单根光纤光栅监测复合材料固化工艺过程多目标参量技术的研究

采用单根布拉格光纤光栅传感器实现了对复合材料工艺过程不同阶段、不同目标的监测。在成型阶段监测树脂的温度(粘度)发展历程；在施加成型压力时监测树脂内部压力的变化；在固化与降温阶段监测复合材料层板内部的应力变化。试验结果表明，利用-根布拉格光纤光栅传感器同时实现对复合材料固化工艺全过程的主要控制参量的监测是完全可行的。     

基于FBG应变监测的环氧树脂固化收缩及工艺参数优化

采用布拉格光纤光栅（FBG）传感器,对一种典型液态成型环氧树脂在不同固化工艺以及后固化过程中的温度及应变进行了实时在线监测。通过将树脂内部应变变化转化为树脂线性体积变化,得到不同工艺过程中树脂的固化收缩规律,以此作为依据对树脂的经验固化及后固化工艺参数进行验证和优化。结果表明:所选液态成型树脂在80℃下固化,其固化度和玻璃化转变温度分别为90%和85℃,高于75℃固化树脂,但其总固化体积收缩只比75℃固化时略为增加了约5%;树脂在120℃下进行后固化处理时,恒温180 min后FBG传感器监测到的树脂内部应变已不再变化,此时树脂已基本完全固化,无需再延长后固化时间。      

光纤光栅监测缠绕复合材料与铝板界面的固化应变

树脂基复合材料经常与金属材料固化在一起使用。用缠绕方法制备了复合材料单向板, 将光纤布拉格光栅(FBG) 埋入复合材料与铝板之间, 监测两种不同的材料在固化过程中界面的性质, 并与复合材料内部的监测结果相比较。监测结果表明, 光纤布拉格光栅准确地监测到了复合材料固化过程的温度历程, 复合材料内部、铝板和复合材料的界面在固化过程中和固化后应变存在着明显的差异。光纤光栅传感器为两种不同材料之间的固化监测提供了工具, 对界面性质的分析提供了新方法。      

基于FBG在线监测的环氧树脂封装材料的固化过程EI北大核心CSCD

使用光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG)传感器实时在线监测电子封装用液态环氧树脂固化过程中的温度和应变,以及在同一模具内相同水平高度、不同位置处(FBG传感器所测)的温度和应变随固化时间的演变,研究了环氧树脂用量对树脂固化过程中温度和应变演变的影响。结果表明:在环氧树脂固化过程中模腔内同一水平高度、不同位置处的应变-时间曲线和温度-时间曲线有很好的一致性,说明在环氧树脂的固化过程中温度和应变响应与水平位置无关;同时,在FBG传感器埋入位置固定的前提下,树脂固化过程中的温度最大值和树脂完全固化后的最终残余应变都随着环氧树脂用量的增加而增大。     

内埋FBG传感器复合材料加筋板的固化过程及准静态压缩监测

将布拉格光纤光栅(fiber Bragg grating,FBG)传感器埋植在纤维增强树脂基复合材料加筋板结构的三角填充区,在线监测复合材料T型加筋板的固化过程与准静态压缩过程.结果表明,埋植FBG传感器的加筋板和未埋值FBG传感器的加筋板,其压缩破坏载荷基本相当.同时,内埋于复合材料加筋板三角填充区的FBG传感器可以有效监测复合材料加筋板固化过程的应变变化,固化后亦可用于实时监测结构中产生的温度和应变变化.在准静态压缩过程中,FBG传感器测得的应变值变化曲线与接触力-压头位移曲线变化趋势基本一致.FBG传感器可在不影响结构性能前提下,准确地响应复合材料加筋板在受载条件下出现的分层、开裂等损伤.     

热残余应力对内埋光纤光栅传感器性能的影响

将布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)埋植于复合材料T型加筋板结构非干涉区—三角填充区作为应变传感器对复合材料加筋板在固化过程及冲击后压缩过程中的应变变化进行监测。对比了光纤刻栅区采用UV光固化树脂涂层保护和未保护的两种FBG传感器的波谱信号变化; 分析了复合材料在固化成型过程中产生的非轴对称热残余应力对FBG传感性能的影响。结果表明, 刻栅区采用聚合物涂层保护的FBG传感器的半峰宽(FWHM)在固化过程中未发生变化, 并且聚合物涂层可以有效地消除非轴对称热残余应力对光纤光栅反射波谱的影响。在冲击后压缩过程中, 采用聚合物涂层保护的FBG传感器测得的应变与贴于试样表面的应变片测得的应变数据一致性较好。本文对埋植于复合材料加筋板三角填充区的FBG传感器在复合材料固化过程及冲击后压缩过程中应变监测的有效性及可靠性进行了有益的探索。     

光纤布拉格光栅监测CF3052/5224复合材料成型过程研究

温度与应变是监测复合材料热压罐固化成型工艺两个最重要的表征参数,利用光纤布拉格光栅传感原理,采用毛细钢管封装的方法,制备了完全屏蔽应变信号的温度传感器,将温度传感器和应变传感器同时埋植在复合材料内部,实现了对热压罐成型全过程的实时监测,获得了复合材料成型过程中的内部温度和应变信息.对复合材料平板件和T型加筋板三角填充区域进行的温度监测结果表明,复合材料内部温度变化较罐内温度有一定滞后,传统成型工艺控制给出的加压点偏早,可能引起复合材料贫胶等缺陷.应变监测结果表明,平板件内部的应变变化主要反应树脂固化过程中的物理化学变化,在T型加筋板三角填充区域,应变监测在自然冷却阶段出现了不同于平板件的应变"回弹"现象,一定程度上反映出该区域在成型过程中容易出现缺陷的原因.     

混凝土结构的光纤光栅智能监测技术

根据混凝土结构的内部应变监测需要，提出了光纤光栅管式封装应变传感器，并对其传感特性进行了研究；探讨了光纤布拉格光栅传感元件在混凝土结构中的布设工艺，并用光纤光栅监测了水泥净浆的固化过程；用管式封装光纤光栅与裸光栅对钢筋温凝土梁进行了应变监测；最后将光纤光栅传感器成功地应用于黑大公路大桥。     

布拉格光栅对固化残余应力的监测

由于复合材料在固化过程中产生的残余应力会严重影响材料的使用,并且会带来安全隐患,因此固化残余应力一直都备受关注。首先在研究和测试布拉格光栅温度和应力灵敏度的基础上,将两根光栅分别以平行于碳纤维方向和垂直于碳纤维方向置入铺层的正中间,以此获得复合材料不同方向的残余应力变化情况。监测结果表明,平行方向的光栅在监测固化的过程中受到树脂和纤维的共同作用,且冷却后材料在平行方向显示的残余应力仅有-8.8MPa,而在垂直方向的光栅在监测过程中主要受到树脂的固化影响,收缩应变较大,且冷却后的光栅由于树脂固化不均匀,致使光栅信号分裂为3段。     

树脂传递模塑成型的光纤光栅监测

复合材料固化过程对于生产高质量复合材料部件十分必要。文中利用光栅传感器监测树脂传递模塑(RTM)复合材料层板制造过程中内应变及温度,根据复合材料内应变/温度关系曲线的突变点,获得复合材料的材料转变点(凝胶点、玻璃化转变温度)信息。在复合材料降温阶段,利用光栅监测的应变/温度值计算RTM成型复合材料的内层和外层热膨胀系数。监测结果与传统检测方法相比十分一致。     

基于内埋光纤Bragg光栅传感器的复合材料固化过程监测

为了全面了解复合材料的固化特性,在对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料固化变形进行数值仿真分析的基础上,将自行设计的光纤Bragg光栅（FBG）传感器埋入复合材料中,实时在线监测复合材料固化过程中温度和应变的演变。预浸料铺层方式为[0₁₁/90₁₁],分别在层合板0°和45°方向的典型位置埋入FBG温度和应变传感器,采用热模压方式固化成型复合材料层合板,并对成型后的层合板进行连续2次降温处理,实时记录固化过程中FBG传感器中心波长的变化。结果表明:在相同的温度条件下,复合材料在第1次降温初始阶段的压应变绝对值明显小于在第2次降温初始阶段的压应变绝对值,表明复合材料在第1次降温过程中仍在进行FBG传感器可检的“后固化”反应;此外,层合板变形的FBG传感器监测数据与有限元模拟结果吻合良好。因此,采用内埋FBG传感器的方法能够实时监测复合材料固化过程,为更全面地分析复合材料固化特性提供了一种可靠有效的方法。      

布拉格光栅监测不同厚度方向的固化残余应力

复合材料在固化过程中产生的残余应力会严重影响材料的使用和安全。首先在研究和测试了布拉格光栅温度和应力灵敏度的基础上,将3根光栅分别以平行于碳纤维的方向置入预浸料的上、中、下3个位置,以此获得复合材料不同厚度位置的残余应力变化情况。监测结果表明,上、下层光栅监测到的预浸料固化过程几乎完全一致,而在降温时下层的布拉格光栅残余应力则比上层的要大得多,中间层布拉格光栅在固化过程中测得的残余应力最小,但在降温过程中的热残余应力不易释放而导致最后的残余应力也较大。     

An experimental–numerical investigation of hydrothermal response in adhesively bonded composite structures

Water absorption and thermal response of adhesive composite joints were investigated by measurements and numerical simulations. Water diffusivity, saturation, swelling, and thermal expansion of the constituent materials and the joint were obtained from gravimetric experiments and strain measurements using embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The mechanical response of these materials at different temperatures and water content was characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermal loading and water absorption in joint specimens were detected by monitoring the FBG wavelength shift caused by thermal expansion or water swelling. The measured parameters were used in finite element models to simulate the response of the embedded sensor. The good correlation of experimental data and simulations confirmed that the change in FBG wavelength could be accurately related to the thermal load or water absorption process. The suitability of the embedded FBG sensors for monitoring of water uptake in adhesive composite joints was demonstrated.     

Process-induced strains in RTM processing of polyurethane/carbon composites

The development of residual strains and stresses is critical to manufacture composite structures with the required dimensional stability and mechanical performance. This work uses Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors to monitor strain build-up in carbon fiber composites with a polyurethane (PU) matrix designed for high production volume applications. The PU matrix presents an initially low viscosity combined with a fast cure reaction, which makes it adequate to very short processing cycles. FBG sensors were incorporated into PU-matrix composites manufactured by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). The measured strains were compared with those obtained with different benchmark epoxy-matrix composites and with those obtained through micromechanical finite element simulations. Results showed that most of the residual strains were built-up during cool-down from the post-curing temperature and that stresses in the PU-matrix composites were comparable to those obtained for epoxies with similar T_g.     

Effect of water-retaining lightweight aggregate on the reduction of thermal expansion coefficient in mortar subject to temperature histories

Cement paste containing blast furnace slag with a water to binder ratio of 0.40 showed considerable increase in thermal expansion coefficient due to self-desiccation. Hence the control of thermal expansion coefficient by internal curing with light weight aggregate was studied.Three types of fine aggregate, hard sandstone, oven-dry light-weight aggregate (LWA) and water-saturated LWA, and three temperature histories were applied to the mortar specimens with a ground granulated blast furnace slag. Total strains and time-dependent thermal expansion coefficients of the mortar specimens were determined using a newly developed setup comprising a specimen temperature regulator and measuring devices for dimensional change of the specimen. As the experiments of total strain and time-dependent thermal expansion coefficient have shown, the water-saturated LWA was able to control the time-dependent thermal expansion coefficient during the temperature history and could be favorably applied to massive concrete undergoing considerable thermal strain. The effectiveness of water-saturated LWA was found to be valid not only for autogenous shrinkage but also for thermal strain produced by the change in thermal expansion coefficient during the temperature history. These strains have been separated from the total strain by the proposed method.     

Effect of water-retaining lightweight aggregate on the reduction of thermal expansion coefficient in mortar subject to temperature histories

Cement paste containing blast furnace slag with a water to binder ratio of 0.40 showed considerable increase in thermal expansion coefficient due to self-desiccation. Hence the control of thermal expansion coefficient by internal curing with light weight aggregate was studied.Three types of fine aggregate, hard sandstone, oven-dry light-weight aggregate (LWA) and water-saturated LWA, and three temperature histories were applied to the mortar specimens with a ground granulated blast furnace slag. Total strains and time-dependent thermal expansion coefficients of the mortar specimens were determined using a newly developed setup comprising a specimen temperature regulator and measuring devices for dimensional change of the specimen. As the experiments of total strain and time-dependent thermal expansion coefficient have shown, the water-saturated LWA was able to control the time-dependent thermal expansion coefficient during the temperature history and could be favorably applied to massive concrete undergoing considerable thermal strain. The effectiveness of water-saturated LWA was found to be valid not only for autogenous shrinkage but also for thermal strain produced by the change in thermal expansion coefficient during the temperature history. These strains have been separated from the total strain by the proposed method.     

A procedure to embed fibre Bragg grating strain sensors into GFRP sandwich structures

Embedding FBG strain sensors within a GFRP sandwich composite material allows early detection of internal defects. However, the sensors need to survive the manufacturing process to provide this capability. Vacuum infusion is commonly used to manufacture GFRP sandwich composite materials but, it needs to be modified to accommodate the embedding process. A stage by stage procedure is demonstrated here to embed FBG strain sensors between the skin–core interface of a GFRP sandwich beam specimen using the vacuum infusion method. Practical issues relating to sensor placement, fibre alignment, specimen lay-up and resin infusion are discussed. Also, the post cure effects of the resin on the FBG strain sensors are investigated. Static and dynamic load analyses are then performed to verify the repeatability and accuracy of the FBG strain sensors.     

Monitoring LCM Process by FBG Sensor Under Birefringence

Abstract: Optical fibre Bragg gratings (FBG) provide accurate and non‐intrusive strain and temperature local measurements. FBG sensors can be embedded into fibrous preforms to monitor the flow and the cure of the resin and deliver real‐time information on the ongoing process. The paper concentrates on the utilisation of the strain‐induced birefringence of the FBG to derive information on the effective stress–strain state of the composite at the end of the process cycle (Vacher 2004, Optical fiber sensors to monitor the processing and the mechanical characterization of composites. PhD thesis). During the cooling phase, the reflection spectrum from the FBG splits into two peaks because of the birefringence of the glass fibre owing to the residual stress. The paper shows that this effect can be utilised to estimate the residual stress and strain in composites manufactured by Liquid Composite Moulding technologies. The birefringence effect arising from the cooling of a [0₆,90₃]_S CFRP laminate is first characterised, and then the determination of the strains along the principal axes inside the laminate is completed by modelling the local stress–strain state because of the interaction of the optical fibre and its environment within the framework of orthotropic thermo‐elasticity and the Classical Laminated Plate Theory.