应用领域都取得了新的突破。因此宇部兴产公司于2010年底建成了中试厂,2013年将实现产业化,产能100 t/...     

CFD and PIV Investigation of Flow past a Single Hot Gas Filter

Ceramic candle filters have been developed for cleaning high‐temperature high‐pressure (HTHP) gas streams. They meet environmental and economical considerations in combined cycle power plants, where gas turbine blades can be protected from the erosion that occurs due to using HTHP exhaust from the fluidized bed. Ceramic candle filters are the most promising hot gas filtration technology, which has demonstrated high collection efficiencies at high‐temperature high‐pressure conditions. This paper reports computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental investigations of a candle filter. Experimentally, 18 and 108 μm particles are tracked in the vicinity of a filter using Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV). The images are processed to give the radius of convergence, which defines the critical trajectory for particles just impinging on the filter. In the computational investigation, constant filtration velocity boundary models have been used to investigate the filter in cross flow conditions using the CFD code FLUENT. Different approach (inlet) velocity to filter face velocity ratios and different face velocities (ranging from 2–5 cm/s) are used in the CFD calculation. Particles in the diameter range 1–100 μm are tracked through the domain. The radius of convergence is compared and plotted as a function of many parameters. Validation of the computational study in this work was adequate and the deposition process and the factors that affect the build up of the filter cake have also been studied.     

A clean,efficient system for producing Charcoal,Heat and Power (CHaP)

There is a strong domestic and industrial market for charcoal in the UK and is still used in many developing countries for cooking and heating as well as for many industrial applications. It is usually made in small-scale simple kilns that are very damaging to the environment, very inefficient and labour intensive. The Charcoal, Heat and Power (CHaP) process offers a method for producing clean efficient charcoal under pressurised conditions and uses the product gas from the carbonisation process to drive a small gas turbine to produce heat and power. The charcoal is produced using waste forestry matter and other waste wood, including that from sustainably managed forests. The CHaP system can also be used in developing countries where there is an excess of forestry waste and a shortage of fossil fuels.The CHaP process was initially designed, developed and a prototype system built. This paper discusses the CHaP design and the various components used, their separate development and integration into a system. Tests showed the process successfully produced a high quality charcoal and the product gas effectively used to drive a gas turbine. The CHaP technology was proven and a new novel system of producing charcoal under pressurised conditions was created coupled with a novel use of the product gas whose output was green heat and power. The initial CHaP prototype showed the process was capable of producing low emissions and is virtually carbon neutral.     

利用LNG冷能的有机朗肯循环系统的工质研究和变工况性能分析

以LNG冷能和废热源驱动的有机朗肯循环可以提高系统的能源利用率。通过流程模拟软件HYSYS对使用不同工质的朗肯循环系统进行了模拟分析,结果表明,丙烷是用于低温朗肯循环最合适的工质。循环工质的蒸发温度高低对系统的净输出功及效率影响较为明显,废热烟气的流量或温度的提升有助于改善系统的性能。选定一个合适的冷凝温度,既能保证系统单位质量LNG所能输出的净功在一个合理的范围内,又可以改善系统效率。