木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇的研究现状

介绍了近年来国内外木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇的技术现状。评述了纤维素原料生产乙醇的预处理及水解为葡萄糖和发酵成酒精的各生产工艺。分析了各工艺的技术特点和经济性。提出应进一步加强纤维素生产燃料乙醇的研究。     

木质纤维素材料预处理研究进展

介绍了木质纤维素材料的抗降解屏障、影响预处理效果的因素、高效预处理的评价标准,并就目前研究较多的酸法、碱法、有机溶剂、蒸汽爆破几种木质纤维素材料预处理技术的相关研究情况进行了综述。最后对预处理技术的发展方向予以展望。     

Optimisation of steam pretreatment of SO2-impregnated mixed softwoods for ethanol production

Pretreatment of mixed softwoods with SO₂ impregnation and steam for production of ethanol has been investigated. The optimal conditions, both for sugar yield and ethanol yield, to assess the effect of inhibitors formed in the pretreatment, have been determined. The parameters investigated were: SO₂ concentration (1–6% (w/w) dry matter), temperature (190–230°C) and residence time (2–15 min). After pretreatment, the material was separated into a solid residue and a filtrate. The solid residue was enzymatically hydrolysed with 2% dry matter (w/w). To investigate fermentability, the hydrolysed filtrate was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effects of the different parameters are described by response-surface modelling. The highest experimental sugar yield of 42·1 g per 100 g dry matter was obtained at 210°C and 5·5 min residence time. Although the fermentabilities were good for all filtrates with yields greater than 90% of the yield obtained in a pure glucose reference solution, the pretreatment has a clear influence on the ethanol production rate. © 1998 SCI     

木质纤维素水解制取燃料乙醇研究进展

以木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇具有原料可再生性和环境友好的优点而备受重视.本文介绍了国内外木质纤维素制取燃料乙醇中的水解工艺过程,包括浓酸水解、稀酸水解和酶水解工艺,分析了各工艺的技术特点,同时指出稀酸预处理-酶水解工艺将成为近几年国内外研究和开发的重点.     

Investigation of cellulose convertibility and ethanolic fermentation of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by wet oxidation and steam explosion

Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated by wet oxidation (WO) at 195 °C for 15 min under either alkaline, neutral or acidic conditions, and by steam explosion (STEX) at 205 °C for 10 min. Alkaline WO was more favourable than neutral and acidic WO for the following enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, giving 792 g kg^?1 glucose yield after 48 h. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the fibres in the whole slurry was inhibited by inhibitory compounds contained in the prehydrolysate in comparison with the hydrolysis of the washed solid fibres in buffer. The inhibition increased proportionally with formic acid concentration in the pretreated liquid fraction. Cellulose conversion was higher for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) than for separate hydrolysis. The highest SSF conversion (829 g kg^?1) was obtained for the material treated by alkaline WO. The fermentability of the prehydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated. Stronger inhibition of ethanolic fermentation was observed in the prehydrolysate obtained by steam explosion. The inhibition was more noticeable for the volumetric productivity than for the ethanol yield. The volumetric productivity was reduced by 94.5 and 91.2% for STEX and WO, respectively, whereas the ethanol yield was reduced only by 45.2 and 31.0%, correspondingly, for STEX and WO. Furan aldehydes seemed to be mainly responsible for the inhibition of the fermentation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

植物纤维原料酶水解制取燃料乙醇的研究

综述了植物纤维原料酶水解制燃料乙醇的几种常见预处理方法,两步法发酵和同步糖化发酵,国内外植物纤维酶水解法制燃料乙醇产业化现状并总结了目前酶水解制取燃料乙醇存在的问题及对应的对策。     

Alkaline sulfite/anthraquinone pretreatment followed by disk refining of Pinus radiata and Pinus caribaea wood chips for biochemical ethanol production

BACKGROUND: Alkaline sulfite/anthraquinone (ASA) cooking of Pinus radiata and Pinus caribaea wood chips followed by disk refining was used as a pretreatment for the production of low lignified and high fibrillated pulps. The pulps produced with different delignification degrees and refined at different energy inputs (250, 750 and 1600 Wh) were saccharified with cellulases and fermented to ethanol with Saccharomyces cerevisiae using separated hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) or semi‐simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF) processes. RESULTS: Delignification of ASA pulps was between 25% and 50%, with low glucans losses. Pulp yield was from 70 to 78% for pulps of P. radiata and 60% for the pulp of P. caribaea. Pulps obtained after refining were evaluated in assays of enzymatic hydrolysis. Glucans‐to‐glucose conversion varied from 20 to 70%, depending on the degree of delignification and fibrillation of the pulps. The best ASA pulp of P. radiata was used in SHF and SSSF experiments of ethanol production. Such experiments produced maximum ethanol concentration of 20 g L^?1, which represented roughly 90% of glucose conversion and an estimated amount of 260 L ethanol ton^?1 wood. P. caribaea pulp also presented good performance in the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation but, due to the low amount of cellulose present, only 140 L ethanol would be obtained from each ton of wood. CONCLUSION: ASA cooking followed by disk refining was shown to be an efficient pretreatment process, which generated a low lignified and high‐fibrillated substrate that allowed the production of ethanol from the softwoods with high conversion yields. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

纤维质酒精预处理液中抑制剂脱毒方法研究进展

利用纤维质原料生产燃料酒精是目前研究的热点。综述了纤维质原料预处理液中抑制物脱毒方法的研究进展。介绍了抑制物形成、抑制机理、抑制物对微生物生长和酒精发酵的影响以及脱毒方法的进展情况。指出选择适宜的预处理及脱毒方法、尤其选育耐抑制物的菌株是实现纤维质原料生产燃料酒精工业化研究的重点。     

An approach to optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse based on organosolv pretreatment

BACKGROUND: The organosolv pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material and subsequent fermentation of the hydrolysate produced, was the strategy used for ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. The effect of different operational variables affecting the pretreatment (the catalyst type and its concentration, and the pretreatment time) and enzymatic hydrolysis stage (substrate concentration, cellulase loading, addition of xylanase and Tween 20, and the cellulase/β‐glucosidase ratio), were investigated. RESULTS: The best values of glucose concentration (28.8 g L^?1) and yield (25.1 g per 100 g dry matter) were obtained when the material was pretreated with 1.25% (w/w) H₂SO₄ for 60 min, and subsequently hydrolyzed using 10% (w/v) substrate concentration in a reaction medium supplemented with xylanase (300 UI g^?1) and Tween 20 (2.5% w/w). Fermentation of the broth obtained under these optimum conditions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in an ethanol yield of 92.8% based on the theoretical yield, after 24 h. CONCLUSION: Organosolv pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse under soft conditions, and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material with a cellulolytic system supplemented with xylanase and Tween 20, is a suitable procedure to obtain a glucose rich hydrolysate efficiently fermentable to ethanol by Sacharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

木薯酒精渣的预处理及补料同步糖化发酵制取乙醇

木薯酒精渣的处置是制约木薯燃料乙醇大规模产业化的问题之一。本文立足于探索木薯酒精渣利用途径,分析了木薯酒精渣的主要成分,对比了氨水、氢氧化钠、氨水组合稀硫酸3种预处理方式对于木薯酒精渣纤维素和木素含量及纤维素酶水解效率的影响,分析了处理前后木薯酒精渣的表面结构及纤维素结晶度,并以氨水处理后的木薯酒精渣为底物,进行了同步糖化发酵。结果表明,3种预处理方法中组合预处理能更好地增加纤维素含量和提高纤维素酶水解效率,与未处理原料相比,组合预处理后纤维素含量增加了111.26%,木素下降了35.05%,酶水解72h纤维素转化率从42.10%增加到61.71%。氨水预处理后,原料的木素含量降低,处理后木薯酒精渣的表面变得更加粗糙,纤维素结晶度有所增加,以氨水处理后的木薯酒精渣为底物进行分批补料同步糖化发酵,当初始底物浓度为100.0g/L,分别在20h、40h、60h进行补料至最终底物浓度为400.0g/L时,发酵120h乙醇浓度达到51.0g/L。     

Wet oxidation pre‐treatment of woody yard waste: parameter optimization and enzymatic digestibility for ethanol production

Woody yard waste with high lignin content (22% of dry matter (DM)) was subjected to wet oxidation pre‐treatment for subsequent enzymatic conversion and fermentation. The effects of temperature (185–200 °C), oxygen pressure (3–12 bar) and addition of sodium carbonate (0–3.3 g per 100 g DM biomass) on enzymatic cellulose and hemicellulose (xylan) convertibility were studied. The enzymatic cellulose conversion was highest after wet oxidation for 15 min at 185 °C with addition of 12 bars of oxygen and 3.3 g Na₂CO₃ per 100 g waste. At 25 FPU (filter paper unit) cellulase g^?1 DM added, 58–67% and 80–83% of the cellulose and hemicellulose contained in the waste were converted into monomeric sugars. The cellulose conversion efficiency during a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) assay at 10% DM was 79% for the highest enzyme loading (25 FPU g^?1 DM) while 69% conversion efficiency was still reached at 15 FPU g^?1 DM. Total carbohydrate recoveries were high (91–100% for cellulose and 72–100% for hemicellulose) and up to 49% of the original lignin and 79% of the hemicellulose could be solubilized during wet oxidation treatment and converted into carboxylic acids mainly (total carboxylic acids = 3.1–7.4% on DM basis). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of several factors on peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis

BACKGROUND: Lignocellulose should undergo pretreatment to enhance its enzymatic digestibility before being saccharified. Peracetic acid (PAA) is a strong oxidant that can remove lignin under mild conditions. The sulfuric acid in the PAA solution also can cause degradation of hemicelluloses. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of several factors on peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. RESULTS: It was found that PAA charge, liquid/solid (l/s) ratio, temperature, time, interactions between PAA charge and l/s ratio, temperature and time, all had a very significant effect on the enzymatic conversion ratio of cellulose. The relative optimum condition was obtained as follows: PAA charge 50%, l/s ratio 6:1, temperature 80 °C and time 2 h. More than 80% of the cellulose in bagasse treated under the above conditions was converted to glucose by cellulase of 20 FPU g^?1 cellulose. Compared with H₂SO₄ and NaOH pretreatments under the same mild conditions, PAA pretreatment was the most effective for enhancement of enzymatic digestibility. CONCLUSION: PAA pretreatment could greatly enhance the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by removing hemicelluloses and lignin, but removal of lignin was more helpful. This study can serve as a step to further optimization of PAA pretreatment and understanding the mechanism of enhancement of enzymatic digestibility. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

水热预处理竹子促进酶解的效果及其影响因素

采用间歇式水热预处理装置,研究了水热预处理用于竹子的酶解规律,探讨了不同温度、处理时间、纤维素酶添加量及原料种类对促进竹子酶解的效果及其影响。结果表明水热预处理能显著提升竹子的酶解率,在优化条件190℃、10 min水热预处理,添加15 FPU·(g葡聚糖)^-1纤维素酶,72 h葡聚糖与木聚糖酶解率分别为74.3%、54.0%,提高到原来的3.5倍和4.7倍。过高的预处理温度与过长的预处理时间都将导致木糖大量降解和部分葡萄糖降解,使单糖总量下降。纤维素酶的添加量从15 FPU·(g 葡聚糖)^-1提高到60 FPU·(g 葡聚糖)^-1,可使未作预处理和水热预处理竹子的总糖回收率分别提高21.5%和9.9%,其促进酶解的作用远低于预处理的效果,通过预处理增大酶的可及性是提高酶解率的关键。水热预处理对于生物质原料具有选择性,不同的竹子原料具有显著不同的效果。     

纤维素乙醇的原料预处理方法及工艺流程研究进展

木质纤维生物质是储量丰富且最有前景的生产燃料乙醇的可再生生物质资源,利用木质纤维生物质生产乙醇主要包括以下步骤：原料预处理、发酵以及产物分离纯化,其中,原料的预处理工艺是限制纤维素乙醇产业化的一个技术瓶颈。本文对酸法、碱法、蒸汽爆破法、合成气法等7种典型预处理方法进行了介绍并对其工艺流程进行简要的说明,同时对不同的预处理方法的优劣、适用范围和工艺流程转化效率等进行了对比,以期为纤维素乙醇预处理方法的工艺选择和评价提供一些参考。提出了纤维素乙醇的产业化前景：不同预处理技术的合理结合使用会有效提高转化率;较好的过程设计能够降低成本,有利于整个过程的经济性。     

木质纤维素转化为燃料乙醇的研究进展

以木质纤维素为原料生产燃料乙醇的生物转化方法包括预处理、酶水解和发酵过程,对这些过程中的技术进展以及解决现存问题的方法进行了评述。氨法爆破技术是较好的预处理方法,超声波、微波处理等新技术有助于改善酶水解。阐述了酶水解机理、纤维素酶的生产以及酶水解过程的优化方法。指出固定化酶糖化发酵技术在生物转化木质纤维原料技术中的前景广阔;选择合适的发酵方法,优化发酵过程,以及解决抑制问题对于提高乙醇产率尤为重要;利用基因重组技术构建旨在发酵混合糖的重组菌对于生产生物乙醇具有里程碑意义。     

甘蔗渣的酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理及其酶解

预处理可以打破木质纤维素原料纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大组分间的顽抗结构,从而提升纤维素基质可酶解性。本文针对目前常压甘油有机溶剂预处理花费时间过长的问题,尝试开展酸催化的常压甘油有机溶剂预处理研究以缩短预处理时间。实验通过单因素选择和响应面Box-Behnken设计优化,获得酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理的最佳条件为：预处理温度245℃,预处理时间38min,硫酸添加质量0.1%。在此条件下获得基质48h酶解率的响应面预测值为94.0%,实际值为91.4%。结果表明响应面优化方案和回归模型适用于本实验,预处理显著提高了基质可酶解性。高浓度基质（15%～20%）酶解进一步证明了预处理后基质具有突出的可酶解性,20%浓度基质在酶载量5FPU/g干基质条件下批次酶解72h,酶解率达60%,葡萄糖浓度达83.4g/L。酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂酸预处理在明显缩短预处理时间的同时,能显著提高木质纤维素基质可酶解性,使后续工业化意义的浓醪酶解糖化成为可能。     

湿式氧化法预处理高浓度合成制药废水的研究

以高浓度化学合成制药废水为研究对象,考察了湿式氧化法预处理对COD去除率的影响规律,并考察了均相催化剂的催化效果。结果表明,均相催化剂的添加能够大幅度提高COD的去除率,对于进水COD为30 000 mg/L的废水,在湿式氧化法预处理过程中添加硫酸铜能够使COD去除率从54.6%提高到76.5%以上。     

Alkali pretreatment of softwood spruce and hardwood birch by NaOH/thiourea,NaOH/urea,NaOH/urea/thiourea,and NaOH/PEG to improve ethanol and biogas production

Alkali‐dissolution pretreatment of softwood spruce and hardwood birch to improve ethanol and biogas production was investigated. The pretreatments were carried out at different temperatures between ? 15 and 80 °C with NaOH/thiourea (7/5.5 wt%), NaOH/urea (7/12 wt%), NaOH/urea/thiourea (7/8/6.5 wt%), and NaOH/PEG (7/1 wt%) aqueous solutions. The pretreated materials were then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis for 72 h. The pretreatments by NaOH/thiourea at ? 15 °C improved the hydrolysis yields of spruce from 11.7% to 57% of theoretical yield, and for birch from 23.1% to 83% of theoretical yield. The enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of these pretreated materials by NaOH/thiourea with baker's yeast resulted in 54.0% of theoretical yield compared with 10.9% for untreated spruce and 80.9% of theoretical yield compared with 12.9% for untreated birch. Furthermore, anaerobic digestion of pretreated materials resulted in 0.36 L g^?1 VS methane compared with 0.23 L g^?1 VS for untreated birch, and 0.21 L g^?1 VS compared with 0.03 L g^?1 VS for untreated spruce. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

双酵母发酵膨化秸秆酶解液产乙醇研究

为了提高玉米秸秆的酶解率,对玉米秸秆进行膨化预处理,以乙醇质量浓度为影响值设计实验,研究时间、含氮量、温度、酵母比例四因素对发酵过程的影响。通过单因素试验及正交试验确定了双酵母发酵的最佳试验条件为48 h、含氮质量分数0.25%、33℃、酿酒酵母与毕赤酵母体积比3∶7,乙醇质量浓度可达10.2 g/L。本试验为秸秆乙醇的产业化生产提供技术依据。     

Effect of LHW,HCl, and NaOH pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: sugar recovery and fractal-like kinetics

Conversion of lignocellulose to sugars involves two main processes, namely pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Lignocellulose pretreatment leads to the degradation of enzymatic recalcitrance of substrate for achieving efficient saccharification. In this study, liquid hot water (LHW), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were as reagents used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SB). Results showed that LHW, HCl, and NaOH pretreatment could solubilize 95.3%, 94.7% xylan and 88.7% lignin, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated SB showed that the maximum glucose (26.0?g/L) and xylose (12.7?g/L) concentration were produced by NaOH pretreatment, and slightly more glucose and less xylose were produced after HCl pretreatment compared to LHW pretreatment. Addition of Tween 80 or xylanase could significantly improve both glucose and xylose production. At 48?h, the glucose increase for LHW, HC1 and NaOH pretreatment was 38.3%, 26.4% and 8.0%, respectively, and the xylose increase for them was 35.0%, 24.9% and 1.7%, respectively. Fractal-like kinetics showed that the value of rate constant increased after the addition of Tween 80 or xylanase, and the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis mainly depended on rate constant other than fractal dimension of substrate. Totally, substrate accessibility was dominated for efficient of lignocellulose to sugar compared to enzyme loading. The application of fractal-like theory on the heterogeneous enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose was quite successful.