Restabilization of Acrylic Acid in Isoperibolic Reactors

The spontaneous polymerization, i.e, runaway, of acrylic acid during storage is a serious problem which may endanger life and facilities. In respond to a starting polymerization, effective emergency measures are necessary. For these investigations, a polytropic reactor setup, namely, an isoperibolic reactor is introduced to offer a rational access to restabilization studies. Furthermore, safety diagrams are created where the used amount of stabilizer is plotted against the polymerization progress in terms of the rising temperature. Such diagrams display the minimum required amount of the shortstopper (RESTAB?) for terminating a runaway polymerization. The suitability of the reaction setup is investigated using unstabilized acrylic acid.     

Concentration and separation of aqueous solutions of Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+ by dextran

The effects of water-soluble polymers on the concentration and separation of the aqueous solutions of the metal ions have been studied. The separation of metal ions can be possible by ultrafiltration-complexation process. The effect of Dextran, which is a water-soluble polymer, on the concentration and separation of metal ions (Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe³⁺) have been investigated by using EC-PEG 4000 alloy membranes. The permeability of these membranes for metal ions has been rrecorded at constant pressure but different pH values. It has been notices that the highest water-permeable membrane is also permeable towards Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺, but has shown a considerable retention for Fe³⁺ as a result of the hydrolysis of Fe³⁺. The retentions of metallic ions and metallic-ion-Dextran couples have been determined at constant pressure but different pH and polymer concentration values. It has been shown that Fe³⁺/Ni²⁺ and Fe³⁺/Cu²⁺ couples can be separated by using Dextran. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Thin-Layer Chromatography of Metal Ions in Formic Acid Medium on Impregnated and Unimpregnated Silica Gel G: Semiquantitative Determination of Fe3+, Cd2+, Th4+, Al3+, Zn2+, UO2+ 2, VO2+, Ce4+, and Ni2+

Abstract

The adsorption behavior of metal ions in the formic acid-sodium formate system using unimpregnated as well as impregnated silica gel G as thin layers has been studied. A remarkable result of this study is the dramatic selectivity of impregnated silica gel G thin layers when compared to the corresponding unimpregnated silica gel G thin layers. This impregnation effect provides us with a new adsorbent phase which is sufficiently stable in the formic acid-sodium formate medium. Some important ternary separations have been achieved on silica gel G thin layers. Al³⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Pb²⁺ have been qualitatively separated from mixtures of other ions. Cu²⁺ has been selectively separated on impregnated silica gel G thin layers. The semi-quantitative determination of nine metal ions on impregnated silica gel G layers has also been attempted.     

Fe3+、Co2+、Ni2+、Cu2+参与UV/类Fenton反应动力学研究

以活性艳红X-3B为研究对象,用4种3d轨道过渡金属离子协同UV作催化剂,以H2O2为氧化剂,探讨不同pH值、不同催化剂和氧化剂投入量对色度、COD去除效果的影响;通过改变温度研究4种过渡金属离子进行催化反应的活化能。结果表明,4种过渡金属离子都能发生类Fenton反应,且对活性艳红X-3B的降解速率模型符合二级反应速率模型,通过对反应速率、体系活化能和指前因子的量化研究,得知催化能力的大小顺序为Fe^3＋〉Cu^2＋〉Ni^2＋〉Co^2＋;受温度影响的大小程度排序为：Ni^2＋〉Co^2＋〉Cu^2＋〉Fe^3＋。     

二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠与Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Ni2+的络合性研究

在0.01 mol/L硼砂缓冲溶液中,以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)为配体,与Cu2 、Pb2 、Cd2 、Ni2 络合,用紫外可见分光光度法测定了金属络合物的吸收光谱,并计算出它们的稳定常数.实验结果表明,DDTC分别在257、282 nm处出现两个最大吸收峰,而Cu2 、Pb2 、Cd2 、Ni2 配合物分别在紫外区的304、305、303、321 nm处有最大吸收峰;DDTC与Cu2 、Pb2 、Cd2 、Ni2 形成的配合物的稳定常数分别为4.05×1011,2.67×1011,2.14×1011,4.01×1010,其稳定性顺序为:Cu(DDTC)2＞Pb(DDTC)2＞Cd(DDTC)2＞Ni(DDTC)2.     

Removal of Cu2+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Starch-Graft-Acrylic Acid Hydrogels

Gelatinized starch was prepared by constantly stirring a mixture of starch and water at 95°C for 1 hour. Starch-graft-acrylic acid (S-g-AA) hydrogels were prepared by grafting acrylic acid (AA) [monomer/starch (w/w) 0.5–1.5] onto gelatinized starch with ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator under nitrogen atmosphere. The surface morphology of samples was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The hydrogels were evaluated for the removal of Cu²⁺ ion from aqueous solutions at different pH. The concentration of Cu²⁺ ion in aqueous solution was kept constant at 4 mmol/L. The metal ion removal capacities changed depending on treatment time, initial pH of the solution, and monomer/starch (w/w) ratio of the S-g-AA hydrogels. Cu²⁺ ion removal capacities were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS).     

The effect of Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ during electrowinning of nickel

The effects of the impurities Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ on the current efficiency, physical appearance, purity, crystallographic orientation and surface morphology of the deposit and on nickel deposition polarization behaviour during nickel electrowinning were determined. The current efficiency did not change significantly in the presence of these impurities over the concentration range studied, but certain changes in the purity and physical appearance of the deposit were observed. Based on the physical appearance of the electrodeposited nickel, the tolerance limits of the impurities in the electrolyte are reported. The tolerance limit of Co²⁺ was a maximum at 500 p.p.m. and a minimum at 5 p.p.m. in the case of Fe²⁺. No deviation of nickel structure from fcc was observed in the presence of any of these impurities but the peak height values for different orientations showed variations with all the impurities and the values also changed with increase in the impurity concentrations. The surface morphology of electrodeposited nickel also changed in the presence of the impurities. The potentiodynamic scan curves for electrodeposition of nickel showed deviations in the presence of all the impurities except Cu²⁺. Based on the results, an attempt is made to correlate the effects of the various factors investigated.     

胺基稻草纤维的制备及对电镀废水中Fe3+、Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附

以稻草秸秆为原料,用多种胺基试剂经氯化和胺化反应对稻草秸秆进行改性,制成多种改性胺基稻草纤维并用于电镀废水中重金属离子Fe3+、Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附,并用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪等分析手段对改性纤维的表面形貌和结构性能进行了表征。实验结果表明:乙二胺基稻草纤维吸附Fe3+、Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+性能明显优于稻草纤维原料和其他胺基改性稻草纤维;胺基改性稻草纤维对金属离子吸附能力与含氮量有一定相关性;乙二胺基稻草纤维吸附电镀废液中Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn效果明显。     

重金属离子捕集剂DTCR处理含Cr3+,Cu2+,Ni2+废水工艺研究

文中以NaHSO3作还原剂,重金属捕集沉淀剂DTCR做螯合剂,处理含有重金属离子的电镀废水。用正交实验确定了各因子的最佳控制条件,对处理前后废水中的Cr3+,Cu2+,Ni2+等金属离子浓度进行了检测,并将生成的螯合物进行了溶出实验。研究结果表明:该工艺可同时处理多种重金属离子,工艺简单,条件温和,螯合剂可直接投放入池,无需增加特殊设备,效果好,处理后的废水达国家排放标准,且沉淀溶出率低,化学性质稳定,不会造成二次污染。因此,这是一种有效的电镀废水处理新方法。     

Competitive Adsorption of Ag+, Pb2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+ Ions on Vermiculite

Competitive adsorption of Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cd² ions on vermiuculite in a binary, ternary, and quaternary mixture was investigated in batch experiments. The effects of the presence of Ag⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cd²⁺ ions on the adsorption of Pb²⁺ ions were investigated in terms of the equilibrium isotherm. Experimental results indicated that Pb²⁺ ions always favorably adsorbed on vermiculite over Ag⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cd²⁺ ions. The adsorption equilibrium data of Pb²⁺ ions better fitted the Langmuir model than the Freundlich model. The results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was in good agreement with the experimental results for all metal ions, and the adsorption rate among the metal ions followed Ag⁺ > Pb²⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Cd²⁺. The desorption and regenration study indicated that vermiculite can be used repeatedly and be suitable for the design of a continuous process.     

Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ analysis of bioleaching solutions using chronoamperometry and BDD electrode

In this work, a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was evaluated for the electroanalytical determination of millimolar concentrations of Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ using chronoamperometry. The interfering role that each ion plays on the quantitative determination of other metal ion concentrations was also assessed. No interference from other metal ions was observed when Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ were analysed. By contrast, reduction of Fe³⁺ took place at the same potential where [Cu²⁺] was measured causing a minor interference to the Cu²⁺ signal. A multiple linear regression (MLR) calibration model was made for each analyte using real bioleaching samples, which demonstrated high coefficients of determination and adequate standard errors. The methods developed were used to monitor bioleaching of chalcopyrite for 4 months. The electroanalytical methods are particularly well-suited for analysing Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ concentration in acidic mine drainage (AMD) and bioleaching environments.     

Fe3O4/丙烯酸系磁性微球的制备及对Hg2+、Cu2+、Ni2+的吸附

以二乙烯苯为交联剂,采用悬浮聚合法制备了Fe3O4/丙烯酸系磁性吸附剂。聚合条件为:n(丙烯酸甲酯)∶n(二乙烯苯)=17∶1、w(引发剂)=1%、反应温度75~80℃、反应时间6 h。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外(IR)、热重分析(TGA)等对其进行了表征,并考察了它对金属离子的吸附性能。结果表明,制备的磁性吸附剂粒径35~55μm,w(Fe3O4)≈18%。吸附容量随pH升高而增加。饱和吸附容量qm(mmol/g)为:Hg2+2.3,Cu2+2.2,N i2+1.1。采用Lagergrent方程计算的吸附速率常数kad(m in-1)分别为:Hg2+0.023,Cu2+0.034,N i2+0.036。吸附剂可用c(H2SO4)=1 mol/L或c(HNO3)=0.5 mol/L再生。     

Influence of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Fe3+on filterability and settleability of drilling sludge

Solid–liquid separation is a vital step in drilling sludge disposal, and the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge are the main evaluating indicators for the separation process. The influence of Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),and Fe~(3+) on drilling sludge filterability and settleability was investigated in our research. The water content,filtration rate, supernatant volume and supernatant turbidity were measured to evaluate the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge. Meanwhile, the zeta potential, specific surface area of sludge flocs, particle size distribution and Fourier-transformed infrared spectra were employed to clarify the influencing mechanism.The experimental results showed that the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge were related to concentration and types of cations. Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),and Fe~(3+) performed better than Na~+, K~+, and the cations with smaller hydrated radius got superior solid–liquid separation behavior at same valence. Finally, the spectra indicated that no chemical adsorption occurred between inorganic cations and drilling sludge flocs. The variation of surface charge and flocs growth after adding different inorganic cations were the reasons for the changes of the filterability and settleability.     

Effect of Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ on properties of polyaniline nanoparticles

Uniform polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles with typical sizes of about 50 nm were electropolymerized on indium tin oxide surfaces in the presence of Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, or Zn²⁺. According to shaping theory, we first suggest the reason forming PANI spherical particles. Their conductivity, UV‐vis spectra, FTIR spectra, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis were investigated. The conductivities and crystallinity of PANI doped with these ions are higher than those of PANI doped with HCl (PANI/HCl). Both UV‐vis absorption spectra and FTIR spectra indicate the interactions between Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, or Zn²⁺ and PANI chains. TG analysis also shows that the thermal stability of PANI doped by Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, or Zn²⁺ is lower than that of PANI/HCl. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

溶胶-凝胶及水热法制备掺杂铁、铬离子的二氧化钛光催化剂

通过溶胶一凝胶法结合水热处理制备了掺杂铁或铬离子的纳米尺寸锐钛矿型TiO2光催化剂．用XRD、BET、TEM、EPR和UV-Vis DRS对样品进行了系列表征．在对活性偶氮染料XRG的降解中，可见光激发下适量掺杂的TiO2呈现出优于纯TiO2和P25的活性，同时掺杂并未降低其在紫外光激发下的活性．     

二价镍和二价铁溶液中镍含量的测定

采用先氧化二价铁再加入掩蔽剂的方法，减少大量二价铁离子对测定镍的干扰，控制pH在8-9，温度在70～80℃的条件下，采用丁二酮肟沉淀重量法测定镍铁溶液中镍的含量。方法准确可靠，达到测定要求，值得推广。     

Influence of Water and Supercooling on Permeability and Compressibility of Acrylic Acid Crystal Beds

The performance of a solid‐liquid separation process is often limited by size distribution and morphology of the crystals. To predict the filtration behavior, a robust and applicable model based only on crystallization process parameters is necessary. Therefore, a model has been successfully developed for the industrial system of aqueous acrylic acid melt to predict compressibility and permeability of a crystal bed. For this purpose, common equations are transferred successfully to nonspherical particles. Chord length distributions (CLDs) obtained from an inline focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) probe and crystal aspect ratios have been used in combination to determine the major input parameters for the model. Integration of a complex mathematical restoration of crystal size distribution (CSD) from CLD data by the use of existing models is avoided. Considering acceptable fault tolerances of the model, a simple approach used as a robust industrial application is employed. The adjustment of all required constants used in the permeability model was based on simple filtration tests.     

聚丙烯酸改性凹土对Pb2+、Ni2+和Cr3+的选择性吸附

通过凹土的表面功能化开发高性能低成本的吸附材料,采用溶液聚合法在其表面接枝聚丙烯酸,制备出聚丙烯酸/凹土吸附材料(PAA/ATP),系统考察了PAA/ATP对Pb²⁺、Ni²⁺和Cr³⁺三元混合体系的吸附性能。结果表明:PAA/ATP复合吸附材料的有机物接枝率为14.1%,其结构中出现聚丙烯酸的特征官能团;PAA/ATP吸附Pb²⁺的动力学符合拟二级动力学,即化学吸附是速率控制步骤,说明PAA/ATP对Pb²⁺的吸附是一个有化学作用的过程,吸附过程与Pb²⁺和吸附剂PAA/ATP表面官能团之间的电子转移或电子共用有关;PAA/ATP对Pb²⁺的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型;PAA/ATP对Pb²⁺、Ni²⁺和Cr³⁺的竞争吸附能力依次为Pb²⁺ > Cr³⁺ > Ni²⁺,即对Pb²⁺具有较好的选择性吸附。     

Synthesis of a novolac‐based 3‐aminopropylsiloxane resin and its application for the removal of Cu2+, Cr3+, and Ni2+ from electroplating wastewater

Novolac resin was modified with 3‐aminopropyltrimthoxysilane to obtain phenol‐formaldehyde‐aminopropylsiloxane resin (PF‐APS). Fourier transformation infra‐red spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, and pH‐metric titration were used to characterize PF‐APS. Its chemical formula was suggested to be C₁₄H_12.49N_0.1O₂Si_0.1. The resin shows high experimental metal ions uptake capacity within short time of equilibration. The metal capacity was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry to be 0.787 mEq Cu/g. Maximum separation efficiencies of Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Ni²⁺ from aqueous solutions on PF‐APS were at pH 8.0 and time of stirring 60 min; 94.0%, 90.8%, 83.2%, respectively. No significant interference from the background ions Na⁺, Cl^?, and was observed on the separation process. The heavy metal ions were eluted using 0.01 mol L^?1 EDTA at 65°C releasing >94% of the separated metal ions. The method of separation was applied successfully to remove the heavy metal ions Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Ni²⁺ from electroplating wastewater from Dekirnis, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40993.