Inverse electromagnetic scattering by cylindrical bodies buried in a slab or a half-space

An exact theory of the inverse scattering problems related to cylindrical bodies buried in a slab is established in two-dimensional scalar case. The theory dwells on two functional equations interrelating the outgoing wave solutions of the wave equation, which can be observed physically, with incoming wave solutions that are physically meaningless and irrealizable. One of these functional equations involves the measured radiation pattern in its kernel (material relation) while the other is independent of the measured data (universal relation). To establish the material relation one has to make far-field measurements with various incidence angles at various observation points and frequencies. The universal relation which guarantees some analytical properties of the field function results in a Stieltjes type integral equation. By solving these equations one gets the location, shape and permittivity of the inaccessible body. When the material of the half-space below the slab is made identical to that of the slab, then the results are reduced to that of the bodies buried in a half-space.     

Scattering of electromagnetic waves by a material half-space with atime-varying conductivity

The electromagnetic wave penetration and scattering interactions for a material half-space with sinusoidally time-varying conductivity are analyzed. Two limiting cases are considered. The first assumes that the material conductivity is almost a constant with a small temporal perturbation. The problem is accordingly attacked with first-order perturbation methods. The second exploits a large dimensionless parameter and yields an asymptotic expansion of the field inside a highly conducting material undergoing sinusoidal time variation. Illustrative examples are given which agree well with numerically obtained finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) results     

Solution to the problem of scattering of electromagnetic waves by layered inhomogeneous bodies

The pattern-equation method is generalized for solution of the problem of scattering by layered inhomogeneous bodies. The algorithm of the method and calculated scattering patterns for bodies of various geometries are presented. The convergence rate of the numerical algorithm is demonstrated for bodies of various dimensions, and the method is compared to other numerical techniques of solution of the considered problem.     

粗糙地面与下方梯形目标复合电磁散射研究

利用MonteCarlo方法模拟了一维指数型粗糙地面,运用矩量法研究了粗糙地面与下方梯形截面导体柱的复合电磁散射特性,通过数值计算得到了复合散射系数随散射角的变化曲线,讨论了粗糙地面高度起伏均方根、土壤湿度、柱体埋藏深度、柱体大小、柱体倾角与复合散射系数依赖关系。结果表明粗糙面高度起伏均方根、土壤湿度对复合散射系数有显著影响,而柱体埋藏深度、柱体大小、柱体倾角对复合散射系数的影响较小。     

Electromagnetic scattering from a buried cylinder in layered media with rough interfaces

A solution to scattering from a cylinder buried arbitrarily in layered media with rough interfaces based on extended boundary condition method (EBCM) and scattering matrix technique is developed. The reflection and transmission matrices of arbitrary rough interfaces as well as an isolated single cylinder are constructed using EBCM and recursive T-matrix algorithm, respectively. The cylinder/rough surface interactions are taken into account by applying the generalized scattering matrix technique. The scattering matrix technique is used to cascade reflection and transmission matrices from individual systems (i.e., rough surfaces or cylinders) in order to obtain the scattering pattern from the overall system. Bistatic scattering coefficients are then obtained by incoherently averaging the power computed from the resulting Floquet modes of the overall system. In numerical simulations, the bistatic scattering coefficients are first validated by comparing the simulation results with the existing solutions which are the limiting cases including scattering from two-interface rough surfaces without any buried object and from a buried cylinder beneath a single rough surface. Subsequently, the numerical simulations of scattering from a buried cylinder in layered rough surfaces are performed to investigate the relative importance and sensitivity of various physical parameters of layered rough surfaces to incoherent scattering coefficients. Results show layered rough interfaces can significantly alter the scattering behaviors of a buried cylinder.     

Note on the scattering of waves by rough surfaces

A calculation of back scattering from a rough surface using Huygen's principle is carried out along the lines introduced by Davies. Davies original equation is extended to include a contribution from the component of the surface normal which is parallel to the average surface. The effect of this component is to multiply the usual expression for incoherent backscatter by a factor of1/ cos^{4} PsiwherePsiis the angle between the radar line of sight and the normal to the average surface.     

Use of the pattern equation method for solution of problems of scattering of electromagnetic waves by bodies covered with a dielectric

The pattern equation method is generalized to problems of scattering of electromagnetic waves by 3D perfectly conducting bodies covered with a dielectric. The method is implemented in an algorithm for bodies of a rather arbitrary shape. In the case of a sphere, explicit analytic expressions for the coefficients involved in the scattering pattern are obtained from the general system of equations for these coefficients. The expressions obtained coincide with the corresponding formulas in the theory of Mie series. Scattering patterns are calculated for various bodies of revolution. The calculation results for bodies with a coating are compared to similar characteristics obtained via simulation of a dielectric coating with the suitable impedance.     

Approximations for electromagnetic scattering by homogeneousarbitrarily-shaped bodies

Two methods for computing the (asymptotic) electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily-shaped targets are described: the Eikonal model, valid for objects whose overall size is much greater than the incident wavelength (based on a quantum partial-wave expansion in the scalar approximation); and the low-energy model, valid for objects whose overall size is comparable to the incident wavelength (based on a discretization of the scattering object). Their numerical results are compared to those of exact theories in the cases of perfect spheres and spheroids. Comparisons to experimental data for irregular objects (Eikonal model) and dielectric helices (low-energy model) are described, as well as theoretical predictions for rough scatterers     

A new theory for scattering of electromagnetic waves fromconducting or dielectric rough surfaces

The problem of electromagnetic scattering from a conducting or dielectric rough surface with arbitrary shape is studied. An exact solution, using a differential method, is provided for a plane wave with one-dimensional irregularity of the interface. The problem is reduced to the resolution of a linear system of partial differential equations with constant coefficients, and to the computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a truncated infinite matrix. Numerical application is made to show the angular distribution of energy density in the case of an arbitrary profile of the scattering surface and its evolution when the nonperiodic profile tends to become periodic. The near field is computed on the interface and its enhancement in the illuminated region is observed. It increases with the height of the irregularity and with the frequency     

Application of strong fluctuation random medium theory to scattering of electromagnetic waves from a half-space of dielectric mixture

The strong fluctuation random medium theory is applied to calculate scattering from a half-space of dielectric mixture. The first and second moments of the fields are calculated, respectively, by using the bilocal and the distorted Born approximations, and the low frequency limit is taken. The singularity of the dyadic Green's function is taken into account. Expressions for the effective permittivity for the full space case are derived. It is shown that the derived result of the effect permittivity is identical to that of the Polder and van Santern mixing formula. The correlation function of the random medium is obtained by using simple physical arguments and is expressed in terms of the fractional volumes and particle sizes of the constituents of the mixture. Backscattering coefficients of a half-space dielectric mixture are also calculated. Numerical results of the effective permittivity and backscattering coefficients are illustrated using typical parameters encountered in microwave remote sensing of dry and wet snow. It is also shown that experimental data can be matched with the theory by using physical parameters of the medium as obtained from ground truth measurements.     

Radiation from an electromagnetic source in a half-space of compressible plasma-surface waves

The radiation characteristics of a line source of magnetic current are studied for the case in which the source is situated in a half-space of isotropic, compressible plasma which is bounded on one side by a perfectly conducting, rigid plane screen. In addition to the electromagnetic and plasma space waves, the line source excites a boundary wave. This boundary wave is a coupled wave. It has associated with it both a magnetic field component and the pressure term. This is in contrast to the space waves which can be decomposed into an electromagnetic (EM) mode with no pressure term and a plasma (P) mode with no magnetic field associated with it. The characteristics of this boundary wave are evaluated. The boundary wave propagates for all frequencies and the power carried by the boundary wave becomes smaller as the frequency is increased.     

Reflection of electromagnetic waves from rough waveguides

The reflection coefficient of a section of randomly rough waveguide is calculated using a coordinate transformation developed by A.K. Mallick and G.S. Sanyal (ibid., vol.26, no.4, p.243-9, 1978). A perturbed analysis which assumes that the amplitude of the roughness is small compared to the average width of the waveguide is performed. A drastic difference at long wavelengths between TEM on the one hand and TE and TM on the other has been found     

Scattering of electromagnetic waves by rough perfectly conducting circular cylinders

A numerical method is proposed for computing the normalized correlation functions of the real and imaginary parts of the field scattered from a statistically rough perfectly conducting circular cylinder. The deviation of the surface from its mean radius is assumed to be small. The correlation function of the far-field is related to the correlation function of the scattering object by an integral equation. Far-field correlation functions are found for two types of surface correlation functions: the delta function and a periodic exponential function.     

Resonance scattering of electromagnetic waves by a Kerr nonlinear dielectric layer

Diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by a dielectric layer is considered in the resonance region without allowance for multiple frequencies. The layer is assumed to be transversely inhomogeneous, isotropic, nonmagnetic, linearly polarized, and weakly Kerr nonlinear. A method based on solution of a nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind is developed. Sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a solution are obtained.     

Electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric cylinder buried beneath a slightly rough surface

An analytical solution is presented for the electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric circular cylinder embedded in a dielectric half-space with a slightly rough interface. The solution utilizes the spectral (plane-wave) representation of the fields and accounts for all the multiple interactions between the rough interface and the. buried cylinder. First-order coefficients from the small perturbation method are used for computation of the scattered fields from the rough surface. The derivation includes both TM and TE polarizations and can be easily extended for other cylindrical buried objects (e.g., cylindrical shell, metallic cylinder). Several scattering scenarios are examined utilizing the new solution for a dielectric cylinder beneath a flat, sinusoidal, and arbitrary rough surface profile. Results indicate that the scattering pattern of a buried object below a slightly rough surface differs from the flat surface case only when the surface roughness spectrum contains a limited range of spatial frequencies. Furthermore, the illuminated area of the incident wave is seen to be a critical factor in the visibility of a buried object below a rough surface.     

Plane wave scattering from an infinite planar dipole array buried in a lossy half-space

The plane wave scattering from an infinite planar impedance-loaded dipole array buried in a lossy half-space is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Formulations for the scattering field and the input impedance of the dipole are derived by using Floquet's theorem and the induced electromotive force (EMF) method. In order to demonstrate the validity of these formulations, the numerical examples for a concrete as the lossy medium at frequency 9.32 (GHz) are compared with the experimental data. The results show that this array, even when loaded by zero impedance, can greatly suppress the radio wave reflection from the concrete surface by choosing the array dimensions properly and the depth of the array surface.     

Fast algorithm for electromagnetic scattering by buried conductingplates of large size

This letter presents a fast algorithm for electromagnetic scattering by buried conducting plates of large size and arbitrary shape using the conjugate gradient (CG) method combined with the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Due to the use of FFT in handling the cyclic convolutions related to Toeplitz matrices, the Sommerfeld integrals' evaluation for the buried scattering problem, which is usually time consuming, has been reduced to a minimum. The memory required for this algorithm is of the order N-the number of unknowns-and the computational complexity is of order N_iterNlogN (N_iter is the iteration number N_iter≪N for large problems)