机械活化-化学激励法燃烧合成α-Si_3N_4

为了制备高α-Si3N4含量的原料,在机械活化-化学激励法燃烧合成氮化硅工艺中,研究了机械活化时间、氮气压力、稀释剂和化学激励剂等因素对燃烧合成产物的影响。结果表明:通过机械活化把硅粉研磨至亚微米级,能提高硅粉的表面能,有助于在加入大剂量铵盐时燃烧合成α-Si3N4,但机械活化时间太长会导致铵盐分解流失,研磨时间不宜超过5h;当铵盐加入量大于18%后,燃烧波将不稳定;稀释剂的加入量应控制在40~60%。通过产物微观形貌分析知,在控温活化燃烧合成α-Si3N4时存在VC和VLS两种反应机理。     

自蔓燃高温合成工艺参数对制备氮化硅粉体的影响

采用自蔓燃高温合成方法(SHS)合成氮化硅粉体,借助于XRD、SEM等检测方法,分析了自蔓燃高温合成氮化硅过程中氮气、温度、稀释剂与孔隙率等工艺参数对合成产物的影响。结果表明:只要最高燃烧温度不高于相应氮气压力下Si3N4的热分解温度,就可以用SHS方法合成Si3N4;氮气压力下硅粉的自蔓燃合成反应,必须要引入Si3N4稀释剂来控制反应温度,获得高α相Si3N4含量的粉体。压坯气孔率控制在30%～70%,否则反应不能进行。SHS法可以制备纯度很高的氮化硅粉体。     

自蔓燃高温合成氮化硅粉体的研究

研究了自蔓燃高温合成方法制备氮化硅粉体,借助于XRD、SEM等检测方法,分析了自蔓燃高温合成氮化硅过程中硅粉粒度、氮气、温度、稀释剂与孔隙率等方面对反应产物的影响,并对反应机理进行了分析。由于有添加剂氯化铵的存在,反应中不是单纯的硅粉氮化反应。只要控制反应中的工艺参数,就可以采用自蔓燃得到不同相含量的Si3N4粉体;考虑到燃烧温度,在氮化硅粉体的合成过程中,涉及到3个反应机制:低温机制、中温机制、高温机制;氮气压力下硅粉的自蔓燃合成反应,必须要引入Si3N4稀释剂,来控制反应温度和反应速度,获得不同相含量的粉体。压坯气孔率控制在30%～70%,否则反应不能进行金属硅粉的粒度细,合成的Si3N4中α相含量高。     

Si3N4-SiC-TiN陶瓷燃烧合成工艺研究

以TiSi2和SiC为原料,利用SHS方法合成Si3N4-SiC-TiN复相陶瓷.在不同稀释剂含量及氮气压力下进行燃烧合成,计算了毛坯转化率和产物相对密度,并对产物进行了XRD分析.结果表明,氮气压力增高有利于提高转化率及产物相对密度.反应物转化率随稀释剂含量增加而增大.孔隙率为53%(体积分数)毛坯,稀释剂SiC含量为35%(质量分数)压坯相对密度达到最大值,且当稀释剂含量高于35%(质量分数)时,SiC发生氮化反应,生成Si3N4和C.     

氮气压力对Si3N4-SiC-TiN陶瓷自蔓延燃烧合成的影响

以TiSi₂为反应原料, SiC 作稀释剂, 利用自蔓延高温合成(SHS) 方法合成Si₃N₄2SiC2TiN 复相陶瓷。计算了氮气压力对毛坯反应物理论转化率的影响, 并在50 、100 和150 MPa 三种氮气压力下进行了燃烧合成。结果表明, 孔隙率为50 vol %的压坯在三种条件下反应都比较完全, 反应物转化率随氮气压力增加而提高。而孔隙率为40 vol %的压坯在较低氮气压力下燃烧反应变得不完全, 产物中残留大片Si 。当压力为150 MPa 时产物中未出现单质Si 。说明氮气压力增大有利于氮气向反应前沿的渗入, 进而提高反应物的转化率。      

以AC发泡剂为添加剂燃烧合成α-Si3N4粉体

以硅粉和Si3N4粉体为反应剂,偶氮二甲酰胺(AC发泡剂)为添加剂,利用燃烧合成技术在较低氮气压力下制备了高α相含量的Si3N4粉体.采用X射线衍射和扫描电镜分别对产物的物相组成及显微结构进行了表征,研究了AC发泡剂对α相Si3N4粉体的形成和产物颗粒形貌的影响.结果表明,AC发泡剂能促进硅粉快速氮化,产物中α-Si3N4的含量随着AC发泡剂添加量的增加而增加.当AC发泡剂的添加量为24wt%时,产物中α-Si3N4的含量高达85.2wt%.对AC发泡剂作用下的燃烧合成Si3N4的反应机理做了初步探讨,研究表明:AC发泡剂的分解产物N2、CO、NH3不仅增加了坯体的透气性,而且改变了燃烧反应的传热和传质路线,从而促进了硅粉快速氮化和α-Si3N4粉体的生成.     

自蔓燃高温合成法合成氮化硅粉体的研究

采用自蔓燃高温合成方法合成β-氮化硅粉体,分析了合成氮化硅过程中氮气、温度、稀释剂与孔隙率等方面的影响。采用XRD研究相的组成,用SEM观察粉末的显微结构。研究结果表明:自蔓燃合成方法制备的氮化硅陶瓷粉体,β相含量由块状产物中心向表层减少,得到的β-氮化硅晶体结构完整,表面光滑无缺陷,考虑到燃烧温度(Tcom),在氮化硅粉体的合成过程中,涉及到3个反应机制:低温机制、中温机制、高温机制。NH4Cl在反应中分解,为反应提供了NH3,并与硅粉反应;氮气压力下硅粉的自蔓燃合成反应,必须要引入Si3N4稀释剂来控制反应温度和反应速度,获得不同相含量的粉体;压坯气孔率控制在30%～70%,否则反应不能进行。     

氮气压力和稀释剂对燃烧合成β-Sialon的影响

以Si、al、Al2O3和Si3N4粉末为原料，采用燃烧合成工艺，在高氮气压力下制备了单相β-Sialon（z≈0．5～2．0）粉末；并详细讨论了氮气压力和稀释剂的量对燃烧产物的相组成和显微结构的影响．     

Si粉在空气中燃烧合成Si3N4粉体

经20h机械活化后的Si粉，在空气中可以实现自燃烧合成反应，并表现出二次燃烧现象．燃烧产物的表层与内部具有显著不同的特征，表层产物中以α-Si3N4为主相，并有少量Si2N2O相和非晶SiO2共存，内部为整块的灰白色松散Si3N4粉体，其相组成与反应条件有关．本文研究了经机械活化（MA）处理后的硅粉在空气中燃烧反应的整个过程，证实了机械活化处理后的Si粉在空气中燃烧的可行性，分析了燃烧产物主要是Si3N4而不是SiO2的原因，并通过调整成份实现了对产物相组成的控制．     

自蔓延高温合成氮化硅镁粉体

研究了不同起始反应物体系(Mg+Si,Mg2Si和Mg+Si3N4)对氮气中燃烧合成氮化硅镁(MgSiN2)粉体的影响,结果显示,不同反应物体系的燃烧产物不同.Mg2Si和Mg+Si3N4能获得单一相的MgSiN2,而且氧含量低至0.356%(质量分数),而Mg+Si体系燃烧产物除主相MgSiN2外,还含有少量Si和MgO及一些未知相.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...