基于细观结构的2.5维机织复合材料强度预测模型

采用经纱矩形截面及纬纱六边形截面假设,将经纱的屈曲轨迹简化为折线形式,建立了2.5维机织复合材料单胞几何模型。以单胞为研究对象,引入改进的三维Hashin失效准则和Mises准则作为组分材料的失效判据,采用不同的刚度退化方式来表征不同的失效模式,建立了基于逐渐损伤理论的强度预测模型。利用有限元分析（FEA）技术,开发了相应的参数化2.5维机织复合材料逐渐损伤分析程序,预测了浅交弯联结构不同机织参数2.5维机织复合材料的拉伸强度,并模拟了经向拉伸和纬向拉伸的损伤扩展过程。与静拉伸试验结果相比,拉伸强度的预测误差在10%以内;模拟的失效模式与试验结果吻合较好。     

2.5维机织复合材料的强度特性

针对浅交弯联和浅交直联两种2.5维机织结构,采用VARTM工艺制备了试验件并进行了强度性能测试,通过对其拉伸后的试样进行切片和断面的SEM观察,研究了拉伸过程中复合材料内部的破坏机理。实验结果表明:在相同纱线排列密度情况下,浅交直联结构的经、纬向拉伸强度明显高于浅交弯联结构;随着纱线层数的增加,两种结构的经向拉伸强度均增大,而纬向拉伸强度则有所波动;对于不同结构的2.5维机织复合材料在单一拉伸载荷作用下,表现出不同的损伤模式,且损伤的初始位置和扩展路径具有一定的分散性。     

2.5维机织复合材料经向拉伸弹性模量预测与试验验证

采用沿经向切片积分的方法计算2.5维机织复合材料的宏观经向拉伸弹性模量, 与试验结果和传统的体积平均合成方法进行了对比, 分析表明, 本文中的方法能够有效提高传统体积平均法的预测精度。利用文中的方法分析了2.5维机织复合材料沿在机织循环过程中的经向拉伸弹性模量分布情况, 并且对相关机织结构的2.5维机织复合材料进行了试验研究。研究发现, 经纱弯曲程度较小的直联结构和添加平直经纱的衬经结构能够有效提高2.5维机织复合材料的经向拉伸弹性模量, 并且能够改善经向拉伸应力-应变曲线的非线性。     

2.5维机织复合材料经向拉伸弹性模量预测与试验验证

采用沿经向切片积分的方法计算2.5维机织复合材料的宏观经向拉伸弹性模量,与试验结果和传统的体积平均合成方法进行了对比,分析表明,本文中的方法能够有效提高传统体积平均法的预测精度.利用文中的方法分析了2.5维机织复合材料沿在机织循环过程中的经向拉伸弹性模量分布情况,并且对相关机织结构的2.5维机织复合材料进行了试验研究.研究发现,经纱弯曲程度较小的直联结构和添加平直经纱的衬经结构能够有效提高2.5维机织复合材料的经向拉伸弹性模量,并且能够改善经向拉伸应力-应变曲线的非线性.     

三维六向编织复合材料渐进损伤模拟及强度预测

基于三维六向编织复合材料的细观结构,假设第六向纱线的截面形状为菱形,建立了三维六向编织复合材料的渐进损伤有限元模型。采用Linde等提出的失效准则,引入周期性位移边界条件,对三维六向编织复合材料的纵向拉伸应力-应变行为进行了渐进损伤数值模拟,讨论了单胞模型在纵向拉伸载荷作用下的细观损伤起始、扩展和最终失效的演化过程,并预测了材料的拉伸强度。在此基础上,进一步研究了编织角、纤维体积分数和编织纱水平取向角等参数对材料纵向拉伸力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,三维六向编织复合材料的轴向纱线拉伸断裂是导致其破坏的最主要因素。所得数值结果与现有试验值吻合较好,验证了该模型的有效性,为更深入研究此类材料的力学性能奠定了基础。     

各向异性复合材料开孔板拉伸强度预测及模型验证

基于有限断裂力学方法建立了一种预测多向复合材料开孔板拉伸强度的通用和半经验模型。该模型同时采用基于应力形式的失效准则和基于能量形式的失效准则预测失效。模型仅需铺层弹性常数、无缺口层合板的强度以及0°铺层的断裂韧性等参数。基于线弹性断裂力学建立了多向复合材料层合板的断裂韧性与0°铺层断裂韧性之间的关系, 进而预测了任意铺层复合材料开孔板发生纤维主导拉伸失效时的强度。将模型预测结果与开孔板拉伸强度的试验数据进行了对比验证, 预测误差最大为9.7%, 与点应力和平均应力等方法的对比表明, 该模型的预测精度高于传统的特征长度方法。      

2.5D机织复合材料冲击后剩余强度研究

本文主要对2.5D机织复合材料冲击后的剩余拉伸强度进行研究。采用落锤法预制冲击损伤,并进行剩余拉伸试验。用了基于层合板理论的软化夹杂法对冲击后试样进行刚度衰减的模拟,用有限元软件根据点应力破坏准则计算得到剩余强度,并与剩余拉伸试验结果进行比较,验证了模型的有效性。为便于对比,对平面机织斜纹布铺设的层合板进行了同种计算和实验,得到了在相同冲击能量下2.5D机织复合材料剩余拉伸强度衰减比例小于层合材料的结论,证明2.5D机织复合材料由于Z方向经纱的存在因而具有良好的抗冲击性。     

复杂面内应力状态下平面编织高铝纤维增强氧化铝基复合材料强度及疲劳寿命预测方法

针对平面编织氧化铝基复合材料提出了一种复杂面内应力状态下的强度准则和疲劳寿命预测方法。通过拉伸、压缩及纯剪切试验,分别获得了材料的静强度指标。考虑材料拉、压性能的差异和面内拉-剪联合作用对材料强度的影响机制,提出了修正的Hoffman强度理论。采用该强度理论预测得到的偏轴拉伸强度与试验结果基本一致,偏差不超过10%。开展了偏轴角θ=0°、15°、30°、45°,应力比R=0.1,频率f=10 Hz的拉伸疲劳试验,试验结果表明随着偏轴角的增加,相同轴向拉伸载荷下的疲劳寿命逐渐降低。由于面内剪切应力分量的作用,疲劳失效由纤维主导逐渐过渡到纤维和基体共同主导的模式。基于单轴疲劳寿命曲线,采用Broutman-Sahu剩余强度模型表征剩余强度随疲劳循环次数的变化规律,结合剩余强度演化模型和修正的Hoffman强度理论,提出了一种面内复杂载荷条件下的疲劳寿命预测模型,并引入疲劳剪切损伤影响因子表征拉-剪应力联合作用对材料疲劳行为的影响。采用本文提出的疲劳寿命预测模型,预测不同偏轴角拉伸疲劳寿命,预测结果与试验结果基本一致,偏差在1倍寿命范围内。比较结果表明在给定应力比、温度和疲劳载荷频率条件下,该疲劳寿命预测模型可以用来预测平面编织氧化铝基复合材料拉-剪复杂面内载荷条件下疲劳寿命。      

复合材料跨尺度失效准则及其损伤演化

提出了一种新的基于物理失效模式的复合材料跨尺度失效准则,从细观层面分别对纤维和基体的失效模式进行了表征,将纤维失效分为拉伸失效和压缩失效,将基体失效分为膨胀失效和扭曲失效.建立了相应的失效准则及损伤演化方法.通过正方形和六边形的代表体积单元(RVE)模型,计算了宏观应力到细观应力的机械应力放大系数和热应力放大系数.以IM7/5250-4复合材料拉伸试验作为算例对失效模型进行了验证.计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明跨尺度失效准则能够准确预测复合材料层合板的破坏.     

复合材料跨尺度失效准则及其损伤演化

提出了一种新的基于物理失效模式的复合材料跨尺度失效准则, 从细观层面分别对纤维和基体的失效模式进行了表征, 将纤维失效分为拉伸失效和压缩失效, 将基体失效分为膨胀失效和扭曲失效。建立了相应的失效准则及损伤演化方法。通过正方形和六边形的代表体积单元(RVE)模型, 计算了宏观应力到细观应力的机械应力放大系数和热应力放大系数。以IM7/5250-4复合材料拉伸试验作为算例对失效模型进行了验证。计算结果与试验结果吻合较好, 表明跨尺度失效准则能够准确预测复合材料层合板的破坏。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from