Spezifik der Ernährung in einigen Haushaltsgruppen der ehemaligen DDR — eine abschließende Dokumentation

Characteristic features of nutrition in some household groups of the former GDR — a final documentation Existing data of nutrition surveys made in individual households of the former GDR were processed and interpreted in order to characterize nutrition of individual population groups. The results revealed some remarkable differences in food consumption as well as energy and nutrient intake: in households of members of agricultural production cooperatives (especially on account of feeding this products to animals) as well as higher consumption of foodstuffs from their own production (in particular eggs, fruit and vegetables); higher food consumption in small households (predominantly in pensioner households); more frequent participation of employed persons (persons from households of workers/clerks [office workers], and members of agricultural production cooperatives) in communal feeding; excessive intake of energy and fat, in particular in pensioners.     

Physiological and hygienic basis for the rational nutrition of female workers in branches of light industry

The energy expenditures in the nonproductive period in the women-workers of the boot and shoe industry (group I) and the sewing industry (group II) were almost similar: in group I it was on an average 1372 +/- 35.4 kcal, in group II--1384 +/- 27.6 kcal. In the productive period the energy expenditures in the workers of group I fluctuated from 1.56 to 2.09 kcal/min, in those of group II--from 1.78 to 2.27 kcal/min. Summary energy expenditures in the productive period comprised 877 +/- 91.1 kcal (in group I), and 949 +/- 51.1 kcal (in group II). Daily energy expenditures were 2249 +/- 77.1 kcal and 2333 +/- 63.9 kcal, respectively. The energy value of the rations of their actual nutrition insignificantly exceeded their energy expenditures (on an average by 120-150 kcal) due to excessive fat consumption, animal fat, in particular. Their rations were characterized by protein, and, to a lesser extent, carbohydrate deficiency, by imbalanced mineral composition and vitamin A, B1, B2, PP and C deficiency. Microsymptoms of vitamin deficiency (mainly those of vitamin C deficiency) were detected in 64% of the examined subjects, excessive weight was found in 23-26% and obesity in 11-16% of the women. The women working at the modern boot and shoe and sewing industry should be referred to the first category of the work intensity, with respect to the energy requirements and the energy value of the nutrient components of their food rations.     

血液透析患者的营养状况与评价

目的:了解血液透析患者的营养状况,探讨患者热能和蛋白质摄入与营养不良的关系为临床治疗提供参考。方法:采用膳食记录和24h回顾法对血液透析患者进行连续3d的膳食调查,运用主观综合评价、身体测量和生化检测等方面对在我院血液透析的72名患者进行综合评价。结果:SGA评价营养正常39例,占54.2%。营养不良33例,占45.8%。其中轻中度营养不良27例,占37.5%;重度营养不良6例,占8.3%。营养状态正常组与轻中度营养不良相比较,在年龄、透析时间、体重指数、上臂中围、标准体重每日蛋白质摄入、血浆白蛋白差异有统计学意义。营养正常组与重度营养不良相比较除上述差异外与每日标准体重能量摄入、血红蛋白差异有统计学意义。结论:透析患者营养不良的发生率较高;营养不良的发生与透析时间、每日能量与蛋白质摄入有关。     

The actual nutrition of the rural population of the Georgian SSR

A study was made of the factual nutrition of the rural population living in 7 regions of the Georgian SSR with different climatogeographic conditions and different working and living routines. The data obtained point to the improvement of the nutrition of the population as compared with preceding years. The caloricity of the average annual daily diet of the rural population covers energy expenditures. However, it is marked by the predominance of carbohydrates. In spite of the fact that the quota of proteins in the diet has increased, the consumption of animal proteins remains at a low level as is the use of vegetable fats. The diet of the population of all the regions under study was discovered to contain excess phosphorus and magnesium, but little ascorbic acid. Meanwhile the use of thiamine and riboflavin was established to be within normal physiological requirements.     

湛江市体育代表队备战12届省运会期间营养调控的研究

目的:了解湛江市体校运动员备战12届省运动会前的膳食营养状况,通过营养调控促进运动员机体健康、提高运动员运动能力。方法:采用称重法、食谱分析法研究12名重点队员膳食营养状况,并通过个性化营养补充对运动员进行营养调控。结果:运动员在营养干预前碳水化合物、总热量的摄入量均低于推荐值,脂肪摄入量高于推荐值;早餐摄入能量偏低,晚餐摄入偏高;膳食维生素A、B1、B2的摄入量和钾、镁、铁的摄入量明显低于推荐值。营养干预后碳水化合物、蛋白质、总热量摄入量和早、中、晚三餐供能比接近推荐范围;维生素A、B1、B2、C、E的摄入量和钾、镁、铁的摄入量均接近推荐值。营养干预后运动员平均瘦体重增加4.93%(p0.05),体脂减低了7.63%(p0.05)。在营养调控期间运动员后半阶段平均血色素浓度比前半阶段增加了4.3%(p0.05),而血尿素水平基本维持在正常范围之内波动。结论:通过对运动员训练过程的生化监控,在干预运动员膳食营养的基础上进行个性化营养调控,可使其血色素维持理想水平,提高其竞技能力。     

Effect of several factors on lead absorption in the intestine

Experiments were made on 270 rats to examine lead absorption and the effect on this process of fasting, food intake, preliminary contact of the mucosa with selenium, iron and calcium, a single enteral and parenteral administration of these elements. Lead absorption was observed in all the parts of the intestine. Lead binding to the intestinal mucosa was reduced by food intake one hour before investigation, preliminary contact of the mucosa with selenium, calcium, particularly with iron, as well as by a single administration of iron and calcium. Selenium did not produce any substantial effect on absorption. The conclusions are made about the necessity of the organization of the treatment and prophylactic nutrition for workers.     

Hygienic approaches to effective nutrition of students in the North

Investigations made by the author permitted derivation of the physiological standards of nutrition and energy expenditures for the students of different ages at boarding schools and industrial-engineering colleges. The indicators of the disease incidence among the students and their health status served as criteria of the efficacy of the standards offered.     

Effects of dairy cow genotype with two planes of nutrition on energy partitioning between milk and body tissue

The data used in the present study were derived from a 2 (genotype) × 2 (plane of nutrition) factorial design production study using Holstein-Friesian (n = 32) and Norwegian (n = 32) first-lactation dairy cattle offered grass silage-based diets from 1 to 44 wk of lactation. The high nutrition diet had concentrate inclusions (g/kg of dry matter) of 600, 500, and 400 for lactation days of <101, 101 to 200, and >200, respectively, and the low nutrition diet included concentrates at 300, 200, and 100 for the same periods. Dietary metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations were measured in calorimetric chambers at lactation d 80, 160, and 240 respectively, and then applied to production data to calculate ME intake. From wk 1 to 44 of lactation, Holstein-Friesian cows had a consistently lower accumulated live weight gain and body condition score, and a consistently higher ME intake and milk energy output than Norwegian cows, irrespective of the plane of nutrition. Compared with Norwegian cows using mean data derived from the 2 planes of nutrition, Holstein-Friesian cows produced a significantly higher proportion of milk energy output over ME intake in early and mid lactation, although this increase was not significant in late lactation. In contrast, Holstein-Friesian cows partitioned a significantly lower proportion of ME intake into body tissue than Norwegian cows in early lactation, although the differences were not significant in mid or late lactation. When ME intake and energy used for maintenance, milk, and body tissue were taken into account, the efficiency of ME use for lactation was similar between the 2 genotypes offered the high or low concentrate diet during the whole lactation. It is concluded that Holstein-Friesian cows can produce more milk energy than Norwegian cows, mainly as a result of higher ME intake and because of a greater ability to partition more energy into milk and less into body tissue. The effect on energy partitioning mainly occurs in early and midlactation and is particularly evident with high concentrate diets.     

大学女生膳食营养调查

目的:了解大学女生的膳食结构和营养状况,为科学指导营养与合理膳食提供依据。方法:对大二女生进行膳食调查与人体测量,对数据进行统计分析。结果:体重过低占13.8%,体重正常占76.9%,超重占6.9%,肥胖占2.5%;能量摄入在体重过低与体重正常组低于RNI推荐值;在超重和肥胖组高于RNI推荐值;蛋白质、脂类摄入各组均高于RNI推荐值,糖类摄入各组均低于RNI推荐值。各组膳食纤维、视黄醇、维生素C及钙摄入明显不足;3大产能营养素热比情况为蛋白质热比稍高,脂肪热比偏高,糖类热比偏低。结论:女大学生应改善膳食结构,在增加运动量的前提下,根据各组具体情况调整3大热能营养素的比例,适当增加粗杂粮、蛋类、奶类和豆类摄入,平衡各种营养素摄入。     

Diets during far-off and close-up dry periods affect periparturient metabolism and lactation in multiparous cows

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of far-off and close-up diets on prepartum metabolism, postpartum metabolism, and postpartum performance of multiparous Holstein cows. From dry-off to −25 d relative to expected parturition (far-off dry period), cows were fed a control diet to meet National Research Council (NRC) recommendations for net energy for lactation (NE_L) at ad libitum intake (100NRC; n = 25) or a higher nutrient density diet, which was fed for either ad libitum intake to provide at least 150% of calculated NE_L requirement (150NRC; n = 25) or at restricted intake to provide 80% of calculated NE_L requirements (80NRC; n = 24). From −24 d relative to expected parturition until parturition (close-up period), cows were fed a diet that met or exceeded NRC nutrient recommendations at either ad libitum intake (n = 38) or restricted intake (n = 36) to provide 80% of the calculated NE_L requirement. After parturition, all cows were fed a lactation diet and measurements were made through 56 d in milk (DIM). Prepartum metabolism was consistent with the plane of nutrition. During the first 10 DIM, far-off treatments had significant carryover effects on dry matter intake, energy balance, serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration, and serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. Cows with the lower energy balance during the far-off period (100NRC and 80NRC) had higher dry matter intake and energy balance and lower serum NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate during the first 10 DIM. There were no effects of close-up diet and no interactions of far-off and close-up treatments. During the first 56 DIM, there were no residual effects of far-off or close-up diets on dry matter intake, milk yield or composition, body weight, body condition score, serum glucose and insulin concentrations, or muscle lipid concentration. Serum NEFA was higher for 150NRC than 80NRC; 100NRC was intermediate. Thus, the effects of far-off and close-up treatments on postpartum variables diminished as lactation progressed. Overfeeding during the far-off period had a greater negative impact on peripartum metabolism than did differences in close-up period nutrition.     

常熟市城乡居民膳食结构分析

目的:了解常熟市城乡居民膳食结构及营养素摄入情况,为改善居民膳食现状、制定符合本地实际的营养干预政策提供依据。方法:采用3日称重、24h膳食回顾和食物频率调查问卷相结合的膳食调查方法,由专业调查员入户进行食品称重、问卷询问和记录。结果:常熟市调查人群的膳食结构不尽合理,存在着水果、奶类等摄入偏低,植物油和食盐等摄入过量,总能量、膳食纤维、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、钙、钾、镁、锌、硒等营养素摄入量不足,钠、铁超过参考摄入量等问题。结论:必须采取综合措施,加强膳食指南的健康教育和营养干预,从而提高营养与健康水平,预防和控制营养相关疾病。     

孕中晚期女性能量摄入及营养状况调查分析

目的:了解孕期女性在怀孕期间能量及各种营养素的摄入水平,为进一步针对孕期营养指导和干预提供科学依据。方法:在北京医院产科常规查体的孕妇从建档开始分别在孕22w、26w、30w、36w进行为期3d的饮食记录,计算出三大营养素的供能比、各种主要营养素的摄入水平及其占推荐摄入量RNI的百分比。结果:三大营养素供能比例不合理,钙、锌等摄入存在不同程度不足;铁及维生素类摄入量达到推荐量标准。结论:孕妇膳食营养结构不合理,需加强孕期教育。     

Nutrition, energy consumption and various health status indicators in women engaged in intellectual work

A study was made of factual nutrition, energy consumption and the disease incidence among women teachers and research workers. The diets of these women were marked by excess caloric value (16-21% above normal) at the expense of high protein consumption (15-30% above normal), including animal proteins (20-40% above normal), total fats (14-40% above normal) and carbohydrates (11-22% above normal) and by the lack in the diet of vegetable fats, vitamins A and C, and calcium. Analysis of the disease incidence demonstrated that 16% of the women suffer from cardiovascular diseases, 5% from gastrointestinal diseases, 17% from overweight and 20% from obesity.     

Assessment of the nutritional impact of agricultural research: the case of mungbean in Pakistan

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of agricultural research often neglects consumption and nutrition aspects. Yet agricultural research can address micronutrient malnutrition by improving both quantity and quality of food intake. OBJECTIVE: To briefly review the conceptual linkages between agriculture and nutrition, to estimate the strength of the relationship between iron intake and productivity outcomes, and to estimate the nutritional benefit of improved mungbean varieties in terms of net present value. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the nutritional impact of mungbean, and summarizes current impact evidence on the path from mungbean research to consumption. METHODS: A consumption study was conducted among female piece-rate workers in Pakistan to analyze the impact of iron consumption on productivity, measured in wages. A two-stage least-squares analysis was used to estimate the elasticity of iron intake on wages. The results derived from this study were extrapolated to country level using secondary data sources. RESULTS: We found that anemia among women was widespread. Approximately two-thirds of women suffered from mild or severe anemia (Hb < 12 g/dL). We found the elasticity of bioavailable iron on productivity measured in wages was 0.056, and the marginal effect was 9.17 Pakistani rupees per additional mg of bioavailable iron consumed. Using the model results we estimated the impact of mungbean research on nutrition, in terms of productivity effects, and found it was substantial, ranging from US dollar 7.6 to 10.1 million cumulative present value (in 1995 US dollar at 5% discount rate). CONCLUSIONS: Agriculture certainly plays an important role in the reduction of malnutrition. Agricultural research has greatly contributed to the reduction of hunger and starvation by providing millions of hungry people with access to low-cost staple foods. Now, as the challenge shifts to the reduction of micronutrient deficiencies, more efforts must be directed toward crops high in micronutrients, such as pulses and vegetables.     

Indices of the nutritional status of workers in the oil and gas production industry adapting to the extreme conditions of an arid zone

The authors studied actual nutrition and certain parameters of food (supply of vitamins A, E, C and the content of phospholipids, cholesterol, NEFA, triglycerides and cholesterol esters) for oil derrick installers working during summer at the "Mangyschlakneft" amalgamation. Incorrect structure of their nutrition and insufficient supply with vitamins A and C, revealed as the result of the study, necessitate rationalization of the nutrition for such workers.     

68例非住院高龄卧床管饲患者营养状况调查

目的:评价非住院高龄卧床管饲患者营养状况。方法:以驻沈干休所68名长期卧床高龄休干为调查对象,记录被调查对象每天摄入的所有食物的种类和数量,计算每人每天摄入的热能、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等供能营养素以及膳食纤维数量,采集人体测量指标及实验室指标综合评价高龄患者的营养状况。结果:老年患者管饲匀浆中食物种类比较齐全,但在数量上有个别品种不能达到建议值;能量摄入偏低(16.2kcal/kg),三大供能营养素中碳水化合物供能比36%,而蛋白质和脂肪供能比分别为26%、35%;膳食纤维摄入9.2g(8.4g/1 000kcal),是RNI的60%。血清白蛋白和前白蛋白降低者最多,有48.5%患者的BMI处于低限值以下。结论:高龄患者管饲饮食配方中有不尽合理之处,营养不良发生率较高,高龄患者的肠内营养支持不仅要保证能量摄入,尚需维持三大供能营养素的合理比例。     

Food status peculiarities, anthropometric, clinica and biochemical indices at professional sportsmen

Under steady state conditions in 66 athletes involved in weightlifting, bodybuilding, judo and taekwondo have studied features of the metabolic status. Data on matter-of-fact nutrition, body weight content within the inter-competition period, energy exchange, clinical and biochemical indices and physical acceptability indices were analyzed. As a result, the decrease indexes of metabolism at all the sportsmen and high-level caloric value at sportsmen who are engaged in weightlifting, which corresponds their energy expenditures, was revealed.     

厦门市乳母膳食营养状况及变化趋势调查

目的 调查评价厦门市乳母膳食营养状况。方法 采用24 h膳食回顾法调查厦门市200例乳母产后第2天、第7天、第30天、第90天的饮食状况。参考中国食物成分表(2004)计算营养素的摄入量,并用膳食营养参考摄入量(DRIs)进行评价。结果 厦门市乳母动物性食物(奶及奶制品除外)摄入偏高,豆及豆制品、薯类、蔬菜摄入偏低;产后第2天、第7天、第30天、第90天能量平均摄入量分别为2 146.7、2 261.2、2 304.7、2 252.9 kcal,乳母蛋白质平均摄入量分别为113.5、129.1、126.3、112.5 g,脂肪的供能比分别达到32.7%、35.4%、36.9%、41.1%,碳水化合物的供能比分别达到45.4%、41.7%、40.9%、38.7%;乳母膳食纤维、钙、碘、维生素A、维生素C、维生素B₁的平均摄入量均低于营养素推荐摄入量。结论 乳母膳食结构不合理,部分营养素摄入不足,应适当调整膳食结构,保证营养均衡。     

Energy expenditure of students at the Patrice Lumumba People's Friendship University during classes

Energy expenditures were studied in 68 first- and fourth-year male students of the Medical Department of the Patrice Lumumba University of Peoples' Friendship, who arrived to Moscow from different regions of the world: Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, the Near East, and from the USSR. The measurement of the energy expenditures was conducted at rest, when they sat reading special literature, or stood at the blackboard solving mathematical problems, and during walking at a rate of 4 km/h, applying indirect calorimetry according to the rate of the intake of oxygen and the output of carbon dioxide, with the use of Douglas-Haldane's apparatus and automatic gas analyzer. It was established that the mean values of energy expenditure per 1 kg bw during varying types of activity did not significantly differ in students of various nationalities from different regions: daily energy expenditures of students from the USSR comprised 2591 kcal, from Asia--2240 kcal, from Africa--2296 kcal, from Latin America--2470 kcal, from the Middle and the Near East--2399 kcal. Energy expenditures of the students from different regions during examinations did not significantly differ from those during the routine studying process.     

长江大学在校大学生膳食营养状况调查

为了解长江大学在校大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,应用7d、24h个人进食量回顾调查法,对150名在校大学生进行为期1周的膳食营养状况调查。结果表明:参试男女大学生平均每人每日热能摄入量达标率分别为63.5%和70.6%;蛋白质摄入量男女生达标人数比分别为54.17%和64%;脂肪摄入超标较严重,男女生超标人数比分别为62.5%和71.42%;矿物质中铁、锌元素摄入充足,钙元素摄入严重不足;维生素中B族维生素和Vc摄入不足;奶类、蛋类、蔬菜类食物摄入明显不足。由此可以认为,长江大学在校大学生膳食结构不太合理,营养状况欠佳,需采取多种形式对大学生进行营养知识的宣传和饮食观念的指导。