Compatibilization of ethylene/maleic anhydride/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer for poly(phenylene sulfide)/poly(amide‐66) blends

In this article, a terpolymer of ethylene, maleic anhydride, and glycidyl methacrylate (EMG) was used to enhance the compatibilization between poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) and polyamide‐66 (PA66). The mechanical properties, morphology, crystalline and melting behavior, and rheology of blends were discussed. The results showed that EMG was a good compatibilizer for PPS and PA66 through chemical reaction with them. The new generated polymer could prevent the aggregation of dispersed particles and reinforce the interface bonding. In addition, it could not only act as a nucleating agent for PA66 to refine its spherulites and improve its crystallinity but also promote the apparent viscosity of blends and enhance the non‐Newtonian behavior. The results will be useful to make high performance PPS/PA66 alloy with low cost and enlarge the application scope of PPS and PA66 resin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

开发中的PET/PA66共混体系

塑料合金化是当今塑料工业的发展方向。PET和PA66树脂都是大品种工程塑料,两者如能构成共混体系理应引起人们的兴趣,但至今尚未见有商品出售。本文介绍了80年代开始国外对该共混体系的机械性能、酯-酰胺反应、氢键、结晶性能、结构和熔体的流变性能所作的研究工作。     

MPPO/PA66合金体系流变性能的研究

研究了MPPO／PA66组成、相容剂用量、加工温度等因素对MPPO／PA66合金体系流变性能的影响。结果表明相容剂用量的增加、加工温度的升高等都能降低体系的粘度，改善其加工流动性。     

E-MA-GMA增容剂对PPS/PA66共混体系性能的影响

研究了增容剂乙烯(E)-丙烯酸酯(MA)-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)共聚物(E-MA-GMA)对聚苯硫醚(PPS)/聚酰胺(PA)66共混体系的相容性、力学性能、热性能、流变性能的影响。结果表明,增容剂的加入,增加了共混体系的相容性,提高了共混物的力学性能;DSC结果表明,E-MA-GMA影响共混体系的结晶和熔融行为;流变性能测试结果表明,增容PPS/PA66共混体系是假塑性流体,E-MA-GMA用量增加,使共混体系的表观黏度增大。     

Effect of clay on the morphology of blends of poly(propylene) and polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites

PP/NPA6 blends composed of poly(propylene) (PP) and polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites (NPA6) were prepared by twin‐screw extrusion and melt‐drawn into ribbons by a ribbon extrusion process. The influence of clay on the morphology of PP/NPA6 ribbons was investigated by means of field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The results show that at low clay content (3, 5 wt%), NPA6 exhibited continuous lamellar structure in PP as pristine PA6 did in a PP/PA6 blend, but at a higher clay content (10 wt%) only ellipsoids or elongated ellipsoids were observed. In order to explain the morphological difference, two factors, ie the compatibilization effect and melt rheology, have been taken into consideration. It has been found that both factors, and probably mainly the variation in melt rheology, were responsible for the morphological difference in the PP/NPA6 blends with different clay contents under the extensional flow field. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Friction and wear mechanisms of PA66/PPS blend reinforced with carbon fiber

The mechanical and tribological properties of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyamide 66 (PA66)/polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) blend composite were studied in this article. It was found that CF reinforcement greatly increases the mechanical properties of PA66/PPS blend. The friction coefficient of the sample decreases with the increase of CF content. When CF content is lower (below 30%), the wear resistance is deteriorated by the addition of CF. However, the loading of higher than 30% CF significantly improves the tribological properties of the blend. The lowest friction coefficient (0.31) and the wear volume (1.05 mm³) were obtained with the PA66/PPS blend containing 30% CF. The transfer film and the worn surface formed by sample during sliding were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The observations revealed that the friction coefficient of PA66/PPS/CF composite depends on the formation and development of a transfer film on the counterface. The abrasive wear caused by ruptured CFs (for lower CF content) and the load bearing ability of CFs (for higher CF content) are the major factors affecting the wear volume. In addition, the improvements of mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and self‐lubrication of bulk CFs are also contributed to the wear behavior of PA66/PPS/CF composite. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

聚苯醚接枝马来酸酐/聚酰胺66共混物的制备与性能

通过辐照法将马来酸酐(MAH)基团接枝到聚苯醚(PPE)上,制备了PPE-g-MAH,将其和聚酰胺(PA)66通过熔融共混挤出方法制备了PPE-g-MAH/PA66共混物。采用差示扫描量热、吸水性实验、维卡软化和热变形实验、拉伸和冲击性能测试及动态力学性能测试等对PPE-g-MAH/PA66共混物性能进行了研究。结果表明,与PPE/PA66共混物相比,PPE-g-MAH/PA66共混物的耐热性能、力学性能和吸水性能均得到改善;随PPE-g-MAH含量的增加,PPE-g-MAH/PA66共混物中PA66的熔融温度和玻璃化转变温度均向PPE方向移动,表明两者的相容性有所提升,且共混物的维卡软化温度、热变形温度、25℃之前的储能模量均升高,吸水率降低;当PPE-g-MAH含量较低时,共混物拉伸强度提升明显而冲击强度升幅较小,当PPE-g-MAH含量较高时,共混物冲击强度提升明显而拉伸强度基本不变。因此,可以根据实际的应用要求选择合适的PPE-g-MAH含量。     

Mechanical and tribological properties of PA66/PPS blend. II. Filled with PTFE

The mechanical and tribological properties of 70 vol % PA66/30 vol % PPS blend filled with different content of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were studied in this paper. It was found that the addition of PTFE impairs the mechanical properties of PA66/PPS blend, but greatly increases the wear resistance and decreases the friction coefficient. When PTFE content exceeds 20 vol %, the friction coefficient of composite is minimum (0.15) and lower than that of pure PTFE under the same conditions (0.22). The lowest wear volume (0.44 mm³) is obtained with PA66/PPS/30 vol % PTFE composite, which decreased by 91% compared with unfilled PA66/PPS blend (4.99 mm³). The topography of transfer film and the elemental distribution were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), respectively. Because of the characteristic crystalline structure, PTFE preferentially transferred to the steel ring surface and formed a thin, uniform and firmly adhered transfer layer, which reduced the ability of PA66/PPS blend to transfer and prevent the adhesion between the sample and the couterface. In addition, the superior lubrication of PTFE inhibited the frictional heat melting during sliding. All these aspects are close related to the friction and wear behavior of PA66/PPS/PTFE composite. Upon the addition of PTFE, thermal control of friction regime is not applicable to the PA66/PPS blend. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 969–977, 2006     

Polysulphone and poly(phenylene sulphide) blends: 1. Thermal characterization and phase morphology

The phase behaviour and morphology of injection moulded specimens of polysulphone (PSF) and poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.), dynamical mechanical thermal analysis (d.m.t.a.) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The blends are phase separated regardless of the blend composition as revealed by d.s.c., d.m.t.a. and TEM. Upon annealing at 160°C for 2 h, d.m.t.a. results indicate that the PPS phase remains in the amorphous state at compositions <10%. At compositions between 20 and 35%, the PPS appears to be dispersed in a mixed mode of amorphous and crystalline domains. Above 35% the PPS phase appears to become fully crystallized upon annealing of the blends. At 10% PPS, TEM results showed 35–200 nm size dispersion both in the as-moulded and in the annealed specimens. At 20% the PPS phase varied widely in size, from 35 nm to tens of micrometres but remained as an included phase. TEM also revealed a compound morphology of the included phase at a composition of 50 wt% of each component.     

Study on in situ reinforcing and toughening of a semiflexible thermotropic copolyesteramide in PBT/PA66 blends

Ternary in situ composites based on poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), polyamide 66 (PA66), and semixflexible liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) were systematically investigated. The LCP used was an ABA30/PET liquid crystalline copolyesteramide based on 30 mol % of p‐aminobenzoic acid (ABA) and 70 mol % of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The specimens for thermal and rheological measurements were prepared by batch mixing, while samples for mechanical tests were prepared by injection molding. The results showed that the melting temperatures of the PBT and PA66 phases tend to decrease with increasing LCP addition. They also shifted toward each other due to the compatibilization of the LCP. The torque measurements showed that the ternary blends exhibited an apparent maximum near 2.5–5 wt % LCP. Thereafter, the viscosity of the blends decreased dramatically at higher LCP concentrations. Furthermore, the torque curves versus the PA66 composition showed that the binary PBT/PA66 blends can be classified as negative deviation blends (NDBs). The PBT/PA66/LCP blends containing up to 15 wt % LCP were termed as positive deviation blends (PDBs), while the blends with the LCP ≥25 wt % exhibited an NDB behavior. Finally, the tensile tests showed that the stiffness and tensile strength of ternary in situ composites were generally improved with increasing LCP content. The impact strength of ternary composites initially increased by the LCP addition, then deteriorated when the LCP content was higher than 10 wt %. The correlation between the mechanical properties and morphology of the blends is discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1975–1988, 2000     

PPS/PA6合金的研究

为了改善聚苯硫醚(PPS)的性能,降低应用成本,制备了一系列不同组成的PPS／尼龙6(PA6)合金,通过热失重分析,拉伸性能、冲击性能测试及扫描电子显微镜观察等研究了合金的热行为、力学性能及微观形态：结果表明,PPS／PA6合金具有良好的耐热性能,PPS和PA6有较好的相容性,PA6的加入可以改善PPS的力学性能。     

TLCPa/PA 66的非等温结晶动力学

研究了新型热致液晶聚酰胺(TLCPa)与聚酰胺(PA)66熔融共混物的非等温结晶行为。w(TLCPa)为0～30％的共混物的结晶温度和结晶度分别从PA 66的235．83℃和39．8％逐步下降为224．70℃和30．8％．PA 66的结晶明显受到抑制。w(TLCPa)为10％的共混物的Ozawa指数从PA 66的3～4降为2左右,共混物有着不同于纯PA 66的成核和晶体生长机理。TLCPa与PA 66具有较好的相容性。     

柠檬酸原位增容聚苯醚/尼龙66合金的研究

为解决聚苯醚(PPE)和尼龙66(PA66)的相容问题,选用柠檬酸进行原位增容,采用两种不同的挤出共混方式制备PPE/PA66合金,并与现有增容剂PPE-g-MAH的增容效果进行了对比。考察增容剂对合金力学性能和微观形貌的影响,并探讨柠檬酸的增容机理。结果表明,柠檬酸原位增容时,选用两步挤出工艺,能够得到力学性能优良的合金,当柠檬酸用量为1份时,合金的拉伸强度为70.31 MPa,弯曲强度为89.23 MPa,冲击强度为15.76 kJ/m2。用柠檬酸原位增容时,合金的分散相尺寸明显减小,均匀性得到改善。。     

Mechanical and tribological properties of PA66/PPS blend. III. Reinforced with GF

Based on previous work, 70 vol % PA66/30 vol % PPS blend was selected as a matrix, and the PA66/PPS blend reinforced with different content of glass fiber (GF) was prepared in this study. The mechanical properties of PA66/PPS/GF composites were studied, and the tribological behaviors were tested on block‐on‐ring sliding wear tester. The results showed that 20–30 vol % GF greatly increases the mechanical properties of PA66/PPS blend. When GF content is 20 vol %, the friction coefficient of composite is the lowest (0.35), which is decreased by 47% in comparison with the unfilled blend. The wear volume of the GF‐reinforced PA66/PPS blend composite decreases with the increase of GF content. However, the wear‐resistance is not apparently improved by the addition of GF in the experimental range for comparison with unfilled PA66/PPS blend. The worn surface and the transfer film on the counterface were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observations revealed that the friction coefficient of composite depends on the formation and development of a transfer film. The wear mechanism involves polymer matrix wear and fiber wear. The former consists of melting wear and plastic deformation of the matrix, while the latter includes fiber sliding wear, cracking, rupturing, and pulverizing. The contributions of the matrix wear and the fiber wear determine the ultimate wear volume of PA66/PPS/GF composite. In addition, the abrasive action caused by the ruptured glass fiber is also a very important factor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 523–529, 2006     

Clay locked phase morphology in the PPS/PA66/clay blends during compounding in an internal mixer

In this communication, we will demonstrate, by using poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS)/polyamide66 (PA66) blends as an example, the clay can not only affect the phase morphology in immiscible polymer blends, but also frozen in the phase inversion. By adjusting the processing method, an inversed phase, where the minor component PA66 forms the continue phase and the major component PPS forms the dispersed phase, is observed for the first time. This is explained as due to the locking effects of clay layers on the phase development. The result is interesting and also very important, which provides a new way to control the phase morphology and phase inversion in immiscible polymer blends by using clay.     

离聚物surlyn对PET/PA66共混物性能的影响

摘要：采用傅里叶红外光谱、示差扫描量热法（DSC）考察了离聚物surlyn对PET/PA66共混体系结构、结晶性能的影响;通过低剪切速率下流变性能测试、力学性能测试以及热变形温度测试,考察了离聚物对该体系流变性能、力学性能、耐热性能的影响。实验结果表明：加入离聚物Surlyn增加了界面的粘接力和分子间的链缠结,使共混体系的相容性得到了提高,其中以离聚物Surlyn含量在10%效果较好。     

加工方式对PPO-PA66合金的影响

为解决聚苯醚(PPO)和尼龙66(PA66)的相容问题,选用马来酸酐接枝SEBS(SEBS-g-MAH)进行原位增容,采用三种不同的挤出共混方式,制备了PPO/PA66合金,结果表明,挤出共混方式对合金的性能有很大的影响,当PPO和相容剂第一步挤出,再和PA66第二步挤出时,所得的合金性能明显高于其余两种方式。SEM和DSC结果表明,采用PPO和相容剂先挤出的方法,所得的合金相界面均匀,相尺寸减小,相容性得到改善。     

Mechanical properties and morphology of PA6/EVA blends

The mechanical properties of blends of polyamide6 (PA6) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) at a blending composition of 0–50 wt % EVA were studied. The notched Izod impact strength of PA6 increased with the incorporation of EVA, the increase being more than 100% compared to PA6 at 10% EVA. The tensile strength and the tensile modulus of the blends decreased steadily as the weight percent of EVA increased. Analysis of the tensile data using predictive theories indicated the extent of the interaction of the dispersed phase and the matrix up to 20 wt % EVA. SEM studies of the cryogenically fractured surfaces indicated increase in the dispersed phase domain size with EVA concentrations. On the other hand, impact fractured surfaces of PA6/EVA blends indicated debonding of EVA particles, leaving hemispherical bumps, indicating inadequate interfacial adhesion between PA6 and EVA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1593–1606, 2002     

聚苯硫醚/玻璃微珠复合材料体系的相容性及非等温结晶动力学研究

采用熔融共混挤出法制备了聚苯硫醚(PPS)/玻璃微珠(GB)复合材料,考察了PPS/GB复合材料的相容性、结晶形态,并采用Ozawa方程和R-t关系法研究了复合材料的非等温结晶动力学。结果表明,PPS/GB复合材料在熔融状态下两相之间有良好的相容性,而在固态条件下随着GB含量增加存在分散不均匀现象。复合体系中PPS主要生成球晶,GB在PPS基体中起异相成核作用,加速其结晶。Ozawa方程和R-t关系法能较好地描述复合材料的非等温结晶动力学。     

聚醚醚酮/聚苯硫醚共混体系的相容性和力学性能研究

研究了聚醚醚酮(PEEK)/聚苯硫醚(PPS)共混体系的加工流变行为,共混体系在不同状态下的相容性,以及相容性与力学性能的内在关联。结果表明,PPS的加入显著改善了共混体系的流动性;该共混体系在熔融状态具有良好的相容性,但在固态条件下呈明显的相分离状态;共混体系的宏观力学性能受固态下的相分离控制,力学性能随PPS含量的增加而下降,其变化趋势与相分离呈负指数关系。